PSY 3604 Chapter 8 Questions

__________ disorders are a group of conditions that involve disruptions in a person's normally integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. A. Somatic symptom B. Dissociative C. Psychotic D. Obsessive-compulsive

B

In DSM-5, the diagnostic criteria for DID have been modified to include pathological possession. Which of the following statements can be attributed to this modification? A. The change distinguishes between observed behaviors associated with schizophrenia and those associated with DID B. The change enables the clinician to distinguish between spiritual and religious occurrences C. The change makes the diagnosis of DID more inclusive and applicable to a broader range of cultural groups D. The inclusion of pathological possession has led some developers of the DSM-5 to be concerned about the validity of this concept

C

With conversion disorders, Freud thought that the reduction in anxiety and intrapsychic conflict was __________, but noted that patients often also experienced __________ as well. A. "Primary gain" that returned the repressed thought to an unconscious level; "tertiary gain" such as having unconscious needs met in new, indirect ways B. The result of the conversion holding libidinal forces at bay; undefined psychic energy C. The "primary gain" that maintained the condition; "secondary gain" such as receiving sympathy and attention from loved ones D. Under the direction of the superego; energy and influence from the id

C

A promising treatment of dissociative disorders involves administering rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) to the temporoparietal junction, an area of the brain involved in __________. A. The experience of a unified self and body B. Regulation of emotions associated with pleasure C. Regulation of choice behavior and emotion D. Executive functions and planning behavior

A

About 20 percent of persons diagnosed with conversion disorder present the symptom of la belle indifference. This term refers to the fact that __________. A. Patients exhibit very little anxiety and fear, behaviors that would normally be expected in people with symptoms such as paralysis or blindness B. Secondary gain plays a big role C. Patients are distressed by the symptoms, so much so that they are unable to talk D. Many patients presenting with conversion disorder maximize the inconvenience of the symptoms they are experiencing

A

According to cognitive-behavioral formulations, somatic symptom disorder can be viewed as a disorder of both __________. A. Perception and cognition B. Mind and spirit C. Insufficient dopamine availability in the brain and cognitive processes D. Emotional expression and physical state

A

Brain-imaging data were evaluated for nine individuals diagnosed with dissociative amnesia. Although the sample size was small, the imaging suggested that, for these diagnosed individuals, there was a __________. A. Subtle loss of function in the right anterior hemisphere B. Significant functional change in the brain stem C. Reduced functioning in the temporal region D. Loss in total brain volume with a slight increase in volume of the amygdala

A

Caroline's daughter Hailey, age 5, has spent much of her life in and out of the hospital. She often presents in the emergency room with complaints of diarrhea, constipation, and generalized abdominal pain. Hailey is thin, pale, and always appears malnourished. Extensive testing in the hospital has revealed no physical cause for Hailey's problems. Caroline seems to enjoy talking with the health care staff and the attention she receives as the mother of a sick child. The staff notes that Hailey always recovers quickly and has a rapid weight gain while hospitalized. Some of the staff wonders if Caroline is intentionally making Hailey ill. If it is true that Caroline is intentionally making Hailey ill, which of the following diagnoses would be appropriate for Caroline? A. Factitious disorder imposed on another B. Reaction formation disorder C. Somatic symptom disorder D. Dissociative disorder

A

One of the major criticisms of the diagnostic criteria of somatic symptom disorder __________. A. Is that the new diagnostic criteria appear far too loose and could lead to many people being mislabeled as having a mental health issue B. Concerns the possibility that immigrants and members of non-dominant cultural groups will be overdiagnosed C. Points out that younger adults will be disproportionately labeled because this population often experiences a range of physical symptoms D. Focuses on the extensive criteria that must be met in order to be diagnosed

A

For individuals with DID, "alters" are not in any meaningful sense personalities but rather reflect __________. A. A failure to integrate various aspects of a person's identity, consciousness, and memory B. Negative introjects established in the patient during childhood C. Difficulties that the patient has with distinguishing reality from fantasy D. Characteristics of individuals that may have befriended the patient during childhood

A

Important to understanding somatic symptom disorders is the fact that the affected patients __________. A. Have no control over their symptoms and are not trying to intentionally deceive others B. Have no control over their symptoms and are trying to intentionally deceive others C. Are overwhelmed by anxiety and are trying to deceive others D. Have control over their symptoms but are using symptoms as a way of meeting a strong desire to be cared for by others

A

Jessa wakes up one morning unable to see anything. Concerned, he goes to the doctor who is unable to find any medical or neurological condition that would be causing his sudden blindness, despite conducting a thorough medical and neurological assessment battery. After talking with Jessa more, his doctor learns that he recently got fired from his job after undergoing a divorce. Which of the following is most likely causing Jessa's symptoms? A. Conversion disorder B. An underlying medical condition that the doctor dismissed C. Factitious disorder D. Hypochondriasis

A

Matthew has been under significant stress at his job. He is concerned about his well-being because he has episodes at work and home where friends, family, and places seem as though they are unreal or dreamlike. Matthew's reality testing, however, is intact. What DSM symptom best fits with Matthew's experiences? A. Derealization B. Conversion reaction C. Personalization D. Dissociative amnesia

A

Maya, age 32, is irritated that her sister is getting so much attention around her upcoming wedding. In order to get more attention for herself, Maya begins feigning the symptoms of a major illness. She even has herself hospitalized for this phantom sickness. These are symptoms of what psychological disorder? A. Factitious disorder B. Illness anxiety disorder C. Patient faking disorder D. Somatic symptom disorder

A

Most current forms of psychotherapy for DID are based on the assumption that the disorder was caused by __________. A. Abuse B. A tendency for the patient to engage in an overly active fantasy life C. Poor treatment techniques administered by therapists lacking in appropriate training D. Early separation from the mother

A

Recent studies have compared the behavior of people diagnosed with DID with the behavior of people who are asked (after appropriate training) to simulate DID. Individuals diagnosed with DID differed from simulators in that __________. A. Persons with DID showed more cognitive processing problems B. Persons with DID were less sensitive to external stimulation such as noises or temperature the simulators typically presented with more elaborate personalities persons with DID reported fewer pathological symptoms C. The simulators typically presented with more elaborate personalities D. Persons with DID reported fewer pathological symptoms

A

Stephanie has repeated experiences where she feels she is floating above her physical body. These experiences come on suddenly and leave Stephanie feeling unreal. What Stephanie is experiencing is __________. A. Depersonalization B. Dissociative identity disorder C. Dissociative amnesia D. Realization

A

When hypochondriasis occurs with no or only very mild physical symptoms, what would be the correct DSM-5 diagnosis? A. Illness anxiety disorder B. Conversion disorder C. Somatic symptom disorder D. Body dysmorphic disorder

A

Which of the following types of memory is typically the only type of memory affected by dissociative amnesic reactions? A. Episodic and/or autobiographical memory B. Procedural and/or implicit memory C. Semantic memory D. Short-term memory

A

Amnesia caused by organic brain pathology is more likely to be classified as __________ amnesia, whereas amnesia that occurs following intolerably stressful circumstances is more likely to be __________ amnesia. A. Retrograde; anterograde B. Anterograde; retrograde C. Anterograde; posttraumatic D. Posttraumatic; retrograde

B

Andrew often cannot remember what went on during his history class. He finds the class boring and daydreams during the lecture. He is so involved in his daydreaming that, frequently, he is unaware when the class has ended and is surprised when he hears classmates leaving the room. Andrew's behavior is an example of __________. A. A conversion reaction B. Dissociation C. Explicit memory D. Abreaction

B

Connor is able to talk only in a whisper, although he can usually cough in a normal manner. This type of vocal symptom pattern, found with cases of conversion disorder, is referred to as __________. A. Alexia B. Aphonia C. Spasmodic dysphonia D. Dysarthria

B

For how long must the preoccupation with a real or imagined illness persist before a diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder can be made? A. 1 month B. 6 months C. 3 months D. 1 year

B

How are spiritual possessions unique from DID or pathological trances? A. The other identity is experienced as an external spirit, power, or deity B. They tend to be volitional, transient, and part of religious or spiritual practices C. They occur spontaneously and cause distress D. They are always elicited by indigenous healers

B

Implicit perception can be defined as __________. A. Recall of information with a direct awareness of how the information was learned B. Occurring in the absence of awareness C. Remembering things one cannot consciously recall D. Perceiving while being fully aware of previous experiences of that which is being perceived

B

Individuals with illness anxiety disorder __________. A. Often come from families where a family member has a long-term debilitating illness B. Have high anxiety about developing or having an illness; however, if somatic symptoms are present, they are mild in intensity C. May become suspicious or delusional in their beliefs about the treatment they are receiving D. Develop the disorder after having been treated for a serious or life-threatening illness

B

It has been suggested that some of the increase in the prevalence of DID is artifactual and has occurred because __________. A. Beginning with the DSM-III in 1980, the diagnostic criteria became more inclusive of symptoms normally attributed to other diagnoses B. Therapists looking for evidence of DID in patients may implicitly propose the existence of alternate identities C. Neuroimaging techniques are able to verify different brain responses when comparing the host to alter personalities D. Popular movies and books have generated a large interest in the subject of borderline personality disorder

B

Research finds that people with depersonalization/derealization disorder have an elevated risk of developing one of several other different disorders, including which of the following? A. Dissociative amnesia B. Mood and anxiety disorders C. ADHD D. Anorexia nervosa

B

The historical roots of somatoform disorders date back to __________. A. Medical models that looked at abnormalities in limbic system structures B. The psychoanalytic concept of hysteria and the work of Freud, Breuer, and Janet C. Early classical conditioning theorizing by Watson and the belief that behaviors associated with somatoform disorders were a product of faulty learning D. The humanist perspective championed by Rogers and Maslow which suggests that somatoform disorders develop in response to blocking self-actualization

B

When hypochondriasis is accompanied by significant physical symptoms, the DSM-5 diagnosis will be __________. A. Anxiety disorder B. Somatic symptom disorder C. Conversion disorder D. Reaction formation disorder

B

Which of the following responses is more common among people who are malingering compared with people experiencing somatic symptom disorders? A. They talk a lot more about their symptoms to try to convince others that they are real B. They become evasive and defensive when asked about their symptoms in detail C. They are unlikely to be phased by inconsistencies pointed out in their symptoms D. They believe themselves to be "victims of their symptoms"

B

With the general public, the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder (DID) is often confused with the diagnosis of __________ as a result of the use of the phrase "__________." A. Psychopathy; cracked personality B. Schizophrenia; split personality C. Paranoid personality disorder; deranged personality D. Borderline personality disorder; split personality

B

Zack, diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder, is participating in a form of behavioral therapy where his therapist has instructed him to not engage in checking his body as he routinely does and to not seek constant reassurance from others. Zack's therapist is using the technique of __________. A. Thought stopping B. Response prevention C. Behavioral experiment D. Imagery-based prevention

B

Angela's uncle Leo, an accountant, disappeared from his home in Dover, Delaware, after his wife died from a lengthy illness. He was later found working in a casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. When located, Leo had no memory of who he was or how he got to Las Vegas. He had assumed a name, rented an apartment, and managed his daily affairs in Las Vegas without any problems. What diagnosis best fits with Leo's behaviors? A. Dissociative identity disorder B. Derealization C. Dissociative fugue D. Depersonalization

C

The term "somatic disorder" can be understood in terms of its linguistic roots. "Soma" means __________. A. Psychological B. Physical C. Body D. Medical

C

What major change has been made to the category of somatic symptom and related disorders in DSM-5? A. An exclusion criterion has been added, removing this diagnosis for anyone who is currently using and/or abusing psychoactive drugs B. The clinical specifics of "with normal premorbid functioning" and "without normal premorbid functioning" have been added C. No distinction has been made between medically explained and medically unexplained symptoms D. The duration for which the symptoms must be present before a diagnosis is made has been extended to 12 years

C

When a person intentionally creates his own physical symptoms in order to get some sort of external gain—disability benefits, avoidance of military service, or extended time off from his job—he is demonstrating the symptoms of __________. A. Somatic symptom disorder B. Factitious disorder C. Malingering D. Munchausen's syndrome by proxy

C

Which of the following is true for both illness anxiety disorder and somatic symptom disorder? A. Physical symptoms are absent B. Patients are often faking their symptoms C. The average age of onset is 20 years D. Medical conditions cause many of the observed symptoms

C

Which of the following most accurately describes research on the prevalence of depersonalization/derealization disorder? A. Depersonalization/derealization disorder tends to onset after the age of 65 B. Depersonalization/derealization disorder occurs more commonly in men than in women C. The lifetime prevalence of depersonalization/derealization disorder is around 1 to 2 percent of the population D. Depersonalization/derealization disorder occurs more commonly in women than in men

C

Which of the following personality traits are considered risk factors for developing somatic symptom disorder? A. Extraversion, stoicism, and narcissism B. Conscientiousness, narcissism, and affect lability C. Negative affect, absorption, and alexithymia D. Openness, affect lability, and high fear of death

C

Which of the following statements correctly identifies the difference between factitious disorder and malingering? A. Neuroimaging reveals that factitious disorder engages activity in the cingulate gyrus of the brain. Malingering engages activity in the left temporal lobe B. In the case of factitious disorder, the person is motivated by external incentives, such as avoiding situations perceived as stressful or personal responsibilities. With malingering, the person receives no tangible external rewards C. In the case of factitious disorder, the person receives no tangible external rewards. With malingering, the person is motivated by external incentives, such as avoiding situations perceived as stressful or personal responsibilities D. Malingering represents unconscious desires that the patient is unaware of. Factitious disorder describes a conscious, deliberate act on the part of the patient to obtain gain

C

Alan Frances, who served as the chair of the task force that developed DSM-IV, has called the new DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder a __________. A. "Much needed revision that focuses on real psychological symptoms" that should be a useful category for practicing clinicians B. "Cumbersome product that relies too heavily on identifiable physical conditions for diagnosis" C."Significant improvement over the separate, narrowly defined categories used in the DSM-IV" D. "Loosely defined and fatally flawed" diagnosis and recommended that clinicians not use it

D

An important goal of psychotherapy for persons with DID is to __________. A. Assist the patient in acknowledging and accepting past childhood trauma B. Enable the patient to release alters and mourn their passing C. Help the patient eliminate sources of secondary gain that may develop as a result of having alters D. Integrate the patient's personalities into one identity that is better able to cope with current stressors

D

Burke et al. (2014) conducted a study involving 10 women with conversion disorder. The findings revealed that when the anesthetic body part was stimulated, there was decreased activation in somatosensory cortex but increased activation in areas such as the anterior cingulate cortex and the insula. These results support the notion that __________. A. Biochemical processes associated with conversion disorders may reroute neural messages to other areas of the brain such as emotional processing centers B. Motor areas of the brain are less important as survival mechanisms than are the emotion-related regions of the brain C. Limbic structures are more involved in sensation and physical movement than previously thought D. Sensory areas of the brain may be inhibited by overactive emotion-based processing areas of the brain

D

Conversion disorders are found in approximately __________ of people referred for treatment at neurology clinics. A. 10 percent B. 20 percent C. 1 percent D. 5 percent

D

In __________, one's sense of the reality of the outside world is lost. A. Personalization B. Dissociation C. A fugue D. Derealization

D

In cases of dissociative identity disorder, the identity that is most frequently encountered and carries the person's real name is called the __________. A. Factitious identity B. Alter C. Substitute D. Host

D

Lenny's wife, Morgan, has been diagnosed with DID. According to Morgan, she has discovered in therapy that she was abused by her father. Lenny feels Morgan's memories are false memories, and have resulted from leading questions and suggestive techniques used by her psychotherapist. Theoretically, what perspective reflects Lenny's concerns? A. Psychodynamic theory B. Posttraumatic theory C. Neodissociation theory D. Sociocognitive theory

D

The sensory symptoms or deficits found with persons with conversion disorder are most often found in which of the following sensory systems? A. Gustatory B. Olfactory C. Vestibular D. Visual

D

Upwards of 80 percent of the population reports experiencing some somatic (physical) symptoms in the past week. Of these cases that drive people to visit doctors' offices, approximately what percentage are medically unexplained? A. Less than 5 percent B. 10 to 15 percent C. 5 to 10 percent D. 20 to 50 percent

D

What is the major commonality of the different somatic symptom disorders? A. A lack of control over physical functions, such as eating, sleeping, and sexual behaviors B. The presence of two or more fully formed identities within the same individual C. A loss of contact with reality and a tendency to respond to an internally generated fantasy world D. Bodily symptoms that cause significant psychological distress and impairment

D

Which of the following best describes the symptoms associated with amok? A. Afflicted persons feel they have been given a curse believed to be cast by a malevolent glare from another person B. Persons afflicted with this syndrome experience visual and auditory hallucinations or paranoia C. Afflicted persons fear that their genitals are retracting into their body D. Persons afflicted exhibit violent, aggressive, or homicidal behavior which is directed at other people and objects

D

Which of the following best summarizes current understanding about the causes of somatic symptom disorders? A. These symptoms are caused by medical illnesses B. These symptoms are caused by extreme negative affect that gets focused on the body C. These symptoms are caused by a defense mechanism against unresolved or unacceptable unconscious conflicts D. These symptoms are caused by a hypervigilant focus on bodily sensations and changes, where these sensations are attributed to illness and thus lead to excessive worry and catastrophizing

D

Which of the following describes a critique of the decision to group factitious disorders within the somatic symptom and related disorders category in the DSM-5? A. It is not possible to differentiate factitious disorder from malingering B. Factitious disorder is not a real diagnosis, so it will make others believe that somatic disorders are fake diagnoses, too C. Factitious disorder is much more common than other somatic disorders, affecting upward of 10 percent of the population D. Including a disorder where someone intentionally feigns illness may increase stigma and lack of regard for the seriousness of somatic disorders

D

__________ memory refers to stored information that people cannot consciously recall. A. Explicit B. Flashbulb C. Eidetic D. Implicit

D