PSY 342 Exam 1 Study Guide (Ch. 1-4)

A research participant should NOT sign an informed consent form if it is missing: A. risks and benefits. B. the researcher's hypothesis. C. the researcher's opinions about the literature. D. background literature about the study.

A. risks and benefits.

Neoteny refers to: A. slow brain maturation after birth, making the young of the species in question dependent on others to some extent. B. animals that are able to walk and fend for themselves after birth. C. small brains. D. brains that are large compared to body size.

A. slow brain maturation after birth, making the young of the species in question dependent on others to some extent.

Taking notes in class is regulated by the _____________ nervous system. A. somatic B. sympathetic C. autonomic D. parasympathetic

A. somatic

The largest ventricle(s) is/are: A. the lateral ventricles. B. the cerebral aqueduct. C. the fourth ventricle. D. the third ventricle.

A. the lateral ventricles.

With respect to the peripheral nervous system, several cranial nerves contain the cell bodies for the preganglionic neurons of: A. the parasympathetic nervous system, but not the sympathetic nervous system. B. both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. C. both the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system. D. the somatic but not the autonomic nervous system.

A. the parasympathetic nervous system, but not the sympathetic nervous system.

With respect to the spinal nerves, afferent is to efferent as _____ is to _____. A. motor; sensory B. incoming; outgoing C. ventral; dorsal D. outgoing; incoming

B. incoming; outgoing

With respect to research in behavioral neuroscience, reductionism is: A. both necessary and sufficient. B. necessary, but not sufficient. C. sufficient, but not necessary. D. neither necessary nor sufficient.

B. necessary, but not sufficient.

If the therapeutic index of Drug X is low, then: A. physicians should not prescribe it because it is not effective. B. physicians should take more care in prescribing it due to an increased chance of risks. C. physicians can take less care in prescribing it due to a decreased chance of risks. D. physicians should not prescribe it because it is too dangerous.

B. physicians should take more care in prescribing it due to an increased chance of risks.

Autoreceptors are located on the: A. golgi apparatus B. presynaptic cell C. endoplasmic reticulum D. postsynaptic cell

B. presynaptic cell

If a cell fires at an extremely high rate, the cell will release neurotransmitter from the: A. reserve pool vesicles only. B. release-ready, recycling pool, and reserve pool vesicles. C. recycling pool vesicles only. D. release-ready vesicles only.

B. release-ready, recycling pool, and reserve pool vesicles.

After release of the neurotransmitter serotonin, the neurotransmitter is transported back into the cell to be reused. This process is called: A. degradation. B. reuptake. C. release-ready. D. exocytosis.

B. reuptake.

Experiences such as feeling hungry or seeing color in the environment are made possible by the: A. interneurons. B. sensory neurons. C. glial cells. D. motor neurons.

B. sensory neurons.

With respect to the four main types of neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane, _____ channels are to EPSPs as ______ channels are to IPSPs. A. potassium; sodium B. sodium; potassium C. sodium; calcium D. calcium; sodium

B. sodium; potassium

The primary functions of the ______ are to distribute motor fibers to the glands and to collect somatosensory information. A. corpus callosum B. spinal cord C. basal ganglia D. limbic system

B. spinal cord

John has a severe snake phobia. He experiences a fight, flight, or freeze response when he sees one. This reaction is caused by the ____________ nervous system. A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic C. somatic D. central

B. sympathetic

Recent research has shown that intelligence is dictated by: A. a smaller ratio of brain to body size. B. the number of neurons not dedicated to set functions, like walking. C. a larger ratio of brain to body size. D. the number of neurons dedicated to movement and other set functions.

B. the number of neurons not dedicated to set functions, like walking.

IRB review is mandatory for a study that: A. compares drug effects in mice. B. will provide depression medication to a group of patients. C. consists of reviewing research literature. D. entails teaching sign language to a group of gorillas.

B. will provide depression medication to a group of patients.

With repeated drug administration, the body begins to compensate for drug use by causing symptoms opposite of what the drug causes. This phenomenon is called: A. dependence. B. withdrawal. C. addiction. D. tolerance.

B. withdrawal.

Generalization is to __________ as reductionism is to __________. A. identifying the smallest piece of a neuron; organizing data in terms of general rules B. identifying general rules that govern behavior across multiple organisms; identifying simple causes of complex behaviors C. identifying simple causes of complex behaviors; identifying general rules that govern behavior across multiple organisms D. organizing data in terms of general rules; identifying the smallest piece of a neuron

B. identifying general rules that govern behavior across multiple organisms; identifying simple causes of complex behaviors

The cell bodies of sympathetic motor neurons are located in the gray matter of the _____ regions of the spinal cord. A. thoracic and sacral B. sacral and coccygeal C. thoracic and lumbar D. cervical and sacral

C. thoracic and lumbar

A friend of yours was asked to be a research participant for a study investigating the effect of a pain reliever on muscle tears. In order to test the effectiveness of the drug, your friend will need to engage in physical activity that results in small tears in the muscles of the forearm. You caution that all studies involving human subjects must include: A. parental consent even if over the age of 18 years. B. monetary benefits for participants. C. freedom from risks. D. informed consent.

D. informed consent.

The __________ governs visual reflexes, reactions to moving stimuli, sleep and arousal, and attention. A. telencephalon B. diencephalon C. metencephalon D. mesencephalon

D. mesencephalon

Susie takes a huge drink of her coffee, assuming that the temperature is tolerable, and the heat sears her mouth. Although the pain is so great that her reflex is to spit out the coffee, she does not do so. The reflex to spit out the coffee is inhibited at the:. A. interneuron. B. glial cell. C. sensory neuron. D. motor neuron.

D. motor neuron.

Praying mantises are typically green or brown in color to allow them to blend into their surroundings. If a group of praying mantises were born a different color, they would be at a disadvantage. This change, although not advantageous for the mantis, could happen naturally through: A. genetic alteration. B. bad luck. C. gene splicing. D. mutation.

D. mutation.

Salivation, secretion of digestive juices, and blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract are governed by the ___________ nervous system. A. sympathetic B. somatic C. autonomic D. parasympathetic

D. parasympathetic

Using anatomical terms, the nose is ___________ whereas the back of the head is __________. A. dorsal; ventral B. posterior; anterior C. caudal; rostral D. rostral; caudal

D. rostral; caudal

Mutations are: A. always unfavorable. B. either favorable or unfavorable immediately, resulting in automatic advantage or disadvantage. C. always favorable. D. sometimes favorable or unfavorable immediately, ultimately not affecting the species as a whole.

D. sometimes favorable or unfavorable immediately, ultimately not affecting the species as a whole.

A scan shows that a particular substance has spread throughout the body via the bloodstream but has not entered the brain. This finding demonstrates the existence of: A. medicine effects. B. the doctrine of specific nerve energies. C. blood efficacy. D. the blood-brain barrier.

D. the blood-brain barrier.

A functionalist approach to human emotion would MOST likely emphasize: A. the subjective feelings that characterize emotional experience. B. the roots of emotional experience in the unconscious. C. the basic elements of emotional experience. D. the role of emotional experiences in maintaining social bonds.

D. the role of emotional experiences in maintaining social bonds.

If a bowling ball fell on your foot, the action potentials would differ from a feather falling on your foot. The action potentials for the bowling ball would be: A. larger in size and faster in occurrence. B. the same size as for the feather, but they would be slower in occurrence. C. larger in size and slower in occurrence. D. the same size as for the feather, but they would be faster in occurrence.

D. the same size as for the feather, but they would be faster in occurrence.

Hormones and neuromodulators differ from neurotransmitters in that: A. they disperse less widely than neurotransmitters. B. they are chemicals and neurotransmitters are not. C. they are fast acting compared to neurotransmitters. D. they disperse more widely than neurotransmitters.

D. they disperse more widely than neurotransmitters.

With respect to the regions of the vertebral column, chest is to neck as ______ is to _____. A. lumbar; cervical B. thoracic; lumbar C. cervical; thoracic D. thoracic; cervical

D. thoracic; cervical

Experimental ablations were first performed by: A. Broca. B. Aristotle. C. Galen. D. Flourens.

D. Flourens.

Being a neuroscientist typically requires a _____ degree. A. bachelor's B. master's C. technical D. Ph.D.

D. Ph.D.

A cation would be attracted to: A. a sodium ion. B. another cation. C. a potassium ion. D. an anion.

D. an anion.

The ________ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood-brain barrier. A. intracerebroventricular B. topical C. intramuscular D. oral

A. intracerebroventricular

The _____ is part of the myelencephalon. A. medulla oblongata B. reticular formation C. cerebellum D. pons

A. medulla oblongata

Professionals in neuroscience are LEAST likely to have a background in: A. chemistry. B. psychology. C. biology. D. anthropology.

D. anthropology.

The hindbrain is to the ______ as the midbrain is to the _____. A. metencephalon; mesencephalon B. myencephalon; metencephalon; C. mesencephalon; metencephalon D. telencephalon; myencephalon

A. metencephalon; mesencephalon

In order to cross the synapse between two cells, a substance called a ___________ is released from the presynaptic cell to activate or inhibit the postsynaptic cell. A. neurotransmitter B. protein C. dynein D. kinesin

A. neurotransmitter

Small synaptic vesicles contain ___________, whereas large synaptic vesicles contain ___________. A. neurotransmitters; peptides B. peptides; proteins C. proteins; peptides D. peptides; neurotransmitters

A. neurotransmitters; peptides

Psychopharmacology includes the study of: A. psychoactive drugs and drugs of abuse. B. ulcer medications. C. blood pressure medications. D. drugs of abuse and blood pressure medications.

A. psychoactive drugs and drugs of abuse.

Which choice correctly orders the three pools of synaptic vesicles from LEAST common to MOST common? A. release-ready, recycling, reserve B. release-ready, reserve, recycling C. recycling, reserve, release-ready D. reserve, recycling, release-ready

A. release-ready, recycling, reserve

When substances are transported from the terminal buttons at the end of the axon back to the soma, this process is called _____ axoplasmic transport. A. retrograde B. peripheral C. anterograde D. systemic

A. retrograde

The steps of pharmacokinetics do NOT include: A. reuptake. B. absorption. C. excretion. D. metabolism.

A. reuptake.

The resting membrane potential is: A. -70 mV. B. -80 mV. C. 10 mV. D. 55 mV.

A. -70 mV.

The Na+/K+ pump removes ______ Na+ ions and adds _______ K+ ions. A. 3; 2 B. 2; 3 C. 3; 4 D. 2; 4

A. 3; 2

_________ conducted experimental ablation in animals whereas ________ applied the concept of experimental ablation to humans. A. Flourens; Broca B. Müller; Flourens C. Müller; Broca D. Broca; Flourens

A. Flourens; Broca

______________ is the process whereby EPSPs and IPSPs interact to yield a net result of either excitation or inhibition. A. Integration B. Importation C. Innervation D. Immigration

A. Integration

Which would be the BEST study technique to learn material in this course? A. Taking notes that organize the important information as you read the chapter B. Underlining important information as you read the chapter C. Highlighting important information as you read the chapter D. Reading the chapter

A. Taking notes that organize the important information as you read the chapter

In humans, the brain reaches adult size by: A. adolescence. B. early childhood. C. infancy. D. old age.

A. adolescence.

Parkinson's disease results from the degeneration of midbrain neurons that send axons to a collection of nuclei in the forebrain called the: A. basal ganglia. B. cingulate gyrus. C. amygdala. D. limbic system.

A. basal ganglia.

The purpose of the blood-brain barrier is to: A. block the entrance of some substances into the brain. B. provide a cushion for the brain. C. protect the brain from accidental impacts. D. block neurotransmitters from being released.

A. block the entrance of some substances into the brain.

Sally's stomach begins to rumble, reminding her that she skipped breakfast this morning. This hunger signal is sent to the brain, which is part of the __________ nervous system. A. central B. sympathetic C. autonomic D. peripheral

A. central

A neuron first receives a message in a(n) _______. The message is then passed along a thin, long portion of the cell called the _____. A. dendrite; axon B. dendrite; soma C. axon; dendrite D. soma; axon

A. dendrite; axon

In anatomical terms, the parietal lobe is considered ____________ to the temporal lobe. A. dorsal B. ventral C. posterior D. caudal

A. dorsal

A researcher explains aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder as an example of broad principles that apply to all people. This situation BEST illustrates: A. generalization. B. reflexes. C. reductionism. D. functionalism.

A. generalization.

With respect to its oversight, research with animals is: A. highly regulated. B. only partially regulated, with marine life having the greatest protections. C. only partially regulated, with chimpanzees having the greatest protections. D. largely unregulated because animals are not viewed as having rights.

A. highly regulated.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) does NOT serve to: A. provide cushioning. B. circulate chemical messengers throughout the brain. C. reduce the weight of the brain. D. clear waste products.

B. circulate chemical messengers throughout the brain.

Descartes, who first described and studied reflexes, is BEST described as a: A. separatist. B. dualist. C. revolutionary. D. monist.

B. dualist.

When studying for a test in this course, it would be BEST to study: A. right before going to sleep. B. in several sessions during the weeks preceding the exam. C. in a single session the night before the exam. D. in a single session one hour prior to the exam.

B. in several sessions during the weeks preceding the exam.

Which individual is matched with the correct historical contribution to behavioral neuroscience? A. Von Helmholtz—discovered neurons responsible for controlling contractions of the heart B. Cajal—examined individual neurons of the brain C. Purkinje—found that electrically stimulating a frog's nerve contracted the muscle to which it was attached D. Galvani—was the first to measure the speed of neural conduction

B. Cajal—examined individual neurons of the brain

All else being equal, which student is LEAST likely to master the material in this course? A. Deon, who teaches a friend the material B. Dana, who highlights key information in the textbook C. Carlito, who uses mnemonics D. Kim, who takes organized notes as she reads the chapters

B. Dana, who highlights key information in the textbook

____________ are supporting cells that can provide myelination to multiple axons at once. A. Microglia B. Oligodendrocytes C. Astrocytes D. Schwann cells

B. Oligodendrocytes

As you study for your neuroscience exam, you feel a tickle on your arm. You look and see a large spider, and you jerk your arm automatically. What might be the neural path for this action? A. Interneuron- sensory neuron- motor neuron- muscle B. Sensory neuron- interneuron-motor neuron- muscle C. Motor neuron- sensory neuron- interneuron-muscle D. Sensory neuron- motor neuron- interneuron- muscle

B. Sensory neuron- interneuron-motor neuron- muscle

Information from the fingertips is sent to the spinal cord via ___________ axons. A. cranial B. afferent C. efferent D. peripheral

B. afferent

Mutations: A. are the ultimate cause of a species dying out. B. are accidental changes in chromosomes of sperm or eggs that result in new characteristics. C. always involve negative changes. D. are never found in nature.

B. are accidental changes in chromosomes of sperm or eggs that result in new characteristics.

After a motor vehicle accident, Alex has difficulty walking. He feels unbalanced and his movements are poorly coordinated. He MOST likely sustained damage to the: A. medulla oblongata. B. cerebellum. C. pons. D. hypothalamus.

B. cerebellum.

The thalamus and hypothalamus belong to the: A. telencephalon. B. metencephalon. C. mesencephalon. D. diencephalon.

D. diencephalon.

Research with monkeys in the 1990s indicated that damaged nerves could be regenerated over time. This finding supports the concept of brain: A. stasis. B. flexibility. C. plasticity. D. rigidity.

C. plasticity.

A neuropsychologist reports the case of a person who suffered a stroke, damaging a small portion of their occipital lobe. The individual experienced difficulties in perceiving motion. With respect to the elements of scientific explanation in behavioral neuroscience, this case study BEST illustrates: A. separatism. B. generalization. C. reductionism. D. validity.

C. reductionism.

Over successive generations, moths develop spots that resemble eyes on their wings; the spots scare off predators. This characteristic is a: A. general advantage. B. selective disadvantage. C. selective advantage. D. genetic susceptibility.

C. selective advantage.

___________ are glial cells that participate in phagocytosis, provide lactate for cells, and structurally support neurons in the brain. A. Microglia B. Oligodendrocytes C. Astrocytes D. Schwann cells

C. Astrocytes

Which researcher's project would require IACUC review? A. Dr. Nguyen's project involves observing monkeys unobtrusively in the wild. B. Dr. Jiminez plans to observe rats' mating rituals. C. Dr. Jackson proposes testing birds for West Nile virus. D. Dr. Diamond collects duck feces from a local pond and analyzes its bacteria.

C. Dr. Jackson proposes testing birds for West Nile virus.

The development of perception allowing for color differentiation was a functional development; not all animals have this ability. What made it functional? A. It allows for contrast detection. B. It allows for night vision. C. It allows for differentiation of ripe fruits. D. It enabled bipedalism.

C. It allows for differentiation of ripe fruits.

___________ developed the doctrine of specific nerve energies. A. Paul Broca B. Pierre Flourens C. Johannes Müller D. Luigi Galvani

C. Johannes Müller

Influx of ____ or _____ ions result in EPSPs. A. Cl-; Na+ B. Ca2+; Cl- C. Na+; Ca2+ D. Ca+; K+

C. Na+; Ca2+

_____________ refers to a situation in which a particular characteristic allows an organism to be more successful reproductively, causing the characteristic to become more prevalent. A. Artificial selection B. Mutation C. Natural selection D. Darwinism

C. Natural selection

You reach out and touch a piece of cloth, feeling its texture. The cells that gather this sensory information are part of the _________________ nervous system. A. Central B. parasympathetic C. Peripheral D. Autonomic

C. Peripheral

Which statement is true with respect to saltatory conduction? A. Saltatory conduction slows down action potentials. B. Saltatory conduction does not occur at the nodes of Ranvier. C. Saltatory conduction occurs only along myelinated axons. D. The word "saltatory" means "to crawl."

C. Saltatory conduction occurs only along myelinated axons.

The ___________ layer(s) is/are missing from the meninges in the peripheral nervous system. A. pia B. pia, arachnoid, and dura C. arachnoid D. dura

C. arachnoid

For Na+ ions, _______________ push(es) them into a cell. A. neither electrostatic pressure nor diffusion B. electrostatic pressure C. both electrostatic pressure and diffusion D. Diffusion

C. both electrostatic pressure and diffusion

Neuroscientists focus on ____________ in their research. A. neither reductionism nor generalization B. generalization, but not reductionism C. both reductionism and generalization D. reductionism, but not generalization

C. both reductionism and generalization

The limbic system does NOT include the: A. fornix. B. hippocampus. C. cerebellum. D. amygdala.

C. cerebellum.

When students enter a classroom, they tend to spread themselves out, provided that there are enough desks to do so. In biological terms, this effect would be called: A. antisocialism. B. ionic movement. C. diffusion. D. electrostatic pressure.

C. diffusion.

With respect to its location, the telencephalon is ____________ to the diencephalon. A. caudal B. inferior C. dorsal D. posterior

C. dorsal

The idea that the mind and body are separate and made up of different matter is called: A. unity. B. separatism. C. dualism. D. monism.

C. dualism.

A fly is buzzing around Jack's face. He swats at it. The message to move his hand was sent from the brain via ___________ axons. A. cranial B. afferent C. efferent D. peripheral

C. efferent

In addition to the nervous system, behavioral neuroscientists are especially interested in the _____ system. A. respiratory B. digestive C. endocrine D. circulatory

C. endocrine

In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors: A. have effects that last for a briefer duration. B. act directly on ion channels. C. have effects that last longer. D. have effects that begin more quickly.

C. have effects that last longer.

If the inner voltage of a cell is -70 mV and application of stimulation results in a -95 mV charge, the stimulation had a ____________ effect. On the other hand, a resultant charge of +40 mV would reflect a ___________ effect. A. repolarizing; hyperpolarizing B. repolarizing; depolarizing C. hyperpolarizing; depolarizing D. depolarizing; hyperpolarizing

C. hyperpolarizing; depolarizing

The division of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct is the: A. metencephalon. B. telencephalon. C. mesencephalon D. diencephalon.

C. mesencephalon

A neuroscientist cuts a brain in half, along the division between the hemispheres. This cut is called a _____________ cut. A. horizontal B. coronal C. midsagittal D. transverse

C. midsagittal

Which lobe is responsible for your ability to see objects in the world? A. temporal B. frontal C. occipital D. parietal

C. occipital

The order of the meningeal layers from the surface of the brain outward is: A. arachnoid, dura, pia. B. dura, arachnoid, pia. C. pia, arachnoid, dura. D. dura, pia, arachnoid.

C. pia, arachnoid, dura.

Austin has a terrible fear of public speaking. When he gets up to speak, his heart races. Afterwards, he calms down quickly. These contrasting reactions are regulated by the _____________ nervous system. A. parasympathetic B. somatic C. central D. autonomic

D. autonomic

Graduate students in neuroscience: A. work with patients to prescribe appropriate medications. B. write literature reviews without conducting independent research. C. serve as a research assistant, never conducting independent research. D. conduct independent research.

D. conduct independent research.

The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. In other words, motor control is: A. ipsilateral. B. complete. C. opposing. D. contralateral.

D. contralateral.

The ___________ nerves serve sensory and motor functions of the eye muscles, the nose and tongue, and the muscles of mastication. A. sympathetic B. peripheral C. afferent D. cranial

D. cranial

Which statement is FALSE with respect to the use of animals in research? A. Animal research is well-regulated. B. Animal research is potentially exploitative. C. Animal research fuels progress in the treatment of disease. D. Animal research can be replaced by tissue cultures or computer simulations.

D. Animal research can be replaced by tissue cultures or computer simulations.