PSY Final Quizes

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America? a Desperate Social and Mental Disorders b Determinants of Social Mental Disorders c Determining Statistical Manifestation of Disorders d Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? a Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. b Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. c Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. d Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Which of the following is a benefit of group therapy? a Clients in group therapy don't need additional biomedical therapy. b In every case it is more effective than individual therapy. c It can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem. d There is less transference during group therapy.

It can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem.

Lana is late for dinner with her parents. They don't care, but she thinks this is a catastrophe—an inaccurate view of the situation that leads her to feel bad about herself. In this example, what represents the cognitive distortion? a Lana being late for dinner with her parents b Lana feeling bad about herself c Lana thinking that being late for dinner is a catastrophe d Lana's parents not caring that she is late for dinner

Lana feeling bad about herself

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism 상호 결정론? a Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents. b How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality. c Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other. d Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood.

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why? a Apollonia also suffers from social anxiety disorder. b Mood disorders are more likely to occur in younger people. c Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis. d People who grow up with a depressed parent become depressed themselves.

People who grow up with a depressed parent become depressed themselves.

According to research, the need for ______________________ encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list. a achievement b ambition c intimacy d power

achievement

According to research, the need for ______________________ encourages Adam to engage politely with his coworkers. a achievement b affiliation 소속[가입] c intimacy 친밀함 d power

affiliation

______________________ is an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise. a anorexia nervosa b bulimia nervosa c leptin nervosa d satiation nervosa

anorexia nervosa

Encoding information occurs through ______________________ . a automatic processing and effortful processing b automatic storing and effortful retrieving c processing and storing d storing and retrieving

automatic processing and effortful processing

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? a being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics b dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip c remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES d thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ______________________ , and the process of bringing up old memories is called ______________________ . a coding; recoding b construction; reconstruction c equipotentiality; amnesia d information; misinformation

construction; reconstruction

The ______________________ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings. a culture b feminist c indigenous d TEMAS

culture

Why do so many people believe there is a link between autism 자폐증 and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine? a A prestigious medical journal published a paper, which was later retracted, that identified a link. b Autism rates increased in every city with an aggressive vaccination program. c Everyone knows that vaccinations are unhealthy. d Parents with autistic children can see a clear link between vaccinations and autism.

A prestigious medical journal published a paper, which was later retracted, that identified a link.

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this? a active listening b indirect empathy c personal growth d unconditional positive regard

active listening

What is the just-world hypothesis? a a belief common in the United States that rejects the idea that people get the outcomes they deserve b a belief common in the United States that we will be rewarded in the after life c an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve d an ideology common in the United States that the rich are bad people who will eventually be punished

an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________________ . a anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence b believes it is a threat c believes that it carries the potential for gain or personal growth d experiences the physical responses subjectively defined as the fear response

anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence

From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality? a antisocial personality disorder b dependent personality disorder c obsessive-compulsive personality disorder d paranoid personality disorder

antisocial personality disorder

A panic disorder is a type of ________________ disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks. a anxiety b generalized c safety d social

anxiety

Which of the following is not a way we tend to think of personality? Our personalities ______________________ . a are mutable b are not easy to change c are stable d exist over a long term

are mutable 잘 변할 수 있는

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known? a assimilation b conservation c egocentrism d reversibility

assimilation

Early maturing girls are ______________________ . a at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders b less likely to drop out of high school c more confident d more likely to go to college

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

______________________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others. a attachment b nourishment c regard d security

attachment

Which of the following exemplifies intrinsically motivated behavior? a attending a mosque because you believe it is the right thing to do b behaving to avoid being punished c misbehaving in order to get attention d working at a job you hate in order to afford school

attending a mosque because you believe it is the right thing to do

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? a authoritarian b authoritative c disorganized d permissive

authoritarian

Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior? a being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting b being raised Jewish c being raised to think that stealing is morally wrong d hitting someone in the dark

being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting *Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders)

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ______________________ . a archetypes and personas b beliefs and expectations c defense mechanisms and coping strategies d myths, legends, and stories

beliefs and expectations

________________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary (neuromuscular 신경근의 and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes. a biofeedback b meditation c relaxation response technique d the Selye Method

biofeedback

The ________________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________________ perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders. a biological; psychological b diathesis; supernatural c medical; stress d psychological; biological

biological; psychological

The hierarchy 계급[계층] of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ______________________ needs to ______________________ needs to self-actualization. a biological; social b social; imaginary c special; biological d special; imaginary

biological; social

Which of the following is the best example of a habit? a chewing on your hair to relieve stress b spontaneously stopping to get a milkshake on the way home from work c surprising your grandmother with a visit on Saturday d unexpectedly running into your friend at the supermarket

chewing on your hair to relieve stress

Marcy is in a car accident. This is an example of a(n) ________________ stressor. a acute b automatic c chronic d subjective

chronic 만성적인

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________________ . a classical conditioning b humanism c RET d token economy

classical conditioning

In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________________ . a client engages in self-reflection prior to the session to decide what to discuss b client keeps a dream diary to guide therapy sessions c client says whatever comes to mind at the moment d therapist hypnotizes the client

client says whatever comes to mind at the moment

Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic 비관적인 attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? a cognitive therapy b non-directive therapy c play therapy d psychodynamic psychotherapy

cognitive therapy

______________________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. a artistic b cognitive c emotional d psychosocial

cognitive 인식[인지]의

The ______________________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next. a collective unconscious b gestalt c id d ideal self

collective unconscious

Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is called ______________________ . a companionate b consummate c empty d romantic

companionate 친구의; 우애적인

During the ______________________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically,and they can perform simple mathematical operations. a concrete operational b formal operational c preoperational d sensorimotor

concrete operational

A psychological disorder is a ________________ . a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors b condition characterized by normal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors c manifestation of a psychopathology d situational, idiosyncratic, or unconventional inner feelings

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so? a confidentiality b disclosure c discretion d privilege

confidentiality

Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller.She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ______________________ . a aggression b discrimination c prejudice d stereotype

discrimination

Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? a distortion b forgetting c imposition d intrusion

distortion

Oleksiy is an adjunct professor in the Department of Fine Arts. He applied for a full-time job recently, which he did not get. He tries to put this situation in a positive light, reminding himself that he will have more time to produce artwork if he is not working a full-time job. He also reminds himself that some of his friends from grad school can't find work related to art in any way. Which type of coping approach is Oleksiy using? a cognitive emotional b emotion focused c problem focused d stress free

emotion focused *Emotion-focused coping, in contrast, consists of efforts to change or reduce the negative emotions associated with stress. These efforts may include avoiding, minimizing, or distancing oneself from the problem, or positive comparisons with others ("I'm not as bad off as she is"

What does nurture 양육하다 refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? a biology b environment and culture c genetics d sexual preference

environment and culture

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders? a above average number of phobias b excessive, persistent fear and anxiety c inability to control the body's reaction to fear d sporadic, intense panic attacks

excessive, persistent fear and anxiety

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? a explicit memories b implicit memories c sensory memories d short-term memories

explicit memories

Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ______________________ effect. a extrinsic b intrinsic c motivation d over justification

extrinsic

______________________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards. a extrinsic b habit c instinct d intrinsic

extrinsic

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors? a client's characteristics, values, preferences, and culture b clinical expertise of the psychologist or therapist c having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex d use of evidence-based treatment that is deemed appropriate for client's issue

having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex

What is the goal of humanistic therapy? a helping clients change undesirable behaviors b helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves c learning a new response to a stimulus d treating a client's fear or anxiety

helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves

______________________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics. a heritability b personality c temperament d trait

heritability 상속 가능성

Over the past few years, research suggests that stress levels in the United States have ________________ . a decreased slightly b exponentially decreased c increased d stayed the same

increased

A(an) ______________________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society. a Freudian b inferiority c neurotic 노이로제 d psychosocial

inferiority 열등함

Which type of social influence involves conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information? a cognitive b informational c normative d rational

informational

Nicole wants a cookie. Heather has a cookie. Nicole pushes Heather and takes her cookie.Nicole doesn't intend to hurt Heather, Nicole just wants the cookie. This is an example of ______________________ . a fatuous aggression b frustration aggression c hostile aggression d instrumental aggression

instrumental aggression *instrumental aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain - measuring device used to gauge the level, position, speed, etc., of something, especially a motor vehicle or aircraft.

Which of the following is an example of avolition 무욕증 무관심? a inability to enjoy fine dining b lack of interest in going out with your friend c lack of motivation to bathe yourself d refusing to speak

lack of motivation to bathe yourself *Avolition, as a symptom of various forms of psychopathology, is the decrease in the motivation to initiate and perform self-directed purposeful activities

Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder? a instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood b lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds c overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance d pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ______________________ memory. a encoded b long-term c sensory d visual

long-term

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________________ . a eustress b intervention c meditation d reaction

meditation

What is groupthink? a arguments between group members that result in the dissolution of the group b modification of the opinions of leadership to agree with the numerical minority c modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus d pressure from above on group members designed to eliminate leadership

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ______________________ . a decided to only prosecute cases with DNA evidence b. modified the way witnesses are questioned c required new officers to study psychology and learn about false memory syndrome d spoken to victim advocacy groups to learn more about sensitivity

modified the way witnesses are questioned

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage? a conservation b moral reasoning c pretend play d stranger anxiety

moral reasoning

A developmental psychologist might use ______________________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home. a case studies b experiments c naturalistic observation d surveys

naturalistic observation

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? a egocentrism b object permanence c reversibility d stranger anxiety

object permanence

If Laura has bipolar disorder조울증, then she ________________ . a experiences flashbacks interspersed with depression b never thinks about the risk that a major depressive episode will follow a manic episode c often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania d once started a day euphoric and ended the day tired

often experiences mood states that vacillate 흔들리다 between depression and mania 열광

Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this? a all-or-nothing thinking b beating a dead horse c jumping to conclusions d overgeneralization

overgeneralization 과잉 일반화

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion,emotions consist of two factors: ______________________ . a physiological and arousal b physiological and cognitive c stimulus and appraisal d time and fear

physiological and cognitive

Optimism is a tendency toward a(n) ________________ . a angry outlook and negative expectations b negative outlook and negative expectations c neutral outlook and low expectations d positive outlook and positive expectations

positive outlook and positive expectations

Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can't stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________________ . a physiological stressors related to her shooting b posttraumatic stress disorder c prolonged exposure to cortisol d the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome

posttraumatic 외상(外傷) 후의 stress disorder

Which type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail? a alpha b beta c primary d secondary

primary

Deinstitutionalization 탈시설화 refers to the ________________ . a decriminalization of patients b medicalization of patients c process of closing large asylums d treatment of those on parole and probation

process of closing large asylums

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________________ . a issues related to being a female therapist treating a male client b issues related to whether the client is considered normal or deviant c race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment d treating everyone the same regardless of cultural background

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ______________________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. a encoding b recognition c storage d the Stroop effect

recognition

Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior? a anxiety b bipolar c personality d schizophrenia

schizophrenia 정신 분열증

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails. What kind of delusion is this? a disorganized b grandiose c paranoid d somatic

somatic 신체의

What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy? a behavior affects social interaction b emotions affect thoughts c social interaction affects emotions d thoughts affect behavior

thoughts affect behavior

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this? a active listening b client focus c transference d unconditional positive regard

unconditional positive regard

Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care? a Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized. b Modern treatments are extremely effective in a short amount of time. c Most patients aren't mentally ill; they are homeless and need short-term shelter. d Patients often leave before their doctor releases them.

Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.

Which of the following is a way that anorexia nervosa 거식증 is different from bulimia nervosa 과식(증)? a Anorexia is associated with binge eating, and bulimia is associated with starvation. b Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating. c More men than women suffer from anorexia. d More men than women suffer from bulimia.

Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.

Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease? a Both depression and heart disease are caused by stress. b Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease. c Heart disease is a side effect of prescription drugs that are used to treat depression. d Heart disease is associated with higher divorce rates, which increases the risk of depression.

Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease.

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ______________________ . a Five Factor Model b Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) c TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test d Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Five Factor Model

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? a Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. b If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. c In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. d Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

What is a major criticism of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? a It does not take gender differences into account. b It is humanistic. c It is subjective. d It only accounts for the objective world.

It is subjective. *However, it should be pointed out that Maslow's theory has been criticized for its subjective nature and its inability to account for phenomena that occur in the real world

Which example best exemplifies homophily? a Georgia, a young White woman, is a math major. She met John, a Black man, on the way to her class, but he doesn't attend her college. He was dropping his son off at a campus art show.They begin to date. b John is a delusional man obsessed with a future apocalypse. He has no money, does not go to church, and steals to support himself. Sarah is a waitress living in a small apartment and attending college classes. They begin to date. c Latara and Vaughn are the same race and attend the same church. They met in their psychology class, a subject they both major in.They begin to date. d Maude is 80 years old and meets Harold, a 17-year-old, at a funeral. They share common interests, but their religious and class backgrounds are very different. They begin to date.Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate?

Latara and Vaughn are the same race and attend the same church. They met in their psychology class, a subject they both major in.They begin to date. *Homophily is the tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are 'similar'

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory? a Intense stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material. b Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material. c Recall of educational material is best under stress-free conditions. d Stress has no effect on remembering educational material.

Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? a Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. b Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. c Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. d Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing.

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

Which of the following describes how the cognitive-mediational theory is different from the facial feedback hypothesis? a The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that it is possible to influence our emotions while the facial feedback hypothesis does not. b The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not. c The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions influence our facial expressions, and the facial feedback hypothesis suggests that our facial expressions influence our emotions. d The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our facial expressions influence our emotions, and the facial feedback hypothesis suggests that our emotions influence our facial expressions.

The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not. *cognitive-mediational theory: our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus *facial feedback hypothesis: facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions

Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate? a There are five types of love that can be described from the three components of love. b There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. c There are three components of love: romance, fatuous, and infatuation. d There are three types of love that can be described from the three components of love.

There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. *According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, seven types of love can be described from combinations of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Dr. Frobish possesses a ________________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush. a Tiger b Type A c Type B d Type One

Type A *Type A individuals are characterized as intensely driven, while Type B people are characterized as laid-back and relaxed

What does the normative 규범적인 approach ask regarding the lifespan? a What do people think about development? b What is biological about development? c What is normal development? d Who decided what constituted normal development?

What is normal development?

______________________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. a categories b cognitions c facsimiles d schemata

categories

______________________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. a congruence b egotism c incongruence d self-concept

congruence 일치, 합치, 조화; 적합(성)

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive.Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? a denial b displacement c rationalization d rejection

denial

The facial ______________________ hypothesis states that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions. a feedback b mediation c reaction d response

feedback

What is a social role? a group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members b group's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting c person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting d socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members

Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups? a assigning one group to supervise the other group in completing an assigned task b having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task c having highly educated members of one group teach the children of the other group d keeping intergroup contact to a minimum

having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task

When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called ______________________ . a altruism 이타심 b balance c intimacy d reciprocity 상호주의

intimacy 친밀함 * Intimacy is the sharing of details and intimate thoughts and emotions. *Reciprocity is the give and take in relationships. We contribute to relationships, but we expect to receive benefits as well.

People may not intend to distort facts, but ______________________ . a it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories b other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory c people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up d research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ______________________ stage of her psychosexual development. a anal b genital c oral d phallic

oral

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? a authoritarian b authoritative c Freudian 프로이트 학설 (은연중에 속마음을 드러내는 실수) d permissive 관대한[자유방임적인]

permissive

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ______________________ person. a choleric b melancholic c phlegmatic d sanguine

phlegmatic

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________________ disorder. a antisocial personality b mood c posttraumatic stress d schizotypal personality

posttraumatic stress (정신적) 외상(外傷) 후의

Which demographic category reported the least amount of stress during 1983, 2006, and 2009? a Black females b retired people c unemployed people d White males

retired people

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ______________________ amnesia. a anterograde b flashbulb c graduated d retrograde

retrograde

In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of illegal migrants. In this example, illegal migrants are victims of ______________________ : the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal. a confirmation bias b discrimination c in-group bias d scapegoating

scapegoating 전가(轉嫁) ((고통을 준 본인을 벌할 수 없을 경우 다른 사람을 공격하는 현상))

Umberto is one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? a avoidant b disorganized c resistant d secure

secure

If you believe you will win the hot dog eating competition, then you have a sense of ______________________ , and you are more likely to enter the hot dog eating competition. a extrinsic motivation b fulfillment c instinct d self-efficacy

self-efficacy

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ______________________ encoding. a acoustic b effortful c semantic d visual

semantic

What are the two components of declarative-서술문[평서문]의- memory? a implicit and explicit b procedural and implicit c semantic and episodic d short-term and long-term

semantic and episodic

Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________________ . These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases. a moderately elevated rates of lung cancer b significantly elevated rates of heart disease c slightly shorter life spans d survivor guilt

significantly elevated rates of heart disease

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment? a social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior b students cannot be relied upon to act appropriately c students cannot be trusted in roles of authority d Zimbardo was an unethical researcher

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________________ . a eustress b happiness c health d social support

social support

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ______________________ . a emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition b ethnographies, case studies, archives, and statistics c prejudice and discrimination, helping behavior, aggression, and group processes d society and social interaction, families, ecology, and religion

society and social interaction, families, ecology, and religion

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ______________________ . a actions that are not internally motivated b anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded c reactions that are externally motivated d specific actions that result in reactions

specific actions that result in reactions

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ______________________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period. a assessments b case studies c naturalistic observations d surveys

surveys

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ______________________ in the second half of life. a affirming the sexual identity b resolving the Electra complex c seeking positive attention d the self-realization process

the self-realization process

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory? a advocating for analytical psychology b suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality c the idea that men have womb envy d the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages

the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages

Transgender hormone therapy is ______________________ . a a discredited therapy that attempts to change an individual's sexual orientation b experiencing emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals c designed to decrease the refractory period d the use of hormones to make one's body look more like the opposite-sex

the use of hormones to make one's body look more like the opposite-sex

Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size. a having hundreds of first editions in his book collection b organizing the books c thinking about the books all the time d thinking about the order of the books all the time

thinking about the order of the books all the time