PSY Final

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

2

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

4

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

In Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence there

are at least 8 types of intelligence

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?

assessing behaviors from a police cruiser dash cam having passengers rate the driver's behavior using footage from red light cameras Correct - watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.

at least three nights a week for one month

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition/hearing

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

availability heuristic

Tora is taking an intelligence test and one of the questions asks her who is Anne Frank? Tora did not learn this information because it was not taught during her schooling. This would be an example of _____________________.

cultural bias

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.

range of reaction

If Jake is given an IQ test when he is 8 and scores a 95 and then tested again with the same IQ test when he is 11 and scores a 80, the __________________ of the IQ test would seem to be problematic.

reliability

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representational bias

The state during which a neuron contains more negatively charged ions inside the cell than outside the cell and is not firing is referred to as the__________.

resting potential

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

A friend asks you to go to the mall and your brain begins thinking about all of the stores, restaurants, and movie theaters at the mall in your town. This example is demonstrating the mental construct of a

schema

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schema

Psychology refers to the ________.

scientific study of the mind and behavior

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

sleep

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus?

smell

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

Sleep research has continually shown that children spend more of their night getting deep sleep than do adults. This deep sleep corresponds to what stage(s) of sleep?

stages 3 and 4

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

___________________ are drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system

stimulants

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

taste aversion

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be

valid

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

validity

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable times. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?

Brain areas involved in sleep-wake cycles include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pons. Correct - Melatonin initiates the waking cycle. Sleep is associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones. They are controlled by multiple brain areas acting together.

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________

perceivable and measurable

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?

perceptual reasoning Correct - processing memory verbal comprehension working memory

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?

All of the concepts are examples of mental set.

Which of the following statements is not a hypothesis?

Correct - Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences. College students with higher conscientiousness will achieve higher overall GPAs than those with lower conscientiousness. Rats with damage to their cerebellum will display deficits in motor coordination, using the rotarod test. Aggressive behaviors in female rats will be increased by testosterone administration, compared to a control group.

Which of the following is NOT part of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?

Correct - Spatial Analytical Practical Creative

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?

Correct: -0.9 -0.2 +0.2 +0.9

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________.

Dependent variable

Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia; of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results?

Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia.

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

Experimental

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?

He believed intelligence consisted of a general factor called g. He believed intelligence could be measured and compared between individuals. Correct - He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence. He focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de-emphasized what made each unique.

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

Homeostasis

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.

Independent variable

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

It can be tested using empirical methods. It is an if-then statement. IT IS COMPLEX. It is falsifiable.

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

Parasympathetic

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation.

Scatterplot

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Sigmund Freud

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

_________________ is when the difference between experimental groups is found to not be due to chance.

Statistical significance

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it."

The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized."

Two variables are said to have a correlation of .95. This means that

There is a strong link between the two variables

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

Phenotype is

a person's set of observable traits

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

amygdala

A(n)______________ is a problem solving strategy that is often used to solve a math problem such as a multiplying large numbers or finding the length of the third side of a right triangle.

algorithm

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

categories of psychology dog breeds Correct - patriotism types of cars

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central; peripheral nervous systems

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

cerebellum

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

changes in normal bodily function

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

John is planning to write a psychology research paper on the use of marijuana and brain functioning. He believes that marijuana does not have lasting effects on brain functioning, so when he does his research he only looks for information that supports his beliefs about marijuana. John is displaying:

confirmation bias

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

According to Robert Sternberg, ____________ is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems.

creative intelligence

Because Sam's history professor was a college student during the 1970s, he has extraordinary insight and knowledge of facts concerning the Vietnam War era. This knowledge is associated with the term

crystallized intelligence

Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer?

dendrites, soma, axon, terminal buttons

Researchers are conducting a study where they decided to have a computer assign numbers to each participant and use the numbers to randomly assign groups. The researchers and the participants do not know which numbers the participants have because they are concerned that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

double-blind

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

A research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable is called a(n)

experiment

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________.

experiment

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?

functional fixedness

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

According to Spearman, it is one's ________ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between math, reading scores, and visual perception tests.

general

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.

genotype; bb

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________.

human; obtaining informed consent

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.

lateralization

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

naturalistic observation

The scatterplot shows the data collected on a study examining the relationship between the number of class absences and the exam scores of the students. Based on the data given the correlation coefficient would be

negative

Long lasting functional changes in the brain occur when we learn new things or memorize new information and experiences reorganize neural pathways in the brain. These changes in neural connections are what we call

neuroplasticity

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role.

parasomnia