psy101 exam 4

Which of the following has been linked to more aggressive behavior? High ______.

A) serotonin levels B) heat indexC) testosterone levels D) alcohol levels E) A, B, C, and D are all correct answers. F) B, C, and D (but not A) are all correct answers.

Freud suggested that defense mechanisms protect an individual from

anxiety.

Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.

attitude; behavior

Social loafing is MOST likely to occur among

audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced.

In which disorder do people alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and wild overexcitement?

bipolar disorder

In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was ________ the experimenter and ________ the "learner."

close to; far from

Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change is best explained by _________ theory.

cognitive dissonance

Those who suggest that phobias are learned would be most likely to emphasize the role of ________ in the onset of anxiety disorders.

conditioning

A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of

conscientiousness

Some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture. However, _____ occurs worldwide.

depression

Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of

dispositional attribution.

Attribution theory suggests that we tend to attribute others' behavior either to their

dispositions or their situations.

The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of ________ and ________ on behavior.

environments; traits

People living in a culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in individualist cultures to report experiencing

family obligations.

Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to

gain social approval.

Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because

he is unmotivated to do well in school.

When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his

id

Professor Janis was hired to help the campus police avoid riots after football game losses. He knows these riots are caused by situations that foster deindividuation. To help counteract deindividuation, the authorities should

increase self-awareness.

Accepting others' opinions about reality is to ________ as the desire to gain approval is to ________.

informational social influence; normative social influence

Our explanations of our own admirable actions are ________ likely to involve situational attributions than our explanations of our own shameful actions.

less

A highly anxious and insecure personality illustrates the Big Five trait dimension of

neuroticism.

Repeatedly thinking about your own death is to ________ as repeatedly washing your hands is to ________.

obsession; compulsion

Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it

offers few testable hypotheses that allow one to determine its validity.

The major reason for criticism of the Rorschach test is that

only a few of the many Rorschach-derived scores have demonstrated validity.

Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle.

pleasure

Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a

projection.

The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to

psychoanalytic theories.

Four-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year. However, he started bed- wetting again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates

regression.

Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential for growth and self-actualization. According to Maslow, Jin is striving for

self-transcendence.

When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a

strong ego.

Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's

superego.

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because

the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.

People who blame victims of cancer for their medical misfortune best illustrate

the belief in a just-world phenomenon.

The interaction of genetic predispositions, mental processes, and cultural circumstances is most clearly emphasized by

the biopsychosocial approach.

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others.

situational influences; personal dispositions

Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates

social facilitation.

Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of

social obligations.

David Rosenhan and his fellow researchers were admitted as patients into various hospitals after they falsely complained of auditory hallucinations. After hospital clinicians analyzed these patients' quite normal life histories

the clinicians identified patient life history dynamics contributing to a psychological disorder.

According to the social-psychological definition of "aggression", which of the behaviors below is the best example of aggression?

Danny puts extreme hot sauce on a burger to get his friend (who does not like anything spicy because it hurts his mouth really bad) back for pranking him earlier in the week.

Uncontrollable bad events + perceived lack of control. This equation may lead to what?

Learned helplessness

One night after he heard his parents arguing, 4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n)

Oedipus complex.

Schizophrenia is a severe disorder characterized by

Schizophrenia is characterized by all of these things.

_____ is a cognitive process process, not an emotional one.

Stereotyping

We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel

a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally disapprove.

Diane is constantly concerned about things at work even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life even when she is at work. Diane's free-floating anxiety leaves her tense and irritable, impairs her concentration, and results in many sleepless nights. Diane suffers from a(n)

generalized anxiety disorder.

According to Carl Rogers, people who are self-disclosing and open with their own feelings are demonstrating

genuineness.

When asked to finish a sentence beginning "I am ...," respondents from Asian countries are more likely to mention _____, because they grew up in an _____ culture.

group membership; interdependent

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of

the mere exposure effect.

Which theorists are most likely to be criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation? A. trait

trait

You run a study using Asch's line judgment paradigm. You have 2 unanimous confederates saying the wrong line. If you add another person to the unanimous confederates, conformity

will increase.