PSY 381 Chapter 5
_____ is when information is best recalled under the same conditions that it was learned.
State-dependent learning
Which BEST describes someone experiencing derealization?
The person feels as if the world has changed and become strange or surreal.
Which of the following is a personality change that often accompanies dissociative fugues?
They become more outgoing.
What happens when someone experiences doubling?
They feel as if their mind is floating above them.
Which child is MOST likely to develop a stress disorder later in life after experiencing a trauma?
a child who lives alone with a single mother who is working multiple jobs
What is the first step in treating people with dissociative identity disorder?
bond with the primary personality
What are the chief sources of data used to support the psychodynamic theories of dissociative identity disorder?
case studies
According to the text, psychodynamic therapy seems especially well suited to treat:
dissociative amnesia.
Carly has posttraumatic stress disorder but refuses to talk about it. She is:
experiencing avoidance.
Trevor has posttraumatic stress disorder and reports symptoms of derealization. He is:
experiencing reduced responsiveness.
What is key to our sense of identity?
memory
An example of torture through deprivation is:
not allowing the person to bathe.
Modern studies suggest that the average number of subpersonalities in cases of dissociative identity disorder is about _____ for women and about _____ for men.
15; 8
A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that persists for years after a traumatic event BEST describes:
PTSD
What is a visual image called that is retained so vividly that one can continue to scan it for more information?
eidetic recall
What kind of therapy entails a combat veteran undergoing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?
exposure therapy
Lamar is having flashbacks. Which symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder does this represent?
reexperiencing the traumatic event
A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive:
stress response.
In the course of treatment for identity disorder, fusion is:
the merging of the final two or more subpersonalities.
Which is the BEST example of the subpersonalities in dissociative identity disorder differing in identifying features?
One personality is a woman and another is a man.
Which is the BEST example of the subpersonalities in dissociative identity disorder differing in preferences?
One subpersonality loves alternative rock music; another hates it but does love country music.
After a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. If such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from which type of amnesia?
localized amnesia
Compared with covert exposure therapy for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder, virtual reality exposure therapy has been shown to be:
more effective.
The abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter has been linked to traumatic events?
norepinephrine
Which statement is TRUE regarding dissociative disorders?
They involve major changes in memory.
The group of hormones that are referred to as "stress hormones" are:
corticosteroids
The collective reactions generated by the sympathetic nervous system pathway and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway are termed the:
fight-or-flight response.
Which statement BEST describes the long-term effects of exposure to stress during childhood?
Children who are repeatedly exposed to manageable stress tend to be more resilient as adults.
A flash flood hits a small Appalachian community. Those providing a critical incident stress debriefing intervention would:
provide short-term counseling services.
Which has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders?
self-hypnosis
How much more likely is dissociative identity disorder to be diagnosed in a woman compared with a man?
three times more likely
In which racial group is a woman's risk of being raped the greatest, relative to the group's percentage of the population?
African Americans
A friend says, "If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of posttraumatic stress disorder." The BEST response is:
"Yes. However, civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does."
A combat veteran says, "The therapist wants me to imagine scenes where I was in combat and imagine them like I was there. I don't want to do that! How can this possibly help me?" The BEST response is:
"Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called flooding."
Which statement about rape is MOST accurate? 1. Most rape victims do not know their attackers. 2. Most rape victims are younger than age 35. 3. About equal numbers of men and women are raped. 4. About 1 in 10 women are raped in their lifetime.
2. Most rape victims are younger than age 35.
What has research on evoked potential with people with dissociative identity disorder revealed?
Different subpersonalities show different brain response patterns.
Which conclusion does research on hypnosis and hypnotic amnesia support?
Dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia.
_____ is common with dissociative fugue.
Fleeing to a new location
Why do some researchers believe dissociative identity disorder is culture-bound?
It is rare or nonexistent in certain countries.
One of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a "protector." How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed?
Moderately far; a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration.
Which statement provides the MOST persuasive argument against a psychodynamic explanation for dissociative identity disorder?
Most abused children do not develop the disorder.
Imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Which statement is MOST accurate about depersonalization disorder?
People experiencing depersonalization disorder remain connected to reality.
A friend says to you, "I know someone who is a combat veteran who was just diagnosed with PTSD. Do you think therapy will help this person?" Which is the BEST answer you can give based on current research?
Probably. About two-thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement."
Which statement about the long-term effects of rape on women is MOST accurate?
Rape victims are significantly more likely to abuse alcohol or drugs.
Darla thinks she has bad luck. She repeatedly says, "Bad things just happen to me. It doesn't matter what I do. If it can go wrong, it will. And it always does." How does this thinking relate to the development of stress disorders?
She is more susceptible to a stress disorder.
Which statement MOST accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response?
The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones, causing even more arousal.
Which statement MOST accurately describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway of the stress response?
The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids.
Which BEST describes someone with depersonalization?
The person feels detached from his or her own body.
What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders?
They are triggered by traumatic events.
How do sodium amobarbital and sodium pentobarbital work in the treatment of dissociative amnesia?
They free people from their inhibitions, thus allowing them to recall unpleasant events.
Which statement accurately describes the demographic differences in developing a stress disorder?
Women are more likely than men to develop a stress disorder.
What do we know about the inheritance of PTSD?
Women who have high cortisol levels tend to have children with high cortisol levels.
How concerned should we be about victims of sexual assault and terror? Is there a very great risk that they will experience PTSD?
Yes, the risk is great; more than one-third of sexual assault victims and about half of terror victims experience PTSD.
Which does NOT characterize stress disorders?
a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event
A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a traumatic event and persists for less than a month is called:
acute stress disorder.
A person who witnessed a horrible car accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for three weeks is probably experiencing:
acute stress disorder.
Salina was terrified during the magnitude 7.2 earthquake that hit where she lived. For a couple of weeks after the event, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, her fears gradually diminished and were completely gone within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n):
acute stress disorder.
Depersonalization disorder is most common among:
adolescents and young adults
When was it recognized that acute stress during combat could result in psychological symptoms after combat?
after the Vietnam War
In the MOST common type of dissociative amnesia, a person loses memory for:
all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time.
The _____ is the extensive network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all the other organs of the body.
autonomic nervous system
Individuals experiencing dissociative amnesia sometimes are given sodium amobarbital or sodium pentobarbital because those drugs:
calm people and reduce their inhibitions.
Colton has dissociative identity disorder. Fat Freddy and Carmen are two personalities who are aware of all of the others but do not interact with them. Fat Freddy and Carmen would be described as:
coconscious.
Max experienced a dissociative fugue for two weeks. What is a common immediate reaction upon "waking" from this state?
confusion
Carlotta is attacked in the street and her young daughter is kidnapped. Eventually, the police find her daughter and return her to her mother. However, Carlotta is unable to recall events that have occurred since the attack. She is even unable to retain new information; she remembers what happened before the attack but cannot remember new and ongoing experiences. This is a classic example of:
continuous amnesia.
In the twenty-first century in the United States, the number of diagnosed cases per year of dissociative identity disorder has:
decreased.
An individual has been diagnosed with a dissociative disorder. However, the individual has very good recall of previous life events and has a strong sense of self. The MOST likely diagnosis for this individual is:
depersonalization disorder.
When a person feels that the external world is removed, mechanical, distorted, or even dead, he or she is experiencing:
derealization.
People who are unable to recall important information about themselves, especially of an upsetting nature, are MOST likely experiencing:
dissociative amnesia.
People with _____ typically do not eventually recover without receiving treatment.
dissociative identity disorder
Which diagnosis would a person experiencing multiple personalities MOST accurately be diagnosed with?
dissociative identity disorder
An individual who formerly knew how to speak a foreign language and play a musical instrument can no longer remember how to do so as a result of a dissociative disorder. The dissociative disorder MOST likely present is:
dissociative identity.
Jake is lying in bed and suddenly feels as though he is floating above his body. This is called:
doubling.
If the state-dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, when would a subpersonality be MOST likely to present?
during a time of stress
Mason is receiving therapy for dissociative identity disorder. At which stage would family therapy MOST likely be included as part of therapy?
early on, when the therapist is trying to help the client recognize the nature of the disorder
Which research finding supports the idea that individuals may inherit a predisposition to posttraumatic stress disorder?
elevated cortisol levels in babies born to women who were pregnant during the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
The network of glands that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the _____ system.
endocrine
Jacquie developed PTSD after being held in captivity for years. She is upset by what she had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving. This is an example of:
experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.
Gwen is held up at knifepoint, and her young son is kidnapped. Her son is eventually found and returned to her. However, Gwen is unable to recall events that occurred since the attack, although she remembers some new experiences; worse still, she finds that she is forgetting events that occurred even before the attack. This is a classic example of:
generalized amnesia.
When a dangerous situation is recognized, what brain structure releases neurotransmitters to trigger the firing of neurons and the release of chemicals throughout the body?
hypothalamus
Bentley was driving over the same bridge he crossed every day on his way to work, but today nothing about the bridge or scenery felt familiar. What is this an example of?
jamais vu
What is the most common type of dissociative amnesia?
localized amnesia
The number of diagnosed cases of dissociative identity disorder increased in the 1980s and 1990s. Some researchers are concerned about this trend, stating that:
many of the cases are unintentionally produced by clinicians.
Which of these is the usual goal of therapy for dissociative identity disorders?
merge the subpersonalities into a single identity
A diagnostic criterion for posttraumatic stress disorder is the presence of significant distress or impairment for:
more than one month.
Alexis has dissociative identity disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi, either. This is called a:
mutually amnesic relationship.
What is the term for when all of the subpersonalities in a person with dissociative identity disorder are aware of one another?
mutually cognizant pattern
A person's levels of cortisol and norepinephrine are in the normal range. What is that person MOST likely experiencing?
no stress disorder
Juanita has dissociative identity disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities is aware of the others. This would be called a:
one-way amnesic relationship.
In a case of dissociative identity disorder, Lorna is aware of the existence of Jerry and Chris, but Jerry and Chris are not aware of the existence of the other personalities. This form of subpersonality relationship is called:
one-way amnesic.
Memory problems that do not interfere with daily living are referred to as:
peculiarities of memory.
After Caroline's plane crashed but she survived, her mother came to stay with her. Her friends visited often and went to lunch and dinner with Caroline occasionally. This situation probably contributed to Caroline's coping ability after the accident. Which of these factors was present for Caroline?
presence of social support
A torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing which type of torture?
psychological
A child in an extremely abusive family situation often seems to become deaf to the verbal abuse and insensitive to the physical abuse, as if the child simply wasn't there experiencing the abuse. One explanation for this behavior is:
self-hypnosis.
Laurent has three subpersonalities. Fiona emerges when Laurent is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in:
state-dependent learning.
The statement, "This is awful, but I guess I can deal with it like I do everything else," represents one person's:
stress response.
Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a:
stressor
A client who has been talking calmly and rationally suddenly begins whining and complaining like a spoiled child. If that client suffers from true dissociative identity disorder, the client just experienced:
switching
In response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goosebumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the:
sympathetic nervous system.
When Kelly was in a passenger plane, he watched as all four engines quit at once and then saw the plane explode. From 5,000 feet in the air, he landed, severely injured, in deep snow in a heavily wooded area. When he regained consciousness several weeks later, he had a stress reaction that lasted for years, and he could never fly again. The factor that probably MOST contributed to his extreme posttraumatic stress reaction was:
the severity of the trauma.
A friend asks you, "What's the name of that Tom Hanks movie where a pirate takes over his ship and says, 'I'm the captain now'?" You remember the movie and know you know the title, but you can't think of it in the moment. This is an example of:
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Many researchers believe that one reason for higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder in women is:
the types of trauma they experience.
If someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster, you would be correct (based on the research) in saying that:
there is little evidence that debriefing works.
People with low incomes are _____ as likely as people with higher incomes to experience one of the stress disorders.
twice
At a workshop about dissociative identity disorder, a therapist says, "In my experience, once integration begins, the need for therapy is practically over; later dissociations just don't happen." This therapist's experience is:
very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration.
A feeling of detachment from oneself could be diagnosed as PTSD or depersonalization disorder. To determine which diagnosis BEST fits, one would consider:
which symptoms predominated.
A person who experiences which incident is at the GREATEST risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder?
witnessing a friend die from being shot point-blank
