PSY 3604 Exam #3 Ch. 11

Randy has been dependent on alcohol for at least 10 years. Drinking has ruined his marriage, his occupational standing, and his health. If a friend told Randy that he needed to enter treatment, and Randy responded the way most alcohol dependent people do, he would probably say ________ "Alcohol is my enemy but I don't think I am strong enough to combat it." "You have a very good point; I need to do some serious thinking about getting treatment." "I have an addictive personality and without help, I will never overcome my addiction." "Who do you think you are attacking me? You are the one with the problem."

"Who do you think you are attacking me? You are the one with the problem."

In most U.S. states, a person is considered legally intoxicated for driving when the concentration of alcohol in the bloodstream reaches __________ percent. 0.08 0.10 0.18 0.06

0.08

Among people who are employed, people __________ are most likely to report past month drug use. 26 to 34 years of age 18 to 25 years of age 35 to 64 years of age 18 years of age or younger

18 years of age or younger

According to a 2018 Monitoring the Future study, what percentage of students in the United States report using illicit drugs at least once before finishing high school? 23 percent 34 percent 49 percent 10 percent

49 percent

According to the Monitoring the Future Study, almost __________ percent of U.S. students have used illicit drugs one or more times by the time they finish high school. 30 5 10 50

50

How does cocaine affect the brain? Cocaine disrupts the delicate balance between inhibitory and olfactory neurotransmitters. Cocaine blocks the presynaptic dopamine transporter, thus increasing the availability of dopamine in the synapse and increasing the activation of the receiving cells. Cocaine suppresses the release of glutamate which in turn changes the pace of neural transmission in the brain. Cocaine increases the amount of dopamine released in the brain reward system and mimics the effects of endogenous endorphins.

Cocaine blocks the presynaptic dopamine transporter, thus increasing the availability of dopamine in the synapse and increasing the activation of the receiving cells.

__________ is considered both a hallucinogen and a stimulant. Ecstasy LSD Marijuana A synthetic cathinone

Ecstasy

__________ is a hallucinogen that is derived from the small, disc-like growths at the top of the peyote cactus. Iboga Marijuana Atropa belladonna Mescaline

Mescaline

__________ is sometimes referred to as "poor people's cocaine," producing a long-lasting high because it is metabolized slowly. Ketamine Crank Ecstasy Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine

__________ may have an anti-anxiety property; its use has been noted to be highly prevalent among those with anxiety disorders. Caffeine Cocaine Amphetamine Nicotine

Nicotine

Which of the following comments is indicative of a gambling disorder? Sherrod tells his wife, "I only gamble for fun, or when I'm feeling on top of the world." Patty tells her friend Sandy, "I get irritable and anxious when I am playing the slot machines!" Paxton states, "I've tried about six times to just stop gambling, or to stay away from the off-track betting, but I love those ponies!" Marcy says to her mother, "I only play blackjack when I'm in one of my euphoric manic phases, and I usually have great luck!"

Paxton states, "I've tried about six times to just stop gambling, or to stay away from the off-track betting, but I love those ponies!"

Which of the following might explain why Muslims, Mormons, and orthodox Jews report lower incidence of alcohol use disorders? These groups are most likely to experience the "alcohol flush reaction," which involves discomfort upon the consumption of alcohol. These groups report the lowest levels of stigma toward alcohol use, thus decreasing the likelihood that their members will develop alcohol use disorders. These groups are known to underreport symptoms of mental illness. Religious values place rules around the consumption of alcohol.

Religious values place rules around the consumption of alcohol.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about crack cocaine use? Research suggests that there is no fetal crack syndrome. Chronic users develop sexual dysfunctions and a disinterest in sex. Because crack cocaine is inexpensive, users do not have the life problems seen in other addicted populations. Because crack cocaine is associated with passivity and depression, chronic users are less likely to die violent deaths than other addicted populations.

Research suggests that there is no fetal crack syndrome.

Since the passage of the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, amphetamines have been classified as a __________ drug, which means __________. Schedule IV; these drugs have a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs in Schedule III Schedule I; there is a lack of accepted safety for use of these drugs or other substances under medical supervision Schedule II; these drugs have a high abuse potential and require a prescription for each purchase Schedule III; abuse of these drugs may lead to low or moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence

Schedule II; these drugs have a high abuse potential and require a prescription for each purchase

Which of the following best describes one reason that pathological gambling is considered an addictive disorder? Gambling disorder exclusively co-occurs with other addictive disorders. Gambling disorder tends to occur after the development of substance use disorders, suggesting that addictive disorders cause gambling disorder. The DSM is becoming overly liberal with diagnoses included in the manual. Substance use and gambling disorders are maintained by short-term gains despite long-term problems caused from these behaviors.

Substance use and gambling disorders are maintained by short-term gains despite long-term problems caused from these behaviors.

"Spice," "K2," and "Blaze" are names for ________________. MDMA Cannabis Synthetic cannabinoids LSD

Synthetic cannabinoids

Which of the following can help explain the quadrupling of opioid-related overdose deaths between 1999 to 2010? The amount of opioids sold to doctors and hospitals quadrupled over the same period. Humans are experiencing more health problems causing pain, which require doctors to prescribe opioids. The amount of opioids sold illegally quadrupled over the same period. The U.S. Congress enacted the Harrison Act.

The amount of opioids sold to doctors and hospitals quadrupled over the same period.

Which of the following best describes the state of research regarding whether "abstinence only" versus learning "controlled drinking" leads to the best long-term treatment outcomes for alcohol use disorder? There is no longer a debate regarding "abstinence only" versus learning "controlled drinking" in the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Abstinence is the only way for people with a history of alcohol use disorder to prevent relapse. There is evidence that at least some percentage of people with a history of alcohol use disorder can learn to control their drinking. Learning to engage in "controlled drinking" is associated with the best long-term treatment outcomes.

There is evidence that at least some percentage of people with a history of alcohol use disorder can learn to control their drinking.

Drug abuse and dependence are most common during __________. adolescence and young adulthood middle-age middle and older age old age

adolescence and young adulthood

Bob, after going on a week-long alcohol binge, has not had any alcoholic drinks in the last 24 hours. He states there are rats running across the floor (though no one else sees the rats), exhibits trembling in his hands, and cannot identify where he is when taken to the hospital. Bob is likely experiencing __________. acute alcohol deficiency alcohol withdrawal delirium schizophrenia delusional disorder

alcohol withdrawal delirium

The alcohol flush response is caused by a(n) __________. insufficient quantity of alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach inability for catalase to metabolize sufficient quantities of alcohol in the brain an enzyme that fails to break down alcohol molecules in the liver during the metabolic process deficiency of neurotransmitters in the liver which contributes to insufficient breakdown of alcohol molecules

an enzyme that fails to break down alcohol molecules in the liver during the metabolic process

Opium and its derivatives __________. cause amnesia with long-term use typically take several months to produce physiological cravings always cause near fatal withdrawal symptoms cause withdrawal symptoms in addicts within approximately eight hours of the last dose

cause withdrawal symptoms in addicts within approximately eight hours of the last dose

Which of the following forms of psychological treatment has demonstrated effectiveness for the treatment of cocaine abusers? cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management systematic desensitization psychodynamic psychotherapy interpersonal therapy

cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management

The "skills training procedure," usually aimed at younger problem drinkers, is comprised of __________. skills from psychodynamic insight-oriented treatment medical management of the addiction with stress-inoculation training cognitive-behavioral strategies of intervention with social-learning theory social learning constructs with medical treatment

cognitive-behavioral strategies of intervention with social-learning theory

Which of the following is the most common treatment for pathological gambling? antipsychotic medications cognitive-behavioral therapy antidepressant medications Gambler's Anonymous

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Studies have shown that a high percentage of pathological gamblers __________. exhibit low degrees of religiosity experience a high degree of life satisfaction commit crimes related to family violence and aggression had parents that would be characterized as overindulgent

commit crimes related to family violence and aggression

It is suggested that a __________ in the brain plays a primary role in the "wanting" or anticipation of reward; however, __________ seems to play a primary role in the "liking" or consumption of rewarding stimuli. dopaminergic pathway; the opioid system serotonin pathway; a dopaminergic pathway dopaminergic pathway; a monoamine pathway monoamine pathway; the opioid system

dopaminergic pathway; the opioid system

The brain and pituitary gland produce __________, an opium-like substance. dopamine endorphins serotonin acetylcholine

endorphins

When compared to heroin, methadone is __________. more addictive in a physiological sense and known to produce less psychological impairment equally addictive in a physiological sense but produces less psychological impairment less likely to produce long-term addiction but more likely to be misused produces a greater rush or high but does satisfy the cravings associated with heroin

equally addictive in a physiological sense but produces less psychological impairment

The reciprocal-influence model suggests that adolescents begin drinking as a result of __________. expectations that using alcohol will increase their popularity and acceptance by their peers social expectations that one should drink in order to be a member of one's reciprocal culture an attempt to reduce pressures associated with transitioning to the responsibilities of adult life an expectation that they will be seen as more masculine by engaging in an activity that is associated with older adults

expectations that using alcohol will increase their popularity and acceptance by their peers

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) indicates that approximately __________ college students drink alcohol and __________ of students who drink engage in binge drinking. two out of three; one-third four out of five; half one out of four; half two out of five; one-fourth

four out of five; half

Abraham and Wolf (1988) compared subjects who had used LSD 2 years earlier with a matched group of control subjects. Compared to the controls, the subjects with the history of LSD use __________. had reduced visual sensitivity to light during dark adaptation and showed other visual problems had enhanced perception of upper register sound demonstrated no significant differences when evaluated with perceptual and intellectual tasks appeared much more sensitive to temperature and touch

had reduced visual sensitivity to light during dark adaptation and showed other visual problems

The tension-reduction causal model is difficult to accept as a sole explanatory hypothesis for alcohol use because __________. low rates of alcohol abuse and dependence are found with individuals who score high on measures of hypervigilance, a trait highly correlated with the subjective experience of tension most individuals who experience extreme levels of tension and who are in high-tension occupations tend to have lower levels of substance abuse and dependence over time, most individuals who abuse alcohol do not receive tension-reducing benefits when they drink if tension-reduction were the main factor, one would expect substance-abuse disorder to be far more common since alcohol tends to reduce tension for most people who use it

if tension-reduction were the main factor, one would expect substance-abuse disorder to be far more common since alcohol tends to reduce tension for most people who use it

The number of pathological gamblers in the United States has been __________. decreasing fluctuating in response to changes in the economy stable for the past 30 years increasing

increasing

Operant learning principles may explain why pathological gamblers, who may have experienced positive reinforcement with early wins, will continue to gamble in the face of loss. The gambling persistence may be sustained due to the influence of a(n) __________ schedule of reinforcement. interval intermittent ratio continuous

intermittent

An alcohol-risk personality has been described as an individual who has an inherited predisposition toward alcohol abuse, and who __________. scores high on the five-factor traits of neuroticism, extroversion, and openness to experience is methodical, cautious, and controlling has a pre-existing psychological disorder such as anxiety or depression is impulsive, prefers taking high risks, and is emotionally unstable

is impulsive, prefers taking high risks, and is emotionally unstable

Barbiturate withdrawal ________ is more dangerous and long-lasting than opiate withdrawal. lasts for a short time but is very painful. causes psychological distress but no withdrawal symptoms. is similar to withdrawal from cocaine and opium.

is more dangerous and long-lasting than opiate withdrawal.

Compared with opiate withdrawal, barbiturate withdrawal __________. is more dangerous, severe, and long-lasting responds well to the same types of medical withdrawal aids is similar in intensity and duration is less severe and quickly remedied

is more dangerous, severe, and long-lasting

Rates of alcoholism among Asian populations are ________ than among European peoples. This fact may be related to ________. lower; a mutant enzyme that leads to hypersensitive reactions to alcohol lower; religious differences in the acceptability of alcohol higher; genetic differences in the sensitivity of the MCLP higher; genetic differences in the ability to metabolize alcohol

lower; a mutant enzyme that leads to hypersensitive reactions to alcohol

Jessa has been using __________ daily for several years which his psychologist thinks may be related to his recent experiences with extreme anxiety, depression, hallucinations, and other psychotic-like symptoms. marijuana methadone nicotine Adderall

marijuana

Malnutrition ________ does not occur in alcoholics since alcohol provides both calories and nutrients. may occur in alcoholics since alcohol interferes with the body's ability to use nutrients. only occurs when alcoholics are destitute and not able to afford to purchase food. is rare among alcoholics because alcohol is most commonly consumed with food.

may occur in alcoholics since alcohol interferes with the body's ability to use nutrients.

A short-range effect associated with marijuana use is __________. excess physical energy and agitation flashbacks memory dysfunction and a slowing of information processing difficulties with balance and coordination

memory dysfunction and a slowing of information processing

The __________ is central to the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine and in mediating the rewarding properties of drugs. mesocorticolimbic pathway cerebral peduncle tuberoinfundibular pathway nigrostriatal pathway

mesocorticolimbic pathway

The individuals who are most likely to develop barbiturate dependency are __________. adolescents and college students young-adult shift workers middle-aged and older adults inner-city youth

middle-aged and older adults

Drugs such as __________ have been used as part of psychological therapy in treating cocaine dependence as these drugs reduce cravings and increase the likelihood of treatment compliance. Adderall and naloxone Antabuse naltrexone and methadone naloxone and buprenorphine

naltrexone and methadone

The Alcoholics Anonymous model believes that __________, and thus one __________. one is never cured of alcoholism; is always considered to be "in recovery" alcoholism develops from guilt over past transgression; must atone for one's wrongdoing spiritual enlightenment leads to healing; must remain committed to psychodevelopmental growth controlled drinking is possible in the right setting; should plan a drinking event to occur in a "safe" setting

one is never cured of alcoholism; is always considered to be "in recovery"

Excessive doses of barbiturates can be lethal because barbiturates __________. increase blood pressure to the point of precipitating a stroke or heart attack interfere with the amygdala's ability to consistently relay messages to higher brain centers can cause arrhythmias of the heart' paralyze the brain's respiratory centers

paralyze the brain's respiratory centers

In relapse prevention treatment, participants are taught to __________. connect with old friends when tempted to drink focus on meditation and spiritual retreats recognize the apparently irrelevant decisions that serve as early warning signals of the possibility of relapse engage in activities and spiritual pursuits that explore issues from their childhood

recognize the apparently irrelevant decisions that serve as early warning signals of the possibility of relapse

To reduce drug use over the long-term, treatment for heroin addiction should attempt to __________. reduce withdrawal symptoms increase tolerance reduce cravings for the drug reduce tolerance

reduce cravings for the drug

The drug naltrexone is used to treat alcohol use by __________. stabilizing brain chemistry during alcohol withdrawal reducing the craving for alcohol by blocking its pleasure-producing effects causing violent vomiting following the ingestion of alcohol inducing uncomfortable body reactions such as itching, hot flashes, and belching

reducing the craving for alcohol by blocking its pleasure-producing effects

Researchers note that some people have difficulty experiencing pleasure from naturally occurring rewards that, to most people, are satisfying. Consequently, these individuals are compelled to seek out additional sources of pleasure through activities such as drug use. This hypothesis is called the __________. endorphin replacement hypothesis dopamine deficiency hypothesis dopamine suppression hypothesis reward deficiency syndrome hypothesis

reward deficiency syndrome hypothesis

People who abuse drugs __________. do not show improvements with treatment show markedly different behaviors depending on the type, amount, and duration of drug use engage in specific types of behavior, making drug use easily identifiable can be treated using the same approaches, regardless of drug type

show markedly different behaviors depending on the type, amount, and duration of drug use

Research has shown that pathological gambling often co-occurs with other disorders. Which of the following co-occurring types of disorders are associated with the most severe forms of pathological gambling? mood disorders schizophrenia spectrum disorders personality disorders substance-abuse disorders

substance-abuse disorders

Which substance binds with CB1 receptors in the nervous system and can produce marijuana-like intoxication? synthetic cathimodes Rimonabant Cannabinor synthetic cannabinoids

synthetic cannabinoids

A change in the DSM-5 criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has resulted in expanding the population of patients who can receive this diagnosis to now include adults, which may lead to a much greater use of stimulants by adults. Concern has been expressed that __________. the energy provided by the stimulant drugs can mask underlying fatigue associated with nutritional deficits, a developing health problem, or a psychological issue such as depression an uptick in alcohol use disorders should occur as a result of expanded stimulant drug use use of the drug by adults as a means of accomplishing more work might result in less attention paid to work-life balance the expansion could lead to widespread misuse of stimulant drugs for performance enhancement and recreation use, adding to the already extensive problem of stimulant abuse

the expansion could lead to widespread misuse of stimulant drugs for performance enhancement and recreation use, adding to the already extensive problem of stimulant abuse

With aversive conditioning therapy, __________. the patient participates in family therapy sessions where family members confront the patient on how his or her alcohol use has harmed them the patient experiences the presentation of noxious stimuli paired with alcohol consumption in order to suppress drinking behavior the patient reconstructs narratives he or she has about his or her substance use into self-denigrating narratives the patient makes a list of all the individuals he or she has harmed through substance abuse and constructs a plan for making amends to those that he or she has harmed

the patient experiences the presentation of noxious stimuli paired with alcohol consumption in order to suppress drinking behavior

At low levels, alcohol's effect on the brain is __________; at higher levels, alcohol's effect is __________. depressive; excitatory too minimal to have an impact; massive and excitatory to activate the brain's "pleasure centers"; to depress brain functioning to inhibit glutamate (an excitatory neurotransmitter); to release opiumlike endorphins

to activate the brain's "pleasure centers"; to depress brain functioning

Tolerance for barbiturates follows a different pattern than opiate tolerance in that __________. cocaine tolerance involves a significantly larger amount of drug than that of barbiturates to cause death tolerance for barbiturates increases at a much more rapid pace than that of opiates tolerance for barbiturates does not increase the amount of drug needed to cause death withdrawal from barbiturates is much less severe and resolves more rapidly than withdrawal from opiates

tolerance for barbiturates does not increase the amount of drug needed to cause death

Some detoxification clinics are concerned about the use of tranquilizers during the alcohol detoxification phase of treatment because __________. tranquilizers may physically increase nervous system activity such as heart rate and blood pressure in a person who is already experiencing a slowing of nervous system function as a consequence of chronic alcohol use tranquilizers cannot be used with patients who have medical problems, which most alcoholics have the calming effect of tranquilizers may reduce treatment motivation tranquilizers do not promote long-term recovery and may simply transfer the addiction to another substance

tranquilizers do not promote long-term recovery and may simply transfer the addiction to another substance