PSY Test 3 Review Part 2

post-conventional stage

also known as the principled level, is marked by a growing realization that individuals are separate entities from society, and that the individual's own perspective may take precedence over society's view; individuals may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles.

old storm and stress view of adolescence

coined by G. Stanley Hall, the first president of the American Psychological Association, this refers to the period of adolescence in which teenagers are in conflict with their parents, are moody, and engage in risky behavior.

pre-conventional stage

common in children, although adults can also exhibit this level of reasoning. Reasoners at this level judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences. consists of the first and second stages of moral development and is solely concerned with the self in an egocentric manner.

depression

"I'm so sad, why bother with anything?"; "I'm going to die soon, so what's the point?"; "I miss my loved one; why go on?" During the fourth stage, the individual despairs at the recognition of their mortality. In this state, the individual may become silent, refuse visitors and spend much of the time mournful and sullen.

acceptance

"It's going to be okay."; "I can't fight it; I may as well prepare for it." In this last stage, individuals embrace mortality or inevitable future, or that of a loved one, or other tragic event. People dying may precede the survivors in this state, which typically comes with a calm, retrospective view for the individual, and a stable condition of emotions.

conventional stage 4

(authority and social order obedience driven), it is important to obey laws, dictums, and social conventions because of their importance in maintaining a functioning society.

conventional stage 3

(good intentions as determined by social consensus), the self enters society by conforming to social standards. Individuals are receptive to approval or disapproval from others as it reflects society's views. They try to be a "good boy" or "good girl" to live up to these expectations,[2] having learned that being regarded as good benefits the self.

pre-conventional stage 1

(obedience and punishment driven), individuals focus on the direct consequences of their actions on themselves. For example, an action is perceived as morally wrong because the perpetrator is punished

pre-conventional stage 2

(self-interest driven) expresses the "what's in it for me" position, in which right behavior is defined by whatever the individual believes to be in their best interest but understood in a narrow way which does not consider one's reputation or relationships to groups of people

post-conventional stage 5

(social contract driven), the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights, and values. Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community. Laws are regarded as social contracts rather than rigid edicts.

post-conventional stage 6

(universal ethical principles driven), moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles. Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws. Legal rights are unnecessary, as social contracts are not essential for deontic moral action.

Sensorimotor stage

Jean Piaget's theory, the first stage of cognitive development to our 2nd birthday. Sensory and motor processes are developed and knowledge of the world around him is acquired.

accommodation

a term developed by psychologist Jean Piaget to describe what occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas. Rather than make the new information fit into an existing schema, you change the schema in order to accommodate the new information.

Stage Two - Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

This stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to around age 2 or 3 years. According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control.

Stage Five - Identity vs Role Confusion.

This stage occurs during adolescence between the ages of approximately 12 and 18. During this stage, adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense of self.

Stage Six - Intimacy vs Isolation.

This stage takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 19 and 40. During this period, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people.

denial

The first reaction. In this stage, individuals believe the diagnosis is somehow mistaken, and cling to a false, preferable reality.

Stage Four - Industry vs Inferiority.

The stage occurs during childhood between the ages of five and twelve. Children are at the stage where they will be learning to read and write, to do sums, to do things on their own.

bargaining

The third stage involves the hope that the individual can avoid a cause of grief. Usually, the negotiation for an extended life is made in exchange for a reformed lifestyle. People facing less serious trauma can bargain or seek compromise. For instance: "I'd give anything to have him back." Or: "If only he'd come back to life, I'd promise to be a better person!"

Stage Eight - Ego Integrity vs Despair

This stage begins at approximately age 65 and ends at death. Psychologists, counselors, and nurses today use the concepts of Erikson's stages when providing care for aging patients.

Stage One - Trust vs Mistrust

This stage begins at birth and lasts through one year of age. Infants learn to trust that their caregivers will meet their basic needs. If these needs are not consistently met, mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety may develop.

anger

When the individual recognizes that denial cannot continue, they become frustrated, especially at proximate individuals. Certain psychological responses of a person undergoing this phase would be: "Why me? It's not fair!"; "How can this happen to me?"; "Who is to blame?"; "Why would this happen?".

assimilation

a cognitive process that manages how we take in new information and incorporate that new information into our existing knowledge. This concept was developed by Jean Piaget, a Swiss developmental psychologist who is best known for his theory of cognitive development in children.

schema

a set of linked mental representations of the world, which we use both to understand and to respond to situations.

Haidt's new theory of morality

a social psychological theory intended to explain the origins of and variation in human moral reasoning on the basis of innate, modular foundations. It was first proposed by the psychologists Jonathan Haidt and Jesse Graham, building on the work of cultural anthropologist Richard Shweder; and subsequently developed by a diverse group of collaborators, and popularized in Haidt's book The Righteous Mind.

Stage Three - Initiative vs Guilt.

children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction.

Kohlberg's three stages of Moral Development

expanded on the earlier work of cognitive theorist Jean Piaget to explain the moral development of children, which he believed follows a series of stages. Kohlberg defined three levels of moral development: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

Kubler-Rosses 5 stages of death, dying and grief

postulates a progression of emotional states experienced by both terminally ill patients after diagnosis and by loved-ones after a death. The five stages are chronologically: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.

egocentrism

refers to the child's inability to see a situation from another person's point of view. According to Piaget, the ___________ child assumes that other people see, hear, and feel exactly the same as the child does.

Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development

suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence. Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational stage

Formal operational stage

the fourth and final stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development. The emerging abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning mark this phase of development. At this point in development, thinking becomes much more sophisticated and advanced.

conventional stage

typical of adolescents and adults. To reason in this way is to judge the morality of actions by comparing them to society's views and expectations. This level consists of the third and fourth stages of moral development. Morality is characterized by an acceptance of society's conventions concerning right and wrong

Erikson's eight stages

we all encounter a certain crisis that contributes to our psychosocial growth at each of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Whenever we experience such crisis, we are left with no choice but to face it and think of ways to resolve it. Failure to overcome such crisis may lead to significant impact on our psychosocial development.

Concrete operational stage

with regard to Jean Piaget's theory, the 3rd primary stage of cognitive development, taking place from around 7 to 11 years old, where kids can perceive things in a broader way, are less narrow-minded, and can think reasonably about concrete items and about certain circumstances or events comprising those items.

Preoperational stage

with regard to Jean Piaget's theory, the second major occurrence of mental growth, between 2 and 7 years old, whenever the kid comes to be able to document experience in a symbolic manner and to symbolize an item, occurrence, or emotion in speech, motion, drawing, and alike methods. During the latter 2 years of the this phase, egocentrism reduces significantly with the emerging capacity to acclimate to the viewpoint of other people.