PSY Final Exam

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day." Select one: a. The word "vary" should be changed to the word "differ." b. The word "consciousness" should be changed to the word "dependence." c. Remove the phrase "do not." d. The word "day" should be changed to the word "week."

Remove the phrase "do not."

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. Select one: a. inter-rater reliability b. validity c. replication d. reliability

Replication

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? Select one: a. Robert Sternberg b. Raymond Cattell c. Howard Gardner d. Charles Spearman

Robert Sternberg

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? Select one: a. Sigmund Freud b. Rosalind Cartwright c. Carl Jung d. John Hobson

Rosalind Cartwright

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel? Select one: a. moderate b. profound c. mild d. severe

Severe

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. Select one: a. somatic b. autonomic c. parasympathetic d. sympathetic

Somatic

The space between two neurons is called the ________. Select one: a. soma b. vesicle c. synapse d. terminal button

Synapse

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction? Select one: a. +0.4 b. +0.7 c. -0.2 d. -0.5

-0.5

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. Select one: a. between 0 and +1 b. between 0 and +100 c. between -1 and 0 d. between -1 and +1

-1 and +1

According to Albert Bandura, ________. Select one: a. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. b. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. c. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. d. Fear is a conditioned response.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content. Select one: a. Freudian b. manifest c. Jungian d. latent

Manifest

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily? Select one: a. moderate b. profound c. mild d. severe

Mild

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. Select one: a. cognition b. model c. stimulus d. response

Model

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. Select one: a. positive punishment b. negative reinforcement c. negative punishment d. positive reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? Select one: a. modeling b. imitation c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning

Operant Conditioning

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior. Select one: a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. functionalism d. humanism

Operant Conditioning

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children? Select one: a. perceptual reasoning b. processing memory c. verbal comprehension d. working memory

Processing Memory

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept. Select one: a. unification b. amalgamation c. archetype d. prototype

Prototype

Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study. Select one: a. correlational b. experimental c. case d. quasi-experimental

Quasi-Experimental

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. Select one: a. night terrors b. REM c. NREM d. non-REM

REM

Critical thinking is ________. Select one: a. applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic b. applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena c. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information d. reviewing information on the Internet to develop a critical opinion on it

applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. Select one: a. social psychologist b. biopsychologist c. developmental psychologist d. humanist

biopsychologist

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. Select one: a. fluid b. analytic c. crystallized d. common sense

fluid

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. Select one: a. another person's consciousness b. the social construction of consciousness c. her own subconscious experience d. her own conscious experience

her own conscious experience

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? Select one: a. primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant b. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors c. applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life d. successful application of biopsychological principles to social life

interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. Select one: a. changes in normal bodily function b. psychological stress c. a return to normal performance levels d. psychological distress

changes in normal bodily function

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. Select one: a. rhythm b. circadian c. melatonin d. external

circadian

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? Select one: a. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. b. Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. c. Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late. d. Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy.

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia. Select one: a. tens of thousands b. millions c. billions d. thousands

Billions

Who described the collective unconscious? Select one: a. Sigmund Freud b. Rosalind Cartwright c. John Hobson d. Carl Jung

Carl Jung

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? Select one: a. social psychology b. clinical psychology c. cognitive psychology d. organizational psychology

Clinical

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. Select one: a. unconditioned response b. conditioned response c. unconditioned stimulus d. conditioned stimulus

Conditioned Response

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________. Select one: a. operational definition b. significant variable c. dependent variable d. independent variable

Dependent

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior. Select one: a. serotonin b. acetylcholine c. glutamate d. dopamine

Dopamine

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study. Select one: a. double-blind b. control c. single-blind d. double-control

Double-Blind

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Select one: a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. variable interval d. fixed interval

Fixed Ratio

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. Select one: a. humanism b. psychoanalytic theory c. Gestalt psychology d. structuralism

Gestalt Psychology

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity. Select one: a. high; high b. high; low c. low; high d. low; low

High; low

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. Select one: a. structuralism b. humanism c. gestalt d. behaviorism

Humanism

Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up? Select one: a. The twins both have the gene, so they likely will be aggressive in some way. b. It is unlikely that either will show aggressive tendencies. c. The chances of significant aggressive tendencies are about 50:50, so one of the twins will likely show these behaviors. d. It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene.

It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene.

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? Select one: a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. John Watson d. Wilhelm Wundt

John Watson

What is the Flynn effect? Select one: a. The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups. b. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. c. The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation. d. Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically.

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency." Select one: a. The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased." b. The word "consequences" should be changed to the word "benefits." c. The word "alertness" should be changed to the word "vigilance." d. The word "mental" should be changed to the word "biological."

The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A prototype is a category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences." Select one: a. The words "objects" and "ideas" should be eliminated. b. The word "category" should be changed to the word "type." c. The word "linguistic" should be changed to the word "emotional." d. The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept."

The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept."

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? Select one: a. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. b. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. c. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with emotions. d. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity.

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group. Select one: a. type of play; no play b. active play; passive play c. food choice; no play d. no play; type of play

Type of play; no play

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Select one: a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval

Variable Interval

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study. Select one: a. debrief participants; deception b. pay participants; use of personal photos c. pay participants; deception d. debrief participants; ageist attitudes

debrief participants; deception

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? Select one: a. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting b. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand c. rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream d. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression? Select one: a. dopamine; norepinephrine b. serotonin; glutamate c. serotonin; GABA d. dopamine; acetylcholine

dopamine; norepinephrine

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. Select one: a. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior b. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes c. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious d. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________. Select one: a. dream analysis b. the use of reinforcement and punishment c. examination of the first words that come to someone's mind d. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue

the use of reinforcement and punishment

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. Select one: a. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory b. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it c. immediately applying new information to a practical problem d. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. Select one: a. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior b. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior c. sensation and the effect of culture on perception d. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________. Select one: a. travel twice as fast down the axon b. be twice as strong c. last twice as long d. undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration