PSY CH 3

What is an advanced directive?

A legal document that provides specific interventions that a person wants.

The need for ________ might explain why we "friend" people on social media websites, join clubs or hobby groups, and spend time with others when we might otherwise feel like being by ourselves.

Affiliation

Mercy has maintained her body weight far below what is healthy through starvation and constant exercise. Despite her drastically thin appearance, Mercy genuinely believes that she is overweight, often referring to herself as "fat." Mercy probably suffers from ________.

Anorexia nervosa

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

Asch

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

Assimilation

Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will "change her ways" and will become a model Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving.

Bargaining

What is the primary distinction between bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder?

Bulimia nervosa involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge eating disorder does not.

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.

Companionate

During Piaget's proposed ________ stage of development, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. At the same time they lack the ability to think abstractly.

Concrete operational

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we'd say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory.

Discontinuous

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments.

Dispositionism

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

Egocentrism

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

Emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

When Jacob came home from work upset about a disagreement he'd had with his boss, his wife Jodi sat down to listen to him. She imagined the argument that had occurred, and tried to understand how her husband was feeling. Jodi is demonstrating a high level of ________.

Empathy

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved.

Erik Erikson

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Esteem

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

Freudian slip

According to Freud's psychosexual theory of personality, the ________ stage involves a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

Genital

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

High self-efficiacy

Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?"

Homophobia

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?

Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a person's cognitive functioning is central to the ________ perspective in developmental psychology.

Neuroconstructivist

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

Permissive

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________.

Philip Zimbardo

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development?

Sigmund Freud

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?

Simon bites his mother

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures.

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions.

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one's culture as well as their interactions with their own environment?

Vygotsky

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Carl to mow the lawn?

after he has received some exciting news

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

archetypes

Early maturing girls are ________.

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

Jude is a man who is emotionally and sexually attracted to both men and women, although he tends to date only one person at a time and prefers monogamous relationships. Jude is ________.

bisexual

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

choleric

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

Which statement about groupthink is correct?

group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus

Amir bites his fingernails when he is nervous or anxious, and he does so without any intention or even recognition that he is doing so. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

habit

Sweating and shivering are responses created due to internal temperature fluctuations, and they are designed to bring the body back into ________.

homeostasis

Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________.

how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs despair

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do, even though she receives no material rewards for doing so. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.

intrinsic

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world

Research has found that the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala, both of which are part of the ________, are brain areas that are particularly important in sexual motivation.

limbic system

Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________.

motivation

Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. His body mass index, or BMI, is 42.7. According to the standards set by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Greg is ________.

obese

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

oral

Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect.

overjustification

When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself.

peripheral

Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________.

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

physical

Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has a high level of ________.

reciprocity

During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________.

scapegoating

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

self-actualization

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development.

Identify vs. confusion

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

A(n) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

Inferiority

Which individual produced volumes that discussed sexual behavior among Americans in a way that had never before been made public, research that was not happily received by all who read it?

Kinsey

Who was the first theorist to explore the idea that the way we appraise a situation would influence the type of emotion that we'd experience in response to that event?

Magda Arnold

Sally really loves being outdoors. She likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. She and her wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for one's personality tendencies is called selective ________.

Migration

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategy is Marcos using?

Moving against people

A(n) ________ is a subjective, affective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

emotion, mood

Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

foot-in-the-door technique

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?

formal operational

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

Of the following options, which is not one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)?

the secure baby

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

trait

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote