PSY 407 - Test 3

During the 1800s, views of alcoholism shifted from which earlier to which later view?

From free will to a medical problem

Natural recovery and spontaneous remission are terms describing people who change their drinking in which way?

Without formal therapy but with help from others

For older adults, it is better to be _____.

slightly overweight than thin

Which of these statements about Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) as a treatment for alcohol abuse is both true and documented by research?

The structure of AA is not likely to work equally well for members without sponsors.

During which phase of the cascade proposed by the brain disease model is the brain flooded with pleasure-producing effects?

Binge and Intoxication

Patrick is a 30-year-old male who is markedly overweight, abuses alcohol, and has some symptoms that may indicate a personality disorder. Patrick has been diagnosed with an eating disorder. Based on this information and on research statistics, which eating disorder is he most likely to have?

Binge eating disorder

Which of the following characteristics are commonly shared across the conditions of anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder?

Body dissatisfaction, preoccupation with weight and food, and binge eating behavior

As an aspiring health psychologist, you ask four runners who practice their exercise consistently the reasons for their commitment to it. Which response most represents that of a committed exerciser more than an exercise-dependent or obligatory exerciser?

"I am highly committed to running because it makes me feel better in my body and mind."

Which of the following statements is most associated with the tension reduction model of drinking?

"My drinking brings me relief from the stress in my life and from the anxiety I feel over it."

An average of how many people in the United States die every day from smoking-related causes?

1,315

Jamie was determined to quit smoking on his own, but dismayed when he relapsed after only two days. What proportion of self-quitters relapse after two days?

2/3

In the United States in 2018, more than half of the drivers involved in fatal alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes were between the ages of _____.

21 and 35

Which of the following two peptide hormones are both made by the hypothalamus and act to increase the appetite?

Agouti-related peptide and neuropeptide Y

When someone drinks, which enzyme turns the alcohol into aldehyde?

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Twins Alfonso and Alonzo are both lifting weights, but their goals differ: Alfonso wants to make his muscles stronger, while Alonzo wants to make his muscles last longer. How should their exercise routines compare?

Alfonso should lift heavier weights for fewer repetitions; Alonzo should lift lighter weights for more repetitions.

Thom regularly drinks multiple caffeine-containing energy drinks every day; Luz smokes cigarettes; Judy occasionally takes methamphetamine to help her study for exams; and Pietro occasionally smokes crack. What can accurately be said about these individuals?

All are using stimulants.

Athena is working on her explosive energy doing wind sprints. Her friend Letitia is working on her endurance doing long-distance running. Which statement accurately describes what each is doing?

Athena is engaging in anaerobic exercise and Letitia is engaging in aerobic exercise

Why was the original D.A.R.E. program not especially effective in preventing smoking?

Because it focused on providing information through lectures

People start and continue to smoke for various reasons. Which of the following is a reason they continue smoking rather than a reason they start?

Being addicted

Relative to lipid profiles, how does exercising lower the risk for heart disease?

By lowering LDL, raising HDL, and improving the ratio of HDL to total cholesterol

How is regular exercise thought to help in preventing cancer?

By preventing all three of these developments from happening

Three young adults meet in a treatment program. One is diagnosed with anorexia, one with bulimia, and one with binge eating. Based on research findings, what is most accurate about the success they may have with certain treatment methods?

CBT will help the bulimic more than the anorexic, and mindfulness can help the binge eater lose weight.

Which of the following hormones are made by the intestines and act on the hypothalamus to increase satiation?

CCK, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1

Which of the following accurately reflects statistics about cardiovascular disease (CVD) and smoking prior to the COVID pandemic?

CVD is the second leading cause of smoking-related deaths and the leading cause of death in the United States

Which of these is correct regarding cancer and smoking in the U.S. prior to the covid pandemic?

Cancer is the leading cause of smoking-related death and second leading cause of death in the United States

Studies assessing psychotherapeutic techniques for treating alcohol abuse have found that which of these are more effective?

Cognitive-behavioral

When Christopher Columbus's crew members acquired the habit of using tobacco that they got from Native Americans, how did Columbus respond?

Columbus disapproved of its use but realized it was addictive

Informed by newer research findings, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) revised its recommendations (2011) for physical activity to realize protective health benefits. What was the most significant change?

Decreased intensity

Kate, who is obese, is researching weight loss methods. Which of the following does research find could be not only the safest, healthiest, and most balanced, but also the most effective for her?

Decreased portions, plus increased exercise

A group of friends is talking about the subject of eating, dieting, and weight loss. Danielle, who is very obese, has been so frightened by hearing of the health risks that she thinks she should adopt a strict diet immediately rather than change her lifestyle gradually. Izzy is concerned that he has been losing weight lately without trying. Halle believes healthy eating habits will benefit them all more than dieting. Marlena, who is obese, wants to lose weight but worries she will not be able to lose enough to make a difference and then will regain it anyway. Which of the following statements that applies to one of these people is also accurate?

Developing healthy eating habits without overeating is better for everyone than dieting.

Which chemical treatment for alcohol abuse is used in aversion therapy?

Disulfiram

Among neurotransmitters affected by drug actions, which of these is most strongly implicated in activating the brain's pleasure and reward circuits?

Dopamine

What is most accurate about past and current research into the impact of exercise on risk of cardiovascular disease?

Early studies focused only on men, but later research suggests women may benefit even more

Which of the following is the most common of the lower chronic respiratory diseases?

Emphysema

Which of the following is most accurate about exercise relative to body weight and shape?

Exercise helps weight loss most through raising one's resting metabolic rate.

Which of the following has the highest death toll from passive smoking?

Heart disease

Hilde presses her hands firmly against each other and against a wall to build up her arm strength. Ricardo lifts free weights and barbells to build his upper body strength. Which statement accurately describes what each is doing?

Hilde is engaging in isometric exercise and Ricardo is engaging in isotonic exercise.

Tahoma, a middle-aged Navajo drank heavily for most of his adult life. He behaved aggressively toward his girlfriend and got into motor vehicle accidents. He was recently diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver. Which of the following is accurate regarding this description?

His cirrhosis is a direct hazard of alcohol; his accident and behavior were both indirect hazards.

Marta and Maria are identical twins; Bruce and Bart are fraternal twins. What does research about the genetic influences on problem drinking suggest about these pairs?

If there is problem drinking, Marta and Maria are more likely to be similar because they are identical.

Depending on your goals, what can you best assume about the quality of exercise you need to attain them relative to the American College of Sports Medicine's (ACSM) recommendations?

If you want to lose weight or to maintain a weight loss, you will need to exceed the recommendations for exercise intensity and duration

Raising the legal drinking age from 18 to 21 in the United States resulted in a decline in adolescent drinking rates. What did the Monitoring the Future Project (2020) find about illegal drug use by the same age group?

Illegal drug use decreased parallel with the decrease in alcohol use.

In the human digestive process, where does the most nutrient absorption take place?

In the small intestine

Cigarette smoking is inversely correlated with both income and education. How might you explain this?

Income levels are positively correlated with education levels

Obesity, as measured by a BMI of 25-40 or above, is associated with which of these?

Increased risk of both morbidity and mortality

A middle school principal and staff are researching how to make a school-based smoking prevention program effective. Which of the following can they do to contribute success?

Integrating it into a comprehensive health education program

In comparison to countries in which drinking alcohol is a common experience, which of the following is more common in countries that reserve alcohol use for special occasions?

Intoxication

Health at Every Size® seeks to remove the stigma from overweight, rejects dieting to lose weight, and emphasizes healthy eating plus physical activity. How effective is this program?

It improves cardiovascular factors, eating behaviors, quality of life, and psychological indicators.

As part of her substance abuse counseling major, Regina is doing a practicum that includes supervised counseling with a group of high school students. One of the students asks what drug category marijuana is classified in. What can Regina tell her?

It is classified in its own category.

Rita tried repeatedly to quit smoking, but sooner or later she always had to have a cigarette, so she felt doomed to failure. Marlatt and Gordon (1980) called this the abstinence violation effect. How can their treatment address this effect for Rita?

It teaches that they need to quit smoking, but sooner or or later she always had to have a cigarette, so she felt doomed to failure.

A local neighborhood association wants to implement an environmental intervention to increase physical activity in the community. What are they likely to find?

It will probably be quite expensive, but evidence shows it is effective.

Research by Sims et al. (1968, 1974, 1976) with prison inmates who volunteered to participate in an experiment involving overeating to gain weight contributed valuable information to health psychology at the time. If someone wanted to replicate this experiment today, what ethical implications would be most likely?

It would be considered an unethical experiment today because some inmates had trouble losing the weight they gained.

In the 16th and 17th century England, why did Queen Elizabeth I, King James I, and Sir Francis Bacon oppose the use of tobacco?

Tobacco was addictive and expensive

Among theoretical explanations for obesity, the positive incentive model shares consideration of which factors in common with the set-point model?

Levels of appetite-regulating hormones

A group of parents is discussing which strategies might be most effective for preventing and controlling their 12- and 13-year-old children's use of marijuana and other illegal drugs. Which of the following statements both accurately reflects research findings and also draws a realistic conclusion?

Life skills training that is age-appropriate can effectively help youth resist peer pressure and make their own decisions.

Which statement about the impact of exercise is accurate?

Light to moderate exercise increases the quantity and quality of people's lives.

What do you think is the most likely reason that people in the 65+ age group have the lowest rate of smoking cigarettes?

Many longtime smokers die of related causes before getting that old

Research finds that exercise is effective for reducing which of the following?

Mild or moderate depression and state anxiety

A meta-analysis of weight loss programs designed for children and teenagers (Altman & Wilfley, 2015) found that all effective programs include which of these?

Multiple components rather than just one component

Four adults successfully completed a formal weight loss program. Who is most likely to regain lost weight after the program has ended?

Nannette, who receives a congratulatory celebration but no post-treatment follow-up.

Which of these is true about the neurological effects of nicotine from smoking tobacco?

Nicotine reaches the brain faster than if it were injected into the bloodstream

Which of the following are glandular secretions that reduce acid and digest carbohydrates and fats in the small intestine?

Pancreatic juices

What do research studies find about the relationships among smoking, quitting, and gaining weight?

People gain weight when they continue to smoke and also when they quit smoking.

Multiple researchers in America and other countries have found which of the following about the health benefits of quitting smoking?

People who quit smoking for 16 years after smoking less than a pack a day had comparable mortality to nonsmokers.

Among informational interventions, what have researchers found more effective for increasing people's physical activity?

Point-of-decision prompts cost way less and are more effective.

Which of the following are substances that are absorbed by the small intestine during digestion?

Protein, carbohydrates, fats, bile salts, water

Studies find that, combined with an intensive behavioral program, liquid diets have which characteristic(s)?

Providing more weight loss and better loss maintenance than most diet programs

Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence of historical developments that increased the popularity of smoking cigarettes

Sale of readymade cigarettes Creation of the "blended" cigarette World War I smoking popularity More women began to smoke

Based on the information given, which would you evaluate as more effective for increasing student physical activity not only in school, but also outside of school?

Social support interventions

Which of these are the most common sources of injuries from exercising?

Sustaining musculoskeletal injuries

American smoking rates declined in response to a number of initiatives. Among them, which is the first?

The US Surgeon General's report

Which of the following variables has an inverse correlation with alcohol intake?

The ages of people

Philo wakes up every morning thinking he needs a drink as soon as possible and starts his day with a shot of vodka. He repeats this periodically throughout the day to maintain his functioning level and avoid getting antsy and irritable. He has done this for so long that he can go to work, operate a forklift, and perform accounting calculations with high levels of alcohol in his system. He managed to quit for years, but once he drank again, he felt the need to continue drinking much faster. This describes which model of alcohol abuse?

The alcohol dependency syndrome

Colita is overweight, and she just quit smoking. She is glad she quit, but worried she will gain more weight. Some research does show that overweight quitters gain more weight than do individuals who are not overweight. Which additional findings are true and might be encouraging to her?

The benefits of her quitting smoking exceed the benefits of maintaining lower weight.

Keys et al. (1950) conducted experimental research during World War II that put volunteers on semi-starvation diets. While this pioneered knowledge about physiological and psychological effects of diet at the time, how would such research be affected today by ethical codes of conduct?

This research would likely be found unethical today because of the outcomes that made participants suffer and participants did not fully regain their prestudy emotions and views.

How far back in time can the history of human alcohol use be traced?

To the times of prehistoric man

Richard Williams was a tennis player and coach who wrote a plan to train his two daughters to become tennis professionals. He began coaching them in their early childhoods. His daughters, Venus and Serena Williams, both became world-famous tennis champions. You could infer which of the following from this?

Venus and Serena had both types of fitness.

Metabolic syndrome, which includes hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and insulin resistance and raises risks for Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, is associated with what kind(s) of excess body fat?

abdominal

Most sudden deaths during exercise are the result of _____.

cardiovascular disease

Alcohol metabolism causes increases of uric acid, which is related to _____.

gout

Bile salts are made by the _____.

liver

The health hazards of alcohol are most associated with _______.

not drinking and heavy drinking

Based on the findings of multiple researchers and studies, exercise exerts its influence on the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer through inhibiting the release of _____.

proinflammatory cytokines

Regular physical activity can _____.

prevent Type 2 diabetes and help manage Types 1 and 2

A meta-analysis of the impact of wearables and smart phone apps suggests that the technologies are effective in helping people _____.

who have started a program monitor progress and maintain activity