PSY101 Final

What is hindsight bias?

"I knew it all along" phenomenon

What was psychology defined as in the 1920s?

"the science of mental life"

Egas Moniz performed the first lobotomy in the (decade):

1930s

What is dissociative identity disorder?

2+ distinct identities or personalities (multiple personality disorder)

At some point during the past year, approximately _____ percent of American college students have felt so depressed that they found it difficult to function.

30

Nearly ____ of homicides in the United States are affected by alcohol.

60%

Billy has an identical twin that was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Research suggests that the chances are _____ that Billy will also suffer from bipolar disorder at some point in his life.

7 in 10

Who proposed the social-cognitive perspective?

Albert Bandura

Amanda loves desserts (especially ice cream), but she would like to eat less of them. What is one strategy she could use to reduce the amount of dessert she eats?

Amanda can buy one kind of ice cream to limit her choices.

What does APA stand for?

American Psychiatric Association

What are the three eating disorders?

Bulimia, Anorexia, Binge Eating

Who were the leaders of humanistic psychologists?

C. Rogers & Abraham Maslow

What is nonrepinephine?

Controls alertness and arousal

Which medication was used to treat epilepsy?

Depakote

Which part of the brain controls our vision?

Frontal Lobe

Who was one of the MOST influential of the early trait theorists of personality?

Gordon Allport

Why can two people of the same height, age, and activity level maintain the same weight, even if one of them eats much less than the other does?

Individuals have very different set points and genetically influenced metabolism levels, causing them to burn calories differently.

Who insisted that psychology is "the scientific study of observable behavior"?

J. Watson & B.F. Skinner

The _______ theory of emotion suggests that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

James-Lange

What are the three major theories of emotion (earliest to most recent)?

James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer

The importance of schemas was MOST clearly highlighted by:

Jean Piaget's cognitive development

Who was the first woman to official receive a psychology Ph.D?

Margaret Washburn

What is the most popular projective test?

Rorschach test

What is conventional morality?

Social rules and laws are upheld to gain social acceptance

WAIS

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

WISC

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Who are psychology's "magellans of the mind"?

Wundt, Darwin, Pavlov, Freud, Piaget, James

Which teenage girl do you think might be MOST at risk for drug abuse?

a 15-year-old girl who has a history of physical abuse and depression

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

Many physicians did not realize that bleeding was an ineffective treatment for typhoid fever until researchers made effective use of:

a control group

What is a case study?

a description of the behavior or abilities of a single individual

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

What is a stereotype?

a generalized belief about a group of people

What is GABA?

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

What is the biopsychosocial model?

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

What is implicit prejudice?

a person holds a prejudice without being aware of it

What is the bystander effect?

a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders

What is reciprocal determinism?

a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

What is self-serving bias?

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

What is prejudice?

a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people

What are cross-sectional studies?

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

What is a lobotomy?

a surgical operation involving incision into the prefrontal lobe of the brain, formerly used to treat mental illness

What is Ecstasy (MDMA)?

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen, Produces euphoria and social intimacy

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

What is systematic desensitization?

a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques

What is tardive dyskinesia?

abnormal involuntary movements of the facial muscles

Which neurotransmitter is related to Alzheimer's disease?

acetylcholine

What is serotonin?

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

What is alcohol use disorder?

alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

What is self-concept?

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

What is the guilty knowledge test?

alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't

Colton wakes up in a hospital. Apparently, he cannot remember anything that happened immediately following a severe head injury. Colton demonstrates:

amnesia

Which part of the brain is linked to emotion?

amygdala

Which part of the brain reviews emotion-related memory formation?

amygdala

What is unconditional positive regard?

an attitude of total acceptance towards other despite failings

What is a phobia?

an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something

What are case studies?

analyses of individuals or groups

What are the four most common drug treatments for psychological disorders?

antipsychotic, antianxiety, antidepressant, mood-stablizing

Tate seems to lack a conscience for wrongdoing. It is possible that Tate would be diagnosed as having:

antisocial personality disorder

the MCAT is a(n) __________ test

aptitude

What is the focus of clincal psychology?

assessing and treating people with mental, emotional, and behavior disorders

When can forgetting occur?

at any stage of memory

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the BEST developmental outcomes for children?

authoritative

Cam is seeking help for his alcohol abuse. He consults a behavior therapist, who might recommend:

aversion therapy

What is consciousness?

awareness of ourselves and our environment

A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. What might Carl Rogers suggest?

be genuine with them and show them unconditional positive regard

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), deep-brain stimulation and the use of antidepressants are all forms of _______.

biomedical therapy

What is projection?

blaming others for their own behaviors

What does circadian rhythm mean?

body's internal biological clock

Damage to the _______ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten you on several occasions.

cerebellum

Which part of the brain controls movement?

cerebellum

Which part of the brain reviews implicit memory formation?

cerebellum and basal ganglia

What is preconventional morality?

childlike; most basic level; calculating, self-centered, and selfish

Humanistic therapists refer to those in therapy as:

clients

What type of doctor can treat psychological disorders?

clinical psychologist

What are factors?

clusters of behavior tendencies that happen together

Of the perspectives on anxiety disorders discussed in the text, the _____ perspective is MOST likely to emphasize hypervigilance toward anxiety-related stimuli.

cognitive

Laverne's scores on different parts of an IQ test are very different from one another. Laverne's profile of scores on the test:

contradicts the view of intelligence offered by such early theorists as Spearman

What are the three parts of scientific attitude?

curiosity, skepticism, humility

The feeling that one has had the same experience before is known as:

deja vu

Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates calm neural activity and slow body functions. They belong to the category of psychoactive drugs called _____.

depressants

Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates calm neural activity and slow body functions. To which category of psychoactive drugs do they belong?

depressants

A version of cognitive-behavioral therapy called ______ therapy helps change harmful, even suicidal, behavior patterns.

dialectical behavior

What does positive correlation look like?

direct relationship (above 0 to +1.00)

Alcohol may act as a _____, which slows down brain activity of the areas that control judgment and inhibitions.

disinhibitor

A sudden loss of memory is one symptom of a(n) _____ disorder.

dissociative

Which neurotransmitter is related to Parkinson's Disease?

dopamine

Antipsychotic drugs are to ______ as a cork is to a ______.

dopamine receptors; bottle

persistent depressive disorder was formerly called:

dysthymia

Studying for one's psychology test requires _________. It takes attention and conscious effort, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories.

effortful processing

______ is largely conscious and acts as a mediator.

ego

Patients receive a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to treatment with:

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

emotion-provoking event leads to an emotion and a reaction simultaneously

When Andy becomes upset about getting a poor grade, he typically fails to realize that he feels scared. This lack of self-insight BEST illustrates an inadequate level of:

emotional intelligence

What is neuroticism?

emotional stability (anxiety, tension)

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

emotions result from our interpretation of our bodily reactions to stimuli

What is acetylcholine?

enables muscle action, learning, and memory

Juanita was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She doesn't remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she wasn't paying attention. Juanita's poor memory is best explained in terms of:

encoding failure

What is brain's natural painkiller?

endorphins

What is an incentive?

environmental stimuli that attract or repel us

One thing good therapies do NOT share in common is:

evidence-based support

What is the inferiority complex?

exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy

What is the focus of social psychology?

exploring how we view and affect one another

What is the focus of biological psychology?

exploring links between brain and mind

In a study, researchers temporarily deflated the self-image of participants by telling them they did poorly on a test. The participants were then more likely to:

express heightened racial prejudice

According to Hans and Sybil Eysenck, the individual variation that is apparent across people can be reduced to several dimensions, including:

extraversion-introversion

What is inattentional blindness?

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member. This best illustrates ________ memory.

flashbulb

Who is Wilhelm Wundt and what did he do?

founder of psychology; performed psychology's first experiment

Which lobe is used for movement?

frontal

Which part of the brain reviews explicit memory formation?

frontal lobes and hippocampus

Delilah is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Delilah MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder.

generalized anxiety

Free-floating anxiety is actually

generalized anxiety

What are the three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth?

genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the best thing for Rashad to do at this point is:

go directly to sleep

What is intuition?

gut feeling

What is the focus of counseling psychology?

helping people cope with personal and career challenges by recognizing strengths and resources

Mary's bathroom scale always overstates people's actual weight by exactly six pounds. The scale has ________ reliability and ________ validity.

high; low

What is considered the "save button" for our brain's memory?

hippocampus

Which part of the brain processes memory?

hippocampus

What is the focus of social-cultural psychology?

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

What is the focus of psychodynamic psychology?

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

What is the focus of neuroscience psychology?

how body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

What is the focus of behavior genetics psychology?

how genes and environment influence individual differences

What is the focus of evolutionary psychology?

how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes

What is the focus of cognitive psychology?

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

What is the focus of behavioral psychology?

how we learn observable responses

What are possible selves?

images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future

Luke experiences some damage to his cerebellum. Based on information provided in the textbook, Luke's ___________ memory may be impaired.

implicit

Our unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as:

implicit memories

What is social facilitation?

improved performance on tasks in the presence of others

What is free association?

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

As people develop from childhood into adulthood, genetic influences on intelligence:

increase

Julia is suffering from depression. In addition to medication to alleviate her symptoms, Julia's doctor may also recommend that she _____ to increase serotonin. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

increase exercise

Corey is trying to cut back on his consumption of caffeinated beverages. He will NOT experience:

increased energy

What is dopamine?

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

What is an EEG used for?

interactions between neurons

What is companionate love?

intimacy and commitment

What does negative correlation look like?

inverse relationship (below 0 to -1.00)

What is the focus of personality psychology?

investigating persistent traits

What is the focus of health psychology?

investigating psychological, biological, and behavioral factors that promote or impair our health

Is the Rorschach valid? According to critics:

it is not very reliable and has limited validity

What is the superego?

its our moral conscience, and is found as part of the conscious and unconscious mind

In a positive mood, a person will experience increased activity in his or her:

left frontal lobe

Recalling a password and holding it in working memory would activate which part of the brain?

left frontal lobe

What is antisocial personality disorder?

little or no regard for others. commit crimes and show no remorse

Moods magnify or not magnify?

magnify

What is glutamate?

major excitatory neurotransmitter; memory

A large pharmaceutical company is conducting a clinical trial for a new antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. They are concerned with the efficacy and safety of the new medication. Their perspective is most in line with the _____ model.

medical

What is the name for the process of registering memories?

memory consolidation

Caffeine is in the same broad class of drugs as:

methamphetamine

What is an experimental study?

method of determining cause and effect by manipulating certain variables and observing the effect on some behavior

In Erikson's theory, early adulthood is to intimacy as _____ is to _____.

middle age; generativity

Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of:

modeling

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, performance is optimal when arousal is:

moderate

What is the somatic nervous system?

monitors sensory input and triggers motor output

___________ memory refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood.

mood-congruent

What is postconventional morality?

morality of a mature adult; basic rights

After watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable TV, Myron will probably be:

more likely to treat women in a punitive manner

Dr. Schmidt studies the factors that direct and energize the human behavior. Dr. Schmidt studies:

motivation

What was dissociative identity disorder formerly known as?

multiple personality disorder

Any behavior that reduces anxiety increases the likelihood that a feared object or situation will be avoided. In the language of operant conditioning, the reduction of anxiety _____ avoidance behavior.

negatively reinforces

What does OCD stand for?

obsessive compulsive disorder

Which lobe is used for vision?

occipital

What is self-efficacy?

one's belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task

Lou is worried that he will become addicted to the drug he has been taking to relieve his pain and anxiety. He is MOST likely taking a(n):

opiate

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

What is the chameleon effect?

our tendency to unconsciously mimic those around us

What is the spotlight effect?

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

What type of process is the brain's "default" and what type of process takes over when the task is complex?

parallel; sequential

Which lobe is used for touch?

parietal

What are longitudinal studies?

participants periodically reassessed over a period of time

The physical changes that accompany emotional experience are (unconscious/conscious):

partly conscious and partly unconscious

What is transference?

patient views a member of healthcare team as having characteristics of another person who has been significant to the patient's personal life

What is the mere exposure effect?

people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

Dr. Conway states that his research investigates the consistent, enduring characteristics that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Conway's research is MOST likely in the area of:

personality

In terms of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the drive-reduction theory of motivation is MOST focused on the importance of ________ needs.

physiological

When you recall something, you mentally ________ yourself in the original context.

place

What is posttraumatic growth?

positive life changes, psychological development following exposure

In the ______ effect, the first items in a list are better-remembered than the middle items in a list.

primacy

Marijuana is a hard drug to classify because it:

produces a mixture of effects.

Which psychologist is MOST likely to agree with the idea that dreams offer valuable clues to the unconscious mind?

psychoanalytic therapist

Concerning personality assessments, free association is to ______ theory as personality inventories are to ________ theory.

psychoanalytic; trait

With respect to our understanding of personality, ________ came from __________.

psychodynamic theories; psychoanalysis

What is the least-used biomedical therapy?

psychosurgery

Schizophrenia is an example of a(n) _____ disorder.

psychotic

A multiple-choice question asks students to select the brain area most involved in emotion from among several possibilities. This is a _________ test of ________ memory.

recognition; explicit

Every time we "replay" a memory, we replace the original memory with a slightly modified version. Researchers call this:

reconsolidation

The descriptions of self-actualizing people ___________ Maslow's personal values.

reflect

There are three psychological needs that need to be balanced in order for us to experience a deep sense of well-being. What are they?

relatedness, autonomy, and competence

What is an correlation?

relation between traits and behaviors

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

What is the autonomic nervous system?

responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes

Memory, therefore, entails not only encoding and storage, but also _______.

retrieval

Recalling a visual scene of last month's party and holding it in working memory would be MOST likely to activate the:

right frontal lobe

What are surveys and interviews?

self-reports in which people answer questions about their behaviors or attitudes

Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, her friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. This is an example of __________________ memory.

short-term

identical twins reared together have intelligence test scores that are:

similar to a person taking the same test twice

What are some side effects of antipsychotic drugs?

sluggishness, twitches, and tremors

Emotional intelligence is a specific aspect of:

social intelligence

What does peripheral nervous system include?

somatic and autonomic

A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for more than three hours! Though generally not claustrophobic, after two hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is most likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?

stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity

What is cognitive psychology?

study of mental processes (remembering, processing, thinking)

What is cognitive neuroscience?

study of the physiological basis of cognition (brain activity w/ mental activity)

What is Freudian Psychology?

study that our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior

What is humanism?

study that stressed for personal growth and potential

What is behaviorism?

study that you can observe and record behavior but not feelings

What is the focus of developmental psychology?

studying age-related behavioral changes over a lifespan

What is the focus of industrial-organizational psychology?

studying and advising on workplace-related behaviors and system and product designs

What is psychosurgery?

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

What are examples of retrieval cues?

surroundings, mood, seating position, etc.

What is Freud's wish-satisfaction theory?

symbol is the manifest content

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

What is REM rebound?

tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM deprivation

What is selective attention?

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

What is empathy?

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

The feelings of euphoria associated with cocaine usage continue until:

the brain's supply of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine drops off

What is social anxiety?

the extreme fear of discomfort in social or performance situations

Those who score above average on tests of mathematical aptitude are also likely to score above average on tests of verbal aptitude. According to Spearman, this best illustrates the importance of:

the g factor

infantile amnesia

the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3

Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that:

the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned

What is critical thinking?

the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment

What is self-actualization?

the process by which people achieve their full potential

What is the definition of psychology?

the science of behavior and mental processes

What are epigenetics?

the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code

What is social loafing?

the tendency for people in a group to show less effort toward attaining a common goal than when doing it themselves

What is ingroup bias?

the tendency to favor our own group

mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

What is psychotherapy?

the treatment of mental disorder by psychological rather than medical means

heritability of intelligence

the variation in intelligence test scores attributable to genetic factors

What is the just-world phenomenon?

the world is fair and people get what they deserve

state-dependent memory

theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.

What is family therapy?

therapist gives family guidance, training, advice and emotional support

About one-_____ of American college students report an apparent mental health problem; this proportion is _____ than the corresponding proportion among all adult Americans.

third; higher

Numerous studies have been conducted to look at the effectiveness of psychotherapy. These studies have shown that:

those who sought therapy were more likely to improve than those who did not

What was the Neo-Freudians' main goal of assessment?

to uncover the unconscious mind

Giacomo uses cocaine. He finds that he needs a line or two to re-create the original effects of a "bump." Which is the MOST specific term describing Giacomo's experience?

tolerance

What is a PET scan for?

tracks radioactive glucose to reveal brain activity

What is an fMRI scan for?

tracks successive images of brain tissue to show brain function

What is displacement?

transfer of aggressive feelings to a less threatening person

What is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

two-factor theory/cognitive arousal theory: both arousal, and labelling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced

What is narcolepsy?

uncontrollable sleep attacks

What is a MRI scan for?

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to show brain anatomy

What are humanistic theories?

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

What is normative social influence?

wanting to be liked and to fit in - hard to resist as it is a human desire.

What are naturalistic observations?

watching and recording individual or group behavior in a natural setting

What is overconfidence?

we tend to think we know more than we do

What does a negative correlation look like?

weak correlation (near 0)

retroactive interference

when new learning disrupts recall of old information

proactive interference

when old information interferes with new information

What is informational social influence?

when people conform because they want to be right

context-dependent memory

when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation

The experience of physical pain following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug BEST illustrates:

withdrawal

What is the focus of community psychologists psychology?

working to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all