PSY101 Learning

A late charge on one's utility bill exemplifies positive punishment. t/f

t

Alexis uses cocaine, which naturally causes her to feel excited. Now she feels excited whenever her drug provider calls her. For Alexis, the _____ is the unconditioned stimulus, the _____ is the neutral stimulus, and the conditioned stimulus is the _____. a. cocaine; phone call; phone call b. phone call; excitement; excitement c. cocaine; phone call; excitement d. phone call; cocaine; cocaine

a

Carol called a customer service center and was put on hold. She did not know how long it would be before her holding behavior was reinforced by the response of a representative, but someone would eventually answer. Carol's behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule. a. variable-interval b. fixed-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-ratio

a

Dr. Ruiz asserts that the only truly scientific psychology is a psychology based on documentable, observable behavior. His view resembles that of the influential psychologist: a. Skinner b. Maslow c. James d. Freud

a

In the context of a conditioned taste aversion, _____ is the degree to which a trait or behavior helps an organism survive. a. adaptive value b. stimulus discrimination c. extinction d. stimulus generalization

a

The focus of classical and operant conditioning is on _____, whereas the focus of the cognitive learning approach is on _____. a. external stimuli and consequences; internal processes b. instinctual behavior; learned behavior c. learned behavior; instinctual behavior d. internal processes; external stimuli and consequences

a

A consequence that increases the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated is called a(n): a. punisher b. reinforcer c. conditioned response c. unconditioned response

b

After a while Little Albert no longer startled at the sight of a white rat. In classical conditioning terms we say that _____ has occurred. a. discrimination b. extinction c. spontaneous recovery d. generalization

b

Which promotion exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement? a. A café prints "You are a winner!" on random coffee lids; patrons who receive one of these lids can redeem it for a free beverage. b. A café offers its customers a punch card. Each time a patron purchases a beverage, a hole is punched. When the card has 10 punched holes the patron receives a free beverage. c. Every now and then, a café announces a two-for-one deal on Facebook, so people must check the café's page occasionally to see if the promotion is available. d. A café has a two-for-one deal every Monday morning.

b

After Adam was stung by a bee he became frightened not only of bees, but of all flying insects. This example illustrates: a. shaping b. adaptation c. stimulus generalization d. spontaneous recovery

c

Miguel is part of a group presentation on the subject of learning for his psychology class. One person in Miguel's group will talk about classical conditioning. Another member of the group will talk about operant conditioning. Miguel's job is to compare the two. He plans on explaining to the class that: a. "Operant conditioning focuses on discrimination between stimuli, whereas classical conditioning focuses on stimulus generalization." b. "Classical conditioning focuses on discrimination between stimuli, whereas operant conditioning focuses on stimulus generalization." c. "Classical conditioning involves the learning of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behavior." d. "Operant conditioning involves the learning of associations between two stimuli, whereas classical conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behavior."

c

Researchers were able to get turtles to discriminate between black, white, and gray paddles by giving the turtles meat whenever they chose a certain color paddle over another. The researchers applied: a. acquisition b. positive punishment c. positive reinforcement d. extinction

c

Tracy is a permissive parent and is often too busy to discipline her son. Instead, when her son whines, she gives him whatever he wants. At first, her son would whine for a few minutes. Now Tracy has to endure her son's incessant whining for hours before eventually giving in. Tracy's behavior is being maintained by _____ reinforcement, and her son's whining is being maintained by _____ reinforcement. a. negative; negative b. positive; negative c. negative; positive d. positive; positive

c

A child who refuses to eat vegetables at a meal is first reinforced for picking up a fork. Then the child is reinforced for touching vegetables with the fork, and finally is reinforced for putting the vegetables in their mouth with the fork. This is an application of: a. extinction b. classical conditioning c. spontaneous recovery d. shaping

d

Classical conditioning applies to _____ behavior and involves associations between _____. a. involuntary; behavior and consequences b. voluntary; stimuli c. voluntary; behavior and consequences d. involuntary; stimuli

d

Deepak has an automatic positive reaction to his grandma because she has given him presents many times in the past. He also reacts positively to anyone who looks similar to his grandma. This is an example of stimulus: a. recovery. b. extinction c. discrimination d. generalization

d

In Amanda's day to day life, _____ reinforcement is most typical for everything, from driving for Uber in the evenings to studying for her next exam. a. continuous b. primary c. negative d. partial

d

One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the pay check he receives every two weeks. Carlos' paycheck is a(n) _____ reinforcer, because it is associated with his ability to feed himself. a. conditional b. primary c. unconditional d. secondary

d

The findings of Albert Bandura's classic study suggest that in order for a school district to promote children's nonaggressive play: a. children's aggressive behavior should be punished. b. children's aggressive behavior should be reinforced. c. children should observe an adult model playing aggressively. d. children should observe an adult model playing nonaggressively.

d