PSY 470 Exam 2

Strength and direction of the relationship

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r=.52. This number gives you information about which of the following?

Betas describe the relationship between two variables exactly as correlations coefficients do.

All of the following are true of betas and correlation coefficients EXCEPT:

casual inferences; made

Bivariate association claims' failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that ______ cannot be _______.

construct validity

If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, ________ is being interrogated.

restriction of range

If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as

To make sure the two groups were equal before the manipulation

In the study depicted in the figure above, why might researchers have measured blood pressure twice?

identifying subgroups

In understanding "controlling for" a third variable, which of the following is a similar concept?

manipulating the cause before measuring the effect

Researchers conducting an experiment can ensure temporal precedence by doing which of the following?

parsimony

The degree to which a good scientific theory provides the simplest explanation of some phenomenon is know as ________.

control variables help define the control group

Which of the following is NOT true of control variables?

measuring the same variables at two points in time

Which of the following is a necessary component of a longitudinal design?

They can only control for third variables that are measured

Which of the following is a reason why multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental designs?

practice effects

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs?

"Participants were placed in the high tempo music conditions, the low tempo music condition or the no music condition based on which color card they randomly drew from a deck"

Which of the following phrases describes a manipulated variable?

Is random assignment affecting the findings?

Which of the following questions is NOT necessary to ask when interrogating statistical validity?

counterbalancing

____________ is used to control order effects in an experiment.

probability estimate

a study finds a correlation coefficient of r=.52 and reports p < .05. The p is a

large

a study finds a correlation coefficient of r=.52. According to Cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is:

systematically

a threat to internal validity occurs if a potential design confound varies ___________ with the independent variable.

control for several variables at once

adding several variables to a regression analysis can help do which of the following?

between-subjects

an independent-groups design is also known as a ________ design.

selection effects

experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following?

The way the sample was selected from the population

when evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

Beta values

when examining the results of a multiple regression, which of the following should be compared to determine which predictor variables have the largest relationship to the criterion variable?

a bar graph

which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

adding more predictors means research is controlling for more variables

which of the following is true of multiple regression?

The presence of measured variables

which of the following means a study used a bivariate correlational design?

matched-groups designs

which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects?

"dog ownership decreases stress."

which popular media headline does NOT suggest that a multiple regression has been used?

there may be ethical limitations of manipulating a variable

why would a researcher interested in making a causal claim NOT do an experiment?