PSY 410 Exam 2

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

the word "platypus"

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts.

Episodic; semantic

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that

has high stimulus salience

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

remembering graduating from college

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called

same-object advantage

This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test.

recognition

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from

short-term memory to long-term memory.

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

specificity

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

The recency effect found in a serial position curve can be eliminated if

subjects perform another task for 30 seconds, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from STM.

Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a ______________.

fixation

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories.

fragility

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic memory

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

remote

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?

1492 911 1776

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?

Binding

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption

Consolidation

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important?

Schema

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.

Systems

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.

autobiographical

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.

aware; unaware

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.

both the first and last words

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?

close attention

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called

cocktail party effect

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?

complexity

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?

dichotic listening

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in HOMES provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better that repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

elaborative rehearsal

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas.

high-saliency

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?

inattentional blindness

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

Your text describes and "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that

it involves mental time travel.

Scene schema

knowledge about what is typically contained in a scene

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching tv in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on tv. Although you are not paying attention to the tv, you suddenly remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

late selection

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a ________ task.

low-load

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.

meaning

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's ___________ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.

procedural

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect.

propaganda

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

short and across several days.

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.

short term

Digit span is one measure of capacity of

short term memory

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, show, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the...

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called

working memory

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

encoded

One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory.

the central executive

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed.

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because

the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow.

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.

the hippocampus