PSY CH 9 Study Guide
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
autonomy v shame/doubt
Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?
conventional
Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.
developmental milestones
Specific normative events are also called ________.
developmental milestones
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
discontinuous
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.
during early childhood
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
egocentrism
APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid - 60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
generativity vs. stagnation
During the elementary school stage (ages 6 - 12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
industry v inferiority
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3- 6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
initiative v guilt
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
integrity v despair
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
intimacy v isolation
Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?
pre-conventional
Ego identity is our ________.
sense of self
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.
sensorimotor
Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
stranger anxiety
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
universal
Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?
Kohlberg
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
Concrete
During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.
Concrete Operational
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Erikson
Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?
Freud
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Identity v Role confusion
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
Secure
Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?
achievement gap
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Trust v Mistrust
________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.
attachment
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
identity v confusion
A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children be have on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.
naturalistic observation
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object perm.
Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool - Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool - Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
reversibility
Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self - report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10 - year period.
survey
Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.
teratogens
