PSY120 TopHat Chapters 3-14 Review

".sdrawkcab noitseuq siht rewsnA".

"KO"

A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?

$0.05

In what year was the DSM first published?

1952

How many times would you pour water into C?

2

MacDonald only has five cows and one bull. He wants to be sure that his bull continues to mate with an individual cow long enough to induce pregnancy. What should he do to prolong the mating episode?

Allow the bull to walk around in between mounts

What physical attributes appear to explain hyperthymesia? Select any that apply.

An enlarged amygdala

Object permanence is required for infants to be successful in which of the following scenarios?

An infant drops a Cheerio off her high chair and looks to find it.

Lizbeth was writing a paper on the Upper Paleolithic Transition. What would she address in this paper?

A period of time approximately 65¸000 years ago when artifacts indicating culture and human intelligence start to appear in the fossil record.

Which of the following hypotheses cannot be tested using elicited imitation?

Can you teach theory of mind to children under the age of 4?

With regard to impression formation, even if your initial impression is negative, it can be easily changed if subsequent exposures are positive.

False

Women and men have equal levels of physical aggression when you don't consider gender role bias.

False

Which of these children would most likely be diagnosed with a Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorder?

Felix cuts the hair off his sister's dolls after she tattled on him to their parents.

Dr. Kellogg raised a chimpanzee, Gua, simultaneously with his own child, Donald. Gua progressed alongside Donald for nearly three years. After infancy, Donald quickly progressed past Gua. Gua's inability to continue progressing with Donald emphasizes which of the following?

Innate constraints on language development

Please click on the portion of the ear that houses the basilar membrane.

Last dot (right-most)

Click on the part of the graph below that corresponds to the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels.

Last dot (top-most dot)

The LGN is also known as which of the following?

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Match the following symptoms with the appropriate term.

Mania Period of excessive energy that interferes with functioning at a more significant level Hypomania Period of excessive energy that interferes with functioning

Do you think that you would have continued to 450 volts?

No

Can a match box?

No, but a tin can

A measurement instrument yielded consistent answers across time. Does this mean that it reflects an accurate assessment of personality?

No

What was the primary problem with Terman's calculation of mental intelligence?

IQ would level off at 16 and the value would decrease as one aged.

Sperling's partial report technique provides evidence for _________

Iconic memory

Match each type of elaboration with its example.

Imagery Thinking about the coppery smell of a penny. Organization Thinking about how pennies‚ dimes‚ and nickels are all American coins. Distinctiveness Thinking about how pennies are the only kinds of common American coinage that aren't silver in color. Self-Reference Thinking about the penny you picked up this morning on your way to class.

"Chicken sexers" are people who are experts at determining the sex of a baby chick based on only a momentary glance, as shown in the video above. Research has shown that professional chicken sexers are very accurate at their task, yet have very little insight into how they actually make their decisions. What kind of memory is this process likely to tap?

Procedural memory

Stereotype threat might account for which of the following?

Racial and gender differences in I.Q.

The first time Taraji ate onion rings, she vomited. A of couple days later, she became nauseated when she saw and smelled her friend's onion rings. Which of the following might account for this? Select all that apply.

Taraji has been conditioned‚ because of her previous experience‚ to avoid foods that have become associated with causing her to be ill

What type of stimulus is an orosensory stimulus?

Taste

The ___________ is located deep in the skin and sends messages about the stretching of the skin.

The Ruffini cylinder helps us understand when our skin is being deformed by some mechanical force by stretching or pulling

Which of the following was not part of Wechsler's method of calculating IQ?

The concept required chronological age in its calculation.

Review the figure below showing two children's cognitive performance. The x-axis shows what the children can achieve by themselves, and the y-axis shows what the children can achieve with assistance. Which of the following conclusions are true about the presented data?

The children start out at the same level, but Child A achieves more with assistance relative to Child B.

The McGurk effect demonstrates which of the following? Select all that apply.

The role the visual system plays in speech perception One of the ways the brain understands ambiguous sounds

Using a (n)__________ allows you to make a quick decision based on a well-learned prototype of the situation.

Representative heuristic

Using Sperling's partial report technique, which row should you remember if a low tone is sounded after the display is flashed? (Click one of the yellow circles below to indicate a row.)

Yellow dot in front of C N A

Fluid intelligence is similar to ___________.

general intelligence

According to the multiaxial diagnostic system, Axis V referred to a client's ______________.

global assessment of functioning

Stare at the image below for thirty seconds, and then look at the white space adjacent to the image. What specific type of sensory memory produces the afterimage you see?

iconic memory

The ______________ is the core component of personality and is located completely in the ______________ region of the mind.

id; unconscious

Believing you can explain what a zipper is, but not really being able to, is an example of the _________ ____________. Enter two words with a space in between.

knowledge illusion

The theory that using multiple, precise words for different shades of blue influence Russian's interpretations of colors is called _________.

linguistic relativity

You hear Greg say that there are 50 Inuit, or Eskimo, words for "snow." He is excited because he believes this allows for a cultural advantage in perceiving differences in the precipitation. Greg is unknowingly arguing in support of ____________.

linguistic relativity

We can learn to do new things, even as adults, because of the concept of _________.

neuroplasticity

A wavelength of 680 nm is most likely to be perceived as ________.

red

The term ______________ ______________ (2 words) refers to habits and behaviors that are conducive to sleeping well.

sleep hygiene

Lizeth was at a party talking to a friend. Although many people were talking, she was able to tune out all the noise from the party and pay attention to her friend. This is known as _________________.

the cocktail party effect

Javier was talking to a friend in class while the teacher was talking. He found that he was able to ignore his professor and listen to his friend rather easily. This process best illustrates __________. Select all that apply.

the principles of selective attention the cocktail party effect

Sort these needs in order from most basic to higher-order for Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

thirsty unemployed lonely underappreciated

Visual cortex is to retinotopic as auditory cortex is to _______.

tonotopic

What do we call this transference of emotion when Enid becomes disgusted at the thought of eating a cow after she sees Larry exhibit disgust at the idea of eating a cow?

Emotional contagion

Sort the components of Sternberg's componential analysis of analogy problem solving into their correct order.

Encoding Infer the important relations Apply the relations Draw a conclusion

Order these memory terms from first to last to illustrate the general timeline of memory.

Encoding Storage Retrieval

Please click on the portion of the eye with the highest concentration of cones, also known as the fovea. To ensure accurate grading, please click in one of the circles.

First dot (west-most dot)

The _____ sense provides information about the position of the body in space.

kinesthetic

Males with high fertility rates tend to _______. Select both answers that apply.

score low on sex-guilt and high on thrill-seeking measures

Randy asks his coach to let him be the starting pitcher for the league championship game because he has been practicing his curveball all week. According to Bandura, Randy is demonstrating _________.

self-efficacy

Why did Henry Molaison have his hippocampus removed?

He suffered from severe seizures.

Memory as the combination of both the information in the environment and what you have stored shows how memory does which of the following?

Helps form an adaptive response

Which of the following persons would be likely to join a cult?

Henry is 22; he failed out of college and has never dated anyone and his only "friends" are people he talks to at work.

What is an organism that can fulfill either a female or male reproductive role?

Hermaphrodite

Hilda Horton is running for Governor in the state of California; one of her platforms is that she intends to ban all use of cellular phones while cars are in motion. She also promises that she will pass laws that forbid all forms of cell phone use while driving irrespective if it is hands-free or not. Her opponent, Omar Johannsen, argues that this is ridiculous and that citizens can decide for themselves when they should pay attention to driving and when road conditions require their attention. Nelson Nielson is also running and wants to allow hands-free cell phone use, but not hand-held cell phones while the car is in motion. Which candidate's platform should you expect that a psychologist would endorse?

Hilda Horton's plan

Marc Buoniconti injured his spinal cord playing college football. He was injured when he tried to tackle someone head first, in a move called "spearing." How much of his body was likely paralyzed from this injury?

His arms, torso, and legs

H.M. had what portion of his brain removed?

His hippocampus

What would we need to find in order to say that tender is a new emotion? Select both answers that apply.

It would have to be recognized across several cultures. It has to have an accompanying facial expression.

For each description, select the item on the right that best explains the behavior

Jason signed the pledge not to text while driving‚ but since he was on a straight highway with cruise control‚ he knew he could safely answer some important text messages. Cognitive Dissonance Susan donates blood to help those in need. Altruism Stan was told by his doctor not to eat or drink after midnight for a surgery the next day. In the morning‚ Stan was thirsty and his mouth was extremely dry‚ so he drank a glass of water. He knew that most of the body is water and he could easily pee it out. Cognitive Dissonance Richard makes a $50‚000 anonymous donation to help a young girl get a bone marrow transplant. Altruism

A personality test that has a fixed format in the way individuals can respond to the items on the test and the way individuals can score the test is a(n) ______________ technique.

Objective self-report

What monocular depth cue is used when one image partially blocks the view of a second object, leaving the partially hidden object being seen as further away than the whole object?

Occlusion

Match the type of cell with its description:

Oligodendrocytes- Wrap around the axons of some neurons in the brain and spinal cord Schwann Cells- Wrap myelin around the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

According to the evolutionary perspective, what is the ultimate cause of our behavior?

Producing offspring

Koshik, the Korean elephant, was able to reproduce sounds of human speech. If he was only mimicking that speech but did not create new messages or new meaning, he was failing to demonstrate which aspect unique to human language?

Productivity

Watch the following video of Chaser the Border Collie and consider the similarities and differences between her language and the typical human's. Similar to Koshik, Chaser is good at identifying words her owner speaks and knows 1000 English words. If Chaser is only memorizing words, never creating or conveying new pieces of information, Chaser is not demonstrating _________.

Productivity

______________ techniques require individuals to provide responses to ambiguous stimuli.

Projective

Which of the following best defines a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

Reinforcing the target behavior after an average amount of time has passed

Match the depth cue with its correct description.

Relative size When similarly sized objects are at different distances- the larger object is seen as closer. Occlusion When one object partly blocks the view of a second object - the object in front is seen as closer. Linear perspective Parallel lines appear to grow closer to each other in the distance. Atmospheric perspective Molecules in the air make objects farther away appear hazier. Relative height When objects are below the horizon - the lower they are in the scene the closer they are interpreted as being.

Which of the following is evidence that the inner eye exists?

Responding to the question, "Does the cat have whiskers?" is faster when you imagine a cat next to a mouse compared to a cat next to a horse.

Sort these events in order from what happens first to what happens last in extinction.

Response produces reinforcer Response no longer has any effect Responding decreases over time

Which of the following was not a major change to DSM-5?

Revision of the multiaxial diagnostic assessment system

Which of the following statements is not true of habituation paradigms?

They tell researchers why infants show novelty preferences.

Dr. Retchman is stimulating a patient's brain in different places to ensure that she is in the right spot for the surgery she is about to perform. When she stimulates an area, something will go wrong that has to do with the function of that particular area. For example, if she stimulates a language area, the patient may momentarily lose the ability to speak. Click the right area for causing an auditory hallucination.

Third dot (not at the very end)

Please click on the malleus, incus, and stapes.

Third dot (smallest)

Click on the red circle next to the facial expressions that might not correspond to a distinct, universal emotion according to Jack et al. (2016). Select all three targets that apply.

Third face/dot (sad), Fourth face/dot (fear), and Sixth face/dot (anger)

Ever since Reshenda picked up a puppy at the local shelter and snuggled it, she feels bonded to the puppy, and it keeps following her around. What is a possible reason for this?

They both released oxytocin.

The regions of the tongue covered with filiform papillae are similar to ______ in vision.

The blind spot

How does gate-control theory suggest pain is blocked?

The brain activates L-fibers to block pain signals

Which of the following is thought to "control" the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad?

The central executive

Melinda is waiting in line at the grocery store and sees a magazine ad for subliminal tapes that can help with weight loss. Based on what you know about the effectiveness of subliminal messaging, what should you advise Melinda to do?

Put the magazine down and pay for the groceries because subliminal messages don't work particularly well.

Dreaming occurs during which stage of sleep?

REM sleep

Which of the following statements about sleep disorders are true? Select all that apply.

REM sleep disorder results in people acting out their dreams Sleepwalking occurs during slow-wave sleep

What is the defining feature of the period of the zygote?

Rapid cell division

Jack feels upset about being laid off from work while Jill is worried that she will have to touch a piece of paper at a meeting that the rest of the members of the meeting will have touched without wearing protective plastic gloves. Jack's concern is an example of ______________ anxiety while Jill's is a concern for ______________ anxiety.

Reality; neurotic

Which of the following statements is not true about Piagetian theory?

Recent research confirms all of Piaget's findings

Assume the cell below is a center-on cell. Match the pattern of cellular firing with the correct receptive field.

Receptive Field 1-Pattern C Receptive Field 2-Pattern B Receptive Field 3-Pattern A Receptive Field 4-Pattern D

What is the defining feature of the period of the fetus?

Refinements and finishing touches

Match each sub-stage of the sensorimotor period to the primary way infants learn about the world at that age.

Reflexes 0-1 month Combining secondary circular reactions 8-12 months Tertiary circular reactions 12-18 months Secondary circular reactions 4-8 months Primary circular reactions 1-4 months Mental representation 18-24 months

Match the Piagetian term to the infant behavior in question.

Reflexes- An infant learns about objects by grasping them (another finger‚ a toy‚ etc.) in different ways. Combining secondary circular reactions- An infant removes a blanket and picks up a toy that was previously hidden by her parent. Primary circular reactions- An infant repeatedly puts her fingers into her mouth and sucks on them. Tertiary circular reactions- An infant engages as a little scientist‚ banging on different pots and pans with the same wooden spoon to hear how the sounds differ. Secondary circular reactions- An infant throws different toys and books onto the floor from his car seat. Mental representation- An infant remembers‚ and may attempt to reproduce‚ behaviors and/or words previously used by others

Which of the following statements are true about reflexes? Select all that apply.

Reflexive responses are controlled by environmental events that precede them. Reflexive responses are not due to learning.

An anthropologist is looking at the social behavior of ancient civilizations in both China and South America. He finds evidence that there is a tendency for groups of individuals from these two different parts of the world to prefer a social organization based on physical strength using combat skills whereas others prefer a social organization based on a division of labor. The tendency of these civilizations to seek a form of organization illustrates the shared wisdom of the ages stored in which of the following?

The collective unconscious

Sort the following in order of how long these last starting with the shortest in duration.

Reinforcer Emotion Mood

Which of the following situations are practical considerations and which are ethical considerations associated with the testing of infants and children as research participants?

Researchers may only have access to relatively homogeneous samples of infants and young children given the demographics of the area in which their work is conducted- Practical consideration Infants are considered as a vulnerable population because they are unable to provide consent or indicate if they would like to stop participating in a study- Ethical consideration Families may not be interested in driving to the lab to participate in studies even when small incentives are provided-Practical consideration When relevant researchers must debrief parents (and children as appropriate) about the goals of the study in which they participated- Ethical consideration

You might also have trouble remembering where you left your keys on Monday, but instead due to ____________ interference; memories of where you left your keys Tuesday-Friday make it more difficult to remember where you left your keys on Monday.

Retroactive

Match each type of interference with its proper label.

Retroactive interference Accidentally playing a video game system you used to play as a kid incorrectly because you're used to playing on the newer‚ differently configured system. Proactive interference Accidentally giving someone directions to your school that uses a road that no longer exists.

If you completed the demonstration above with your left eye covered, the star on your ______hand side should have disappeared.

Right

Grammar refers to which of the following?

Rules and structure of a language

Carlton wanted to teach his young nephew how to brush his teeth (new skill) via shaping. Sort the following steps in the forward order that Carlton would teach (reinforce) them.

Run water over a dry toothbrush Put toothpaste on a toothbrush Spread toothpaste over teeth with a toothbrush Rinse toothpaste from mouth

Match the cone with the color you are likely to perceive when that cone fires:

S-Cones Blues M-Cones Greens L-Cones Reds

Lars prepares for his exam by repeatedly reading his notes four times. Sadie prepares for her exam by reading her notes once, then testing herself on the contents of her notes three times. Based on Roediger & Karpicke's (2006) data, who would we expect to perform better on the exam?

Sadie

Having a secure and stable environment (e.g., a home) exemplifies which of Maslow's need levels?

Safety

Coffee is acidic. In addition to the usual decrease in blood pressure, what other conditional response might be elicited by a cup of coffee?

Salivation

What would the conditional response be to a black liquid that reliably indicated that lemon juice would be given to a dog?

Salivation

Match the following personality disorders to their appropriate cluster.

Schizotypal personality disorder- Cluster A Narcissistic personality disorder- Cluster B Avoidant personality disorder-Cluster C

Sort the following events in order of occurrence.

Scooby finds a bone Scooby looks for a site to cache the bone Scooby inspects a specific site Scooby digs the hole for the bone Scooby tamps the soil Scooby scoops the soil

You are talking with your friend Shannon, who tells you that her 12-year-old cousin recently completed an intelligence test that translated raw scores into deviation IQ scores. Shannon tells you that her cousin's deviation IQ score was 80, but she is not sure what this means. You say that she did which of the following?

Scored below the mean for 12-year-olds

Girls are often told that boys are better at math. Prior to taking an achievement test, female students were told that their scores were important because it was important for the school to show that there were no differences in mathematical ability across genders. How would this likely affect the performance of female students?

Scores of female students would decrease relative to males.

Based on the descriptions provided, which person is more likely to be perceived positively?

Scott B. is an intelligent, kind, and compassionate person; he can sometimes be boring, lazy and unreliable.

What does the penny example above illustrate?

Search metaphors are insufficient

Which area should Dr. Carson stimulate to affect processing sensory information from the lower body?

Second Dot

Click the area Dr. Grey would stimulate on the brain below to make you hallucinate an odor.

Second dot (lowest dot)

On the picture below, click on the graph of membrane potential where you think sodium channels are open.

Second dot (middle dot)

Please click on the portion of the eye that has the highest concentration of rods. To ensure accurate grading, please click in one of the circles.

Second dot (top-most dot)

Click on the red circle below the picture that depicts sadness.

Second face/dot

Which of the following is a sleeper effect?

Seemingly for the first time, a child experiences difficulty concentrating in class, potentially as a result of prenatal exposure to alcohol.

Jett can focus on his mother talking over the sound of the TV playing in the background. Which of the following does this best illustrate?

Selective attention

Jacob has felt like he was bad at math ever since one of his teachers in middle school made him feel dumb when he did a problem wrong on the board for all to see. Jacob's insistence that math just "wasn't his thing" lasted throughout high school. Although he passed his courses with C's, his teachers felt that he simply wasn't trying. Once in college, Jacob found out that he was required to complete a college math course. He was hesitant because he was worried about his inability to do well in math. On the first day, the professor did some ice-breaker activities. When asked to describe himself, Jacob stated that he was terrible at math and always had been. After class, the teacher asked to talk with Jacob about his low self-esteem regarding math. The teacher showed Jacob that he had been placed in a higher-level course based on his placement exams, which seemed to indicate that he was better at math than he believed. The teacher was most concerned that Jacob's negative outlook and predetermined belief that he would fail would likely come true unless he replaced those thoughts with more positive ones. It appears that the teacher is most concerned about which of the following?

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following best explains why Jennifer is blaming the professor for her poor performance on the exam?

Self-serving bias

Selma is typing her notes into a shared Google Doc for class when her roommate asks her what time the gym closes. If Selma is able to continue typing her notes while answering the question, which of the following is/are likely to be true? Select all that apply.

Selma has achieved automaticity while typing Selma might make an error while typing

What type of long-term memory would you most likely use to answer the question, "What is the third planet from the sun?"

Semantic memory

It is still possible to learn after we reach adolescence, but it is much harder. The fact that it is nonetheless still possible demonstrates that we have a _______ _______ for language development.

Sensitive period

Which person described below is most likely to conform his/her responses to match others?

Seth is a student who doesn't have many friends and is self-conscious.

Janice learns how to play the guitar with these steps: how to hold the guitar properly, how to generate sound from the strings, how to tighten/loosen the strings, and how to read sheet music. Her music teacher provides praise when she's mastered each step. This illustrates which of the following phenomena?

Shaping

Why is Dorothea Dix an important figure in the history of psychology?

She advocated for humane treatment of individuals with psychological disorders.

Referring to the video above on Ainsworth's Strange Situation Paradigm, how did the infant respond during Episode 6, when she was left in the room by herself?

She cried and flailed her body around as a sign of her distress

Savannah receives transcranial magnetic stimulation to her Wernicke's area. This stimulation will disrupt processing in that area. Which of the following symptoms is likely to occur?

She will be unable to produce comprehensible language.

According to Steven Pinker, Darwin identified what as the opposite of a threatening human posture?

Shrugging

According to Phillip Zimbardo, what type of attributions would he use to explain the behavior of participants in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

Situational

Use what you know about biological preparedness to match each stimulus to its response.

Snake Fear Spoiled food Nausea Sour taste Salivation

Neil saw his dad shake hands with a friend, and now Neil shakes hands with everyone he sees. How did Neil learn to shake hands with others?

Social learning

You have never been to the university's basketball games, but your friends convince you to go by saying how much fun they are. You have never really gone to large sporting events and are not quite sure what you are supposed to do. At various points during the game, your friends and the other students from your school collectively yell different chants, cheer, and clap. You do not know exactly what to do, but don't want to look foolish for being the only one seated and saying nothing, so you rely on ______________ to demonstrate what to do.

Social norms

Sort below where the electrical activity travels from first to last.

Soma Axon Hillock Axon Axon Terminal

Select all of the following statements that are true about eugenics.

Some U.S. states continued to practice eugenics into the 1960s. American citizens were legally sterilized if viewed as feeble-minded or promiscuous. During the eugenics movement‚ thousands of Americans were legally sterilized without consent.

Match each situation to its aspect of Timberlake's response-deprivation hypothesis.

Something you can do anytime you want- Response Something you haven't been able to do as much as you regularly would- Reinforcer

Click the part of the brain Dr. Carmichael should stimulate to increase arousal levels/alertness.

South-most dot

Click on the structure that represents where neuronal activity is typically initiated in the neuron.

South-most dot (bottom-most dot)

When researching intelligence, who developed the notion of general cognitive ability or g?

Spearman

Please match each scientist with the corresponding model.

Spearman g reflects available mental energy across the cortex. More intelligent people have more energy to devote to mental tasks. Thurstone Argued that intelligence is made up of seven factors called primary mental abilities.

The above video is an example of how tonal languages primarily rely on pitch and inflection for which of the following?

Specifying word meaning

If a chick spreads his wings and twitters when he stands under a heat lamp, what should he do when he sees a conditional stimulus that signals the heat lamp according to a stimulus substitution account?

Spread his wings

Match the stage of sleep with the correct pattern you would expect to see on an EEG.

Stage 1 Theta waves Stage 2 Sleep spindles and K-complexes Slow-wave sleep delta activity REM Desynchronized theta waves accompanied by blood flow to the visual association cortex

Quentin sees four women at his friend's party, and he plans to talk to one of them. Janet is walking around in leather boots without much of a heel, Stana in 3" high heels, Lane in ballet flats, and Kristie in sneakers. Whom will Quentin approach?

Stana

As part of entrance to La Cueva elementary school, all children participate in a standardized IQ test so that the school can know where they should be placed and how to direct resources. It is most likely that the school will use some form of ________.

Stanford-Binet test

Consider this scenario: Ronaldo is planning on making dinner when he gets home, using his favorite ingredient: Shrimp. His favorite thing about shrimp is how their shells crack when you peel them. Currently, Ronaldo is walking along the beach, looking up at the sky to find constellations he knows, like Ursa Major. As he steps on an aluminum can, crushing it, the gentle sea breeze wafts the odor of fresh crab cakes to his nose from the boardwalk, and he can hear the crash of waves in the distance. Suddenly, he remembers that he needs to stop by the grocery store on the way home to pick up the shrimp. Which of the following is the most likely cue for this memory?

Stepping on the can - the crushing of the can reminds him of the sound of peeling shrimp.

Match each behavior with its description.

Stereotype Assigning positive or negative attributes based on a shared characteristic Prejudice Negative attitudes about persons grouped together based on a shared characteristic Discrimination Negative or unjust behaviors towards persons who share similar characteristics to a disliked group

Match the description with the concepts.

Stereotype Assuming that a perception of a group based on some common characteristics applies to anyone with common features Attitudes A person's thoughts‚ ideas‚ and opinions Prejudice Negative beliefs/active dislike of a group of people with common characteristics that differ from oneself Discrimination Treating a person/people differently based on group membership

When involved in a mathematics competition, Susan was the only female on the team. She grew up being told that boys were better at math than girls. When it was her time to answer math problems, Susan was overwhelmed with the fear of meeting others' expectations that girls were not as good at math as boys. This is an example of which of the following (select the best choice)?

Stereotype threat

The racial difference in IQ score may reflect what factors other than intelligence? Select all that apply.

Stereotype threat Mindset

______________ is defined as mistreatment, discrimination, or isolation due to being different.

Stigma

Match each name of a phenomenon in the left column with its definition in the right column.

Stimulus discrimination Respond more to one stimulus than to similar antecedents Spontaneous recovery Re-appearance of conditional response after extinction Stimulus generalization Responding in the same way to 2 stimuli Higher order conditioning Pairing a conditional stimulus with a neutral stimulus

After developing a fear of the white rat, Little Albert also exhibited fear responses to other white objects that had not been paired with loud noise. This illustrates which phenomenon associated with classical conditioning?

Stimulus generalization

Sara really likes the songs "Werewolves of London" by Warren Zevon and "Sweet Home Alabama" by Lynyrd Skynyrd. When she first heard Kid Rock's "All Summer Long," she immediately started singing the words to "Werewolves of London" over the chorus. Why did Sara think of the lyrics to the old song when she heard the similar melody of the new song?

Stimulus generalization

While taking your midterm exam, you have a song repeating in your head. You also realize that you are mouthing the words to the song as you read your test. After a few moments, you notice that you're struggling to answer the next question. Based on research examining problem-solving and language, what do you decide to do?

Stop mouthing the words to allocate language processing skills to the current problem.

Which of the following persons is most likely to behave aggressively?

Stuart has an older brother, Jason, whom he loves and admires. Stuart keeps watch as Jason takes money out of the donations basket at church and tells Jason that another kid saw. The other kid is a year younger than Jason. Jason punched him repeatedly and told him not to talk or he would "get it worse." Jason then took the kid's wallet, which had another $40 in it. Jason stole over $200 and gave Stuart $40 for keeping watch.

Which of the following are examples of social norms? Select all that apply.

Students stop talking when their professor starts lecturing. Students raise their hands to ask the instructor for permission to speak in class

Which of the following is not an outcome associated with prenatal exposure to Zika?

Stunted limb growth

To redirect the anger and hostility she feels for her ex-spouse after an unpleasantness, Monica increases the amount of time she volunteers at the shelter for abused women and the elderly relief center. Monica's behavior is an example of:

Sublimation

Which of the following is the purpose of glial cells? Select all that apply.

Support Speeding up electrical impulses

Match the child behaviors to the term that best describes them.

Symbolic thinking Using language to stand for complex thoughts and ideas Animism Thinking that a child's teddy bear misses her when she goes to preschool Egocentrism Giving another child a present that the gift giver would have liked to receive Mental representation Throwing a tantrum similar to one the child saw a cousin engage in a month prior

According to Piaget, children display specific behaviors during the concrete operational period. Match the following behaviors with the appropriate label.

Symbolic thought- Your child pretends the television is a spaceship. Animism- Your child asks you to turn off the television because he thinks it's tired. Egocentrism- Your child accused her friend of not paying enough attention to her.

Elania is watching a new horror movie, "The Clown Stalks at night". As the evil clown sneaks up on the unspespecting teenagers, Eliana feels her heart rate increase and her breathing become heavy. This is most likely due to activity in her

Sympathetic nervous system

You are at a party and hear gunshots. Your heart rate quickens, and you start breathing more quickly. You immediately feel yourself on high alert. What system have you likely activated?

Sympathetic nervous system

Mason is participating in a research study investigating moral decision-making and is given a variation of this dilemma (Thomson, 1976): David, a gifted surgeon, has five patients that are going to die if they don't receive a transplant soon. All of them need a different organ (heart, liver, stomach, spleen, and lungs) but have the same rare blood-type. By chance, David treats a wandering stranger with that blood-type. David can take the healthy specimen's organs, killing him, and install them in his patients, saving all five of their lives—or he can refrain and let his patients die. Mason quickly responds that he would save all five patients because he emotionally feels sorry for them. _________ was guiding Mason's initial decision.

System 1

While taking the Cognitive Reflection Test, it is tempting to respond with intuitive, quick responses which rely on your ___________but the correct answers tend to come after using our rational, deliberative ___________.

System 1; System 2

Which of the following statements about teratogens is incorrect?

Teratogens cannot cause any negative developmental effects before a woman knows she is pregnant.

A sports psychologist working for a professional football team is considering using a personality test to assess the level of personality adjustment of a group of new players to help the head coach decide which players should be kept on the team. Before evaluating the players using the test, the sports psychologist decides to examine the consistency of the test by administering it to them at the beginning and the end of a six-week training camp. In order to assess the degree of consistency of a personality test, he will want to examine the test's:

Test-retest reliability

If a researcher believes g is a legitimate way of understanding intelligence, he/she would point to research showing which of the following?

That measures of g predict academic and job performance

Some memory researchers say that a phenomenon exists called the "myth of total time." The myth of total time is the false belief that the amount of time you are exposed to information is directly related to how well you will retain that information. Which of the following examples from the chapter would support this idea?

That people are generally bad at remembering the arrangement of features on a penny.

What is Professor Tronick referring to at the end of the video when he talks about "the good, the bad, and the ugly" of parent-child interactions? Match each of these classifications with the parent behaviors that might be expected in each case.

The "good" The usual interactions that parents commonly have with their infants，characterized by positive affect， joint attention， and parent responsiveness to infant bids for attention The "bad" Occasional periods of time during which parents might be somewhat less responsive or display less positive affect than usual，ultimately resuming their normative patterns of interaction with the infant The "ugly" Periods of time during which parents may be consistently unresponsive，such as in the case of persistent maternal depression

The average IQ of this year's graduating class at El Dorado High School is 115 points. The average IQ of the graduating class from 25 years ago was 105 points, and the average IQ of the graduating class from 50 years ago was 100 points. One explanation for this effect is known as _______.

The Flynn effect

After which of the following events did Stanley Milgram find it important to examine the extent to which other persons would go due to the demands of an authority figure?

The Holocaust

Which of the following is NOT an example of the mind being represented as a metaphorical space?

"A mind is a terrible thing to waste."

Where does the perception of flavor most likely occur?

The OFC

According to the self-serving bias, if you get an "A" on your next exam, what attribution are you most likely to make?

"I am really smart!"

During a clinical interview, Martina made some statements about her eating behaviors. Which one of these statements made her clinician concerned about binge eating disorder?

"I get a feeling that I just can't stop eating."

Which of these phrases does NOT illustrate how we often talk about thoughts and memories as if they were physical objects?

"Put yourself in my shoes."

Joseph had difficulty telling the difference between "da" and "ba." His teacher helped him emphasize this difference by pointing when he saw "da" and waving when he saw "ba." In addition, Joseph received an M&M when he pointed to "da" and a Gummi bear when he waved after seeing "ba." What did Joseph learn to associate according to Skinner?

"ba," waving, and Gummi bears

Sort the following steps in the process of triggering an action potential.

-Binding of a neurotransmitter to a receptor -Influx of positive ions into the cell body -Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels on the cell body -Opening of potassium channels

Problem B: How many times would you pour water into A?

0.0

How many times would you pour water into B?

1

How many times would you pour water into C?

1

You are most likely to get help from others when there is/are ______________ bystander(s).

1

Problem A: How many times would you pour water into A?

1.0

According to the data shown in the normal distribution of IQ scores, the average IQ score is ___.

100

In Wechsler's tests, a perfectly average intelligence score is _____.

100

Louis is six years old, but on an intelligence test, he scores at the level of a typical eight-year-old. According to Terman, Louis would have an I.Q. of _______.

133

If Juan's chronological age is 10 and his mental age is 14, Terman's model would estimate Juan's IQ at ____.

140

How many times did the players in white shirts pass the ball?

15

Imagine that XYZ viral syndrome is a serious condition that affects one person in 1,000. Imagine also that the test to diagnose the disease always indicates correctly that a person who has the XYZ virus actually has it. Finally, suppose that this test occasionally misidentifies a healthy individual as having XYZ. The test has a false-positive rate of 5%, meaning that the test wrongly indicates that the XYZ virus is present in 5 percent of the cases where the person does not have the virus. Next, we choose a person at random and administer the test, and the person tests positive for XYZ syndrome. Assuming we know nothing else about that individual's medical history, what is the probability (expressed as a percentage ranging from zero to 100) that the individual really has XYZ?

2%

As a general rule, our short-term memory span is roughly equal to the amount of material we can internally rehearse in about ________.

2.5 seconds

Without time cues like light, humans would revert to a ______________ hour clock.

25

After roughly how many seconds does the amount of information in immediate memory begin to drop off precipitously?

3

Psychologists have recruited 100 people from two companies to help with research. 30 of the volunteers are from a law firm and 70 are from an engineering firm. Below is a biography of one of the participants. Dick is a 30-year old man. He is married with no children. A man of high ability and high motivation, he promises to be quite successful in his field. He is well-liked by his colleagues. What do you think is the percent likelihood that Dick is one of the lawyers surveyed?

30%

What number is displayed in red on the shot clock?

35

There are over _____ types of olfactory receptors.

350

In the Stanford Prison Experiment, how long did it take for the first prisoner to have a complete emotional collapse?

36 hours

How many culturally common facial expressions are there?

4

How many holes in a polo?

4

Rule: If there is an even number on one side, then its opposite side is a vowel Cards: A D 4 7 Select all of the cards that you think you would need to turn over to best test this rule.

4

The shock generator used in Milgram's experiments on obedience to authority appeared to have a maximum shock of ______________ volts. (Enter a whole number.)

450

In a lake, there is a patch of lily pads. Every day, the patch doubles in size. If it takes 48 days for the patch to cover the entire lake, how long would it take for the patch to cover half of the lake? ____ days

47

A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs a dollar more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? ____cents

5

If it takes 5 machines 5 minutes to make 5 widgets, how long would it take 100 machines to make 100 widgets? ____minutes

5

Based on Wechsler's IQ test, what percentage of the population has an IQ below 100?

50%

Absolute threshold is determined by the correct identification of a stimulus ___ % of the time.

50.0

In Milgram's original design, ______________ % of participants administered all shocks to the learner. (Enter a whole number.)

65

Thurstone believed that there were ______ components to intelligence.

7

Below is another sample biography from the psychologists' study. Jack is a 45-year old man. He is married and has four children. He is generally conservative, careful, and ambitious. He shows no interest in political and social issues and spends most of his free time on his many hobbies, including home carpentry, sailing, and mathematical puzzles. What do you think is the percent likelihood of Jack being one of the engineers surveyed?

70%

According to the Asch's research findings, ______________ percent of participants complied with an incorrect answer at least once.

75

The term circadian rhythm refers to which of the following?

A 24-hour cycle of arousal and relaxation

Someone suffering from sleep apnea would probably be prescribed _________.

A CPAP device

In which of the following examples are children constructing, or actively working toward, developing their own understanding of the world?

A child bangs on different items with a wooden spoon to produce different sounds.

Which of the following children would you expect to be the best at telling a joke other people find funny?

A child with theory of mind

Which of the following describes the DSM-5? Select all that apply.

A classification system of psychological disorders A guide to diagnosing psychological disorders A system for billing treatment of psychological disorders

Cecilia, a graduate student, is working to develop her first research study. She is curious about whether living in a bilingual household improves memory in 2-year-old children. Which of the following research methods would allow her to draw the most accurate conclusions from her data?

A combination of the approaches mentioned above

Xander participated in a study where he heard two messages, one in each ear. His task was to listen to one message while ignoring the second. Xander participated in _________.

A dichotic listening experiment

Phillip participated in a study in which he was asked to listen to two messages on a set of headphones. One message was played to his left ear and the second was played to his right ear. He was asked to repeat the information that he heard in his right ear. Which task/test did he participate in?

A dichotic listening task

Which of the following examples describe situations in which scaffolding is occurring?

A grandmother runs behind her grandson's bike, holding onto the seat until he gains his balance. She then lets go and watches as he rides down the street.

What kind of search metaphor seems most similar to the model of long-term memory presented in Inside Out?

A library

With regard to general cognitive abilities (g), what is factor analysis?

A statistical procedure that breaks down g into separate clusters of similar abilities

What is the "dead man test"?

A term used to help define behavior: If a dead man can do it, it is not behavior.

Match the structure with the correct letter.

A- Portion of the retina populated with rods B- Lens C-Pupil D-Cornea E- The fovea: the portion of the retina populated with cones

Marshall's friends just ordered two pizzas. The delivery driver forgot one of the pizzas and came back with the second, cold pizza after Marshall finished his eighth slice. He's not sure that he wants more pizza. What type of motivating operation is eating half of a pizza?

Abolishing operation

Sort this list of memory "sins" such that the top three are the "sins of omission" listed alphabetically by the first letter of the term, while the bottom four are the "sins of commission" listed alphabetically by the first letter of the term.

Absent-mindedness Blocking Transience Bias Misattribution Persistence Suggestibility

According to Beau Lotto, how does color enable us to see light?

According to the quality of light is reflected

According to achievement motivation, which of the following people would likely have strong motivation to exceed in mathematics?

Alan Turing

Match the drug with its correct description.

Alcohol A depressant that inhibits the effectiveness of glutamate‚ especially in the hippocampus Benzodiazepines Depressant that acts on the amount of GABA in the brain Caffeine The most widely used stimulant in the world. It works by blocking the neurotransmitter adenosine Nicotine A highly addictive stimulant that works by stimulating acetylcholine receptors in the brain Cocaine A stimulant that prolongs the effects of dopamine by preventing reuptake LSD A hallucinogenic drug that acts as an agonist for serotonin in the thalamus

Which factors impact adjustment to retirement?

All of the above (Identification with one's occupational role, maintaining an active lifestyle after retirement, having sufficient resources to support oneself in retirement)

What does the term "consciousness" refer to?

All of the above (Different levels of arousal and attention, The content of your current thoughts and internal states, Your subjective awareness of internal and external events)

Which of the following hypotheses could be tested with a high amplitude sucking paradigm?

All of the above (Do newborns prefer listening to proper grammar relative to incorrect grammar, do newborns show a preference for their native language relative to other languages they are not routinely exposed to, do 4-month-olds show a preference for their mother's voice relative to the voice of a female stranger)

Famous sports figures are often paid to endorse products such as energy drinks and insurance carriers. Which of the following relate to this form of advertising?

All of the above (Such advertising involves classical conditioning, this type of advertising is designed to associate one's liking of the sports figure with the product, such advertising illustrates higher-order conditioning)

Why would you choose rats to detect landmines?

All of the above (they are highly social and intelligent and therefore easy to train, they are extremely sensitive to smell and have more genetic material dedicated to olfaction than any other mammal, they can be trained to communicate with a human trainer when it smells a target)

Which of the following research methods can be used in humans?

All of the above (MRI, EEG, Deep brain stimulation with electrodes, Injection of drugs)

Which of the following disorders is correctly matched with an example?

All of these are correctly matched (Mania: Tamika, Bipolar Disorder: Mia, Major Depression: Jordan)

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Alogia

Imagine you are asked to write a brief essay on the flaws in Galton's approach to intelligence. Which of the following would be a justifiable argument?

Although many biological features are normally distributed, it is poor logic to assume that normally distributed traits are necessarily biologically innate.

Match each strategy in game theory to its name.

Always fight Hawk Never fight Dove Fight only if it's already yours Bourgeois

Which of the following statements best characterizes the relation between dementia and Alzheimer's disease?

Alzheimer's disease is a specific type of dementia

Which APA is responsible for publishing the DSM-5?

American Psychiatric Association

Which organization currently publishes the DSM?

American Psychiatric Association

The loudness of the sound corresponds to which of the following? Select all that apply.

Amplitude of the wave Intensity of the wave

Indicate whether the choices shown on the left represent aspects of adolescent egocentrism associated with the imaginary audience or the personal fable.

An adolescent thinking that everyone is talking about his recent break-up- Imaginary audience An adolescent thinking that everyone notices how her hair looks bad on a certain day- Imaginary audience An adolescent thinking that she will not become pregnant even after repeated instances of unprotected sex- Personal fable An adolescent thinking she will not get injured while simultaneously driving her car and texting her friend- Personal Fable

Match each component of intelligence in Sternberg's Theory to the appropriate content area.

Analytic intelligence Standard IQ tests Creative intelligence Unfamiliar or novel situations Practical intelligence Real-world problems

Which of the following statements about conformity is true?

Animals, such as whales and chimpanzees, clearly demonstrate conformity.

Frank used to suffer from alcoholism and seems to have some kind of amnesia. What kind is he more likely to have?

Anterograde amnesia

What is the response that indicates that flavor aversion learning is occurring for cancer patients?

Anticipatory vomiting and nausea

A manipulative, callous individual with no apparent conscience might be classified with which disorder?

Antisocial personality disorder

What might the reaction to this antecedent stimulus be if the bear was at your campsite?

Anxiety

What is the most common category of psychological disorders in the United States?

Anxiety disorders

Click on the part of the spinal cord that, if injured severely, would result in paralysis from the hip/pelvis and legs but not in the upper body.

Anywhere between L1 and L5 (yellow area)

Aristotle's notion of practical wisdom indicates the ability to do which of the following?

Apply a rule or principle in a contextually sensitive manner

According to the video of Harlow's research, how much time did infant monkeys generally spend on their cloth mothers?

Approximately 17-18 hours per day

The period of the zygote ends at which point in prenatal development?

Approximately two weeks after fertilization or when the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall

A cultural anthropologist states that the tendency for individuals to build monumental structures pointing to the heavens, from earth mounds to modern skyscrapers, is an example of each generation's tendency to pay their respects to powers beyond their control that reside in the cosmos. According to this anthropologist, these various monumental structures are examples of:

Archetypes

Andrea's teacher is handing out cookies to her class and gives Andrea's friend two whole cookies and Andrea two halves of one cookie. Andrea becomes upset because she did not receive the same amount of cookie as her friend. In an attempt to distract her from this fact, Andrea's teacher asks Andrea to describe what the world might be like if cookies didn't exist - an activity she knows Andrea will struggle with. Based on this information, Andrea is approximately how old?

Around 7-12 years old

How do individual memories seem to be represented in Inside Out?

As the glowing orbs

A young child is fascinated with animals and, as a result, enjoys going to the zoo. While at the zoo, she encounters the duck-billed platypus, an interesting mammal that bears some physical similarity to a duck and also lays eggs. The child includes this new animal in her existing schema for ducks. Which of the following cognitive processes did this child use to classify the platypus?

Assimilation

Match the following scenarios with the term that best describes the cognitive process that is occurring.

Assimilation- A child has a cognitive structure for fish and encounters a whale for the first time. The child recognizes the commonalities between the fish and the whale: they live underwater‚ they have fins‚ and they eat things smaller than themselves. For this reason‚ whales are placed in the same cognitive structure as fish. Accommodation- Because the child realizes that whales are not the same as fish‚ a new separate cognitive structure is created for them. Equilibration- The child realizes that fish and whales are distinct‚ so her existing cognitive structures map onto what she perceives in the world. Disequilibration- The child starts to realize that fish and whales differ in significant ways. Fish lay eggs‚ but whales give birth to live young. Fish breathe underwater‚ but whales have to surface to take breaths of air. Whereas fish do not take much responsibility for feeding their offspring after they emerge from their eggs‚ mother whales produce milk to feed their young.

Which glial cells fight infections and clean up debris that could lead to dangerous inflammation in the brain? Select all that apply.

Astrocytes Microglia

On an important job interview, you want to make the best impression possible. If you commit a social faux pas, where in the interview process would it cause the most damage in the eyes of those evaluating your likeability and fitness within the organization?

At the beginning

The _________ perspective occurs when more distant objects appear hazy and often have a slight blue tint.

Atmospheric

Match the name of the phase in the left column with its definition in the right column.

Attention Learner thinks about the trainer's response(s) Retention Trainer models and learner tries to imitate trainer Production Learner imitates response without trainer's modeling Motivation Reinforcement/feedback provided when response is correct

Robbins uses "Frank" as a metaphor for which of the following?

Attention and inhibition

Which system(s) use the bending of cilia to send messages to the brain? (Select all that apply)

Auditory Vestibular

The study of involuntary musical imagery is teaching us about which of the following?

Auditory memory

Juanes is 2 years old. His communication is severely impaired. He appears withdrawn and unresponsive to affection. He is most likely to be diagnosed with ______________.

Autism spectrum disorder

Selena has just been assigned to play point guard on her college basketball team. If she is able to run the ball down the court while paying attention to the position of the other players and initiate offensive plays, we can consider her dribbling ________.

Automatic

Jay is learning a lot about dog breeds in his dog-training class and tests Meryl's knowledge on which dog is more dangerous: a Pitbull or a Golden Retriever. Meryl quickly remembers hearing about a recent Pitbull attack the night before and responds that she thinks this breed is more dangerous. Jay informs her that Golden Retrievers are the leading cause of dog-related hospital visits. Meryl's estimate of danger was influenced by which of the following?

Availability Heuristic

When preparing for your upcoming trip, your friend confides in you that he is scared of getting on airplanes. When you press him as to why, he reports that he has seen several crashes reported on the news. You explain to him car accidents are more frequent, posing a higher risk. His fear of flying is mostly influenced by how easy it is for him to remember instances of plane crashes. In other words, his fear is influenced by the __________.

Availability heuristic

Sort the events in order of when they occur (first to last) in escape.

Aversive stimulus is present Operant response occurs Aversive stimulus is removed

Match the part to its function.

Axon Na channels- Propagation of the action potential Potassium channels- Maintenance of the resting potential Lipid bilayer- Keeping ions from crossing into/out of the cell Myelin- Speeding up conduction of the electrical impulse

Billy has developed the habit of yelling in public places. Billy's dad is concerned about this behavior and has started counting the number of public outbursts Billy exhibits. On Monday, Billy yelled in public three times; on Tuesday he yelled 4 times; and on Wednesday he again yelled three times. On Thursday morning, Dad told Billy that from now on (starting on Thursday) each time Billy yelled in public he would be spanked. On Thursday Billy yelled in public three times and received three spankings. On Friday he yelled four times and was spanked four times. Match the terms in the left column with their definitions in the right column.

Baseline Monday‚ Tuesday‚ and Wednesday Frequency Number of times yelling in public occurred each day Treatment Thursday and Friday Target behavior Yelling in public

Extraverted Ellen is more likely than Introverted Ida to: (Select all that apply)

Be more outgoing and adventurous Display a higher level of brain arousal through stimulation of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

Imagine you are preparing to take a history exam. Based on what you know about sleep, it is probably in your best interest to follow which plan of action?

Be sure to get plenty of slow-wave sleep; REM sleep is less important in this case.

Rule: If a person is drinking beer, then the person must be over 21 years of age Cards: Beer Coke 19 22 Which cards do you think you would need to turn over to best test this rule? Select all that apply.

Beer 19

Match the belief statement regarding language development to the correct field.

Behaviorist "A person will express a verbal behavior if they are rewarded for it." Nativist "Humans' language development is constrained by the biological structure of the brain." Emergentist "Humans have a unique‚ biological capacity for language and exposure‚ social pressures‚ and culture can interact with how language develops."

Which of the following would reduce discrimination? Select all that apply.

Being of equal status Working toward a common goal

Sonja, a four-year-old girl, participated in a series of tests designed to measure her intelligence. Initially, the tests were quite simple, but they became more difficult as the tests progressed. Because Sonja was able to answer questions that an average seven-year-old can answer, she was given a mental age of seven. It is most likely these tests were inspired by the work of _______.

Binet

Match the scientists with their approach.

Binet Determined intellectual abilities in children of different ages Wechsler Measured intelligence with similar items grouped together Raven Used matrices and shapes to measure intelligence Galton Tested multiple physiological and sensory abilities

What is the most common eating disorder?

Binge eating disorder

The tendency for certain neutral stimuli to more easily (i.e., with fewer pairings) become conditional stimuli is termed ____________.

Biological preparedness

Which of the following choices best describes the relationship between the terms manic-depressive disorder and bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a newer term replacing the label manic-depressive disorder.

Identify the age range each child would typically be in if demonstrating the following language milestones.

Birth - 3 Months Stefan makes happy cooing noise in response to a caretaker's peek-a-boo game. 7 - 18 Months Jamal stops reaching for a toy after Dad says "No." 2 -3 Years When asked where her stuffed bear is hiding‚ Laila responds with‚ "under the couch." 4 -5 Years Lisa recites "Mary had a Little Lamb" from memory.

Identify the age range each child would typically be in if demonstrating the following language milestones.

Birth-3 Months Julie is able to orient toward noises. 4-6 Months Lisa can respond to her name. 2-3 Years Jake can use 2-4 word sentences. 4-5 Years Sade applies simple grammar rules correctly.

Imagine you want to make an afterimage of the American flag. What color combination should you use?

Black, yellow, and green

Which of the following is a feature of dissociative disorders?

Both of these (Depersonalization and Derealization)

What form(s) of amnesia did H. M. have?

Both retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Each of the following premises could function as a positive reinforcer. Match each of the positive reinforcers with the type of reinforcer it is most likely to be.

Bottled water when you're thirsty Primary positive reinforcer A gold star on a quiz Secondary positive reinforcer Academic probation ended Secondary negative reinforcer Pesos Generalized conditioned reinforcer Loosening a very tight seat belt Primary negative reinforcer

Click on the part of the brain that contains the nerve signaling balance and left-right orientation.

Bottom-most dot (lowest dot)

Using the above video as an example, please match the concept with its application.

Bottom-up processing The processing of the configuration of a face (two eyes‚ a nose‚ and a mouth) and the pattern of light and shadow that communicate depth Top-down processing Combining different sensations with knowledge of how faces work in order to form the perception that a face is coming out at you- even when you know that the mask is concave.

Click on the part of the brain that, if injured badly, would result in certain death

Brain stem (bottom-most dot)

You're out shopping for toothpaste, and you notice the pictures on several different brands. Brand A has a picture of an extremely happy celebrity, Brand B has a picture of gum disease (as a warning for not brushing), Brand C has a picture of starving children (because they're collecting donations), and Brand D has no picture. Based purely on the pictures, which brand of toothpaste are you most likely to purchase according to evaluative conditioning?

Brand A

Congresswoman Gabby Giffords has a difficult time producing motor movements to form language; she is suffering from __________ __________.

Broca's aphasia

Your twin cousins Bruce and Clark are trying to memorize their lines for an upcoming school play. Bruce only drinks regular soda, and Clark only drinks diet soda. If memorizing lines works similar to rats learning spatial location tasks, which of your cousins should perform better?

Bruce

The experience of Kitty Genovese in the mid-1960s began over a half-century of research in what area?

Bystander effect

What social psychological principles are occurring in the comic below? (Click on the image to zoom in.) Select all that apply.

Bystander effect Pluralistic ignorance Diffusion of responsibility

When Melissa hears chainsaws in Resident Evil 4, her heart races and palms sweat because the chainsaw-wielding Plagas are about to kill her character, Leon. Eventually, she can overcome Las Plagas, and her heart rate returns to normal as she picks up the camp key and a ruby. What is/are the safety signal(s) here? Select all that apply.

Camp key Ruby

When Dr. Webb meets a client for the first time, she asks questions about their current and past physical and emotional health, relationship status, and cultural beliefs. She can use this information to develop a ______________.

Case formulation

All the cells and supporting structures inside the skull and vertebral column form the ________.

Central Nervous System

What principle of prenatal development is shown in this figure?

Cephalocaudal development

Choose all brain areas involved directly in the control of movement (click all that apply).

Cerebellum Frontal lobes Basal ganglia

Which of the following can reduce cognitive dissonance? Select all that apply.

Change your attitude Change your behavior

A person from which of the following countries would be most likely to conform to the incorrect responses of others?

China

Jensen made use of which operationalization of processing speed?

Choice reaction time

An effective strategy for improving one's immediate memory capacity is to group information into meaningful patterns. What is the technical name for this strategy?

Chunking

Click on the two components (the text below) that are associated in Pavlovian conditioning: tone, blinking to the tone, puff of air, or blinking to the puff of air.

Click on "tone" and "puff of air"

Where would a man look when another man was talking to his partner if he was afraid of mate poaching? ​

Click on the woman (his partner)

Where would a woman look when another woman was talking to her partner if she was afraid of mate poaching? ​

Click the woman in white (not his partner)

Which of the following factors have NOT shown to contribute to sexual dysfunction?

Close sharing about their experiences of bad sex

Obsession is to compulsion as ______________ is to ______________.

Cognition; behavior

What area of psychology developed out of the understanding of intelligence using flowcharts and conceptualizations of the mind (e.g., how memory is organized)?

Cognitive

Clive has given all his worldly possessions to the cult he joined. He no longer has any contact with his family and has no friends other than cult members. The cult leader told members when the world would end and how aliens would save them. When the world did not end, Clive remained in the cult and became more convinced that the leader was a prophet. What best explains Clive's behavior?

Cognitive dissonance theory

Which of the following is true about cognitive reserve?

Cognitive reserve protects against dementia and can be built up through education, work, and stimulating experiences.

Bennie wants to test a hypothesis about the perception of temperature. He puts his left hand in a bowl of warm water and his right hand in a bowl of cold water. After a few moments, he puts both hands into a bowl of water at room temperature water. How will the water in the third bowl feel?

Cold to his left hand and warm to his right hand because temperature is a relative judgement

An anthropologist is looking at the social behavior of jungle tribes on South Pacific islands over many centuries. He finds evidence that there is a tendency for groups of individuals from some islands to prefer democratic governments while others prefer dictatorial styles of tribal rule. The tendency of these tribes to seek a form of organization illustrates the shared wisdom of the ages stored in the:

Collective unconscious

Based on the example above, which of the following behaviors represents expected social norms in this class?

Coming to class on time

Some of the ways researchers have determined the extent to which intelligence is heritable include which of the following? Select all that apply.

Comparing identical (monozygotic) twins raised together and apart Comparing identical (monozygotic) twins to fraternal (dizygotic) twins

Individuals who have had strokes or injuries to the Wernicke's area are likely to have trouble with:

Comprehending speech

Which of the following best characterizes Wechsler's method of calculating deviation IQ?

Compute a person's IQ by comparing their performance to performance of all other people at their age who have ever taken the test.

Professor Tess compares the similarity of personality test scores from a sample of twins, which means he is investigating the ______________ for this sample of twins.

Concordance rate

Using concrete and abstract thinking processes, what would a crow and a fish have in common?

Concrete thinking- They both have eyes. Abstract thinking- They are both living organisms.

On the first day of police officer training class, you give your 10-item test of anxiety and a more established 45-item test of anxiety to the trainees. You then collect the scores of a separate, self-report measure of anxiety provided by each trainee after they have completed their first experience in a high-speed training exercise. Your test predicts the self-report measures just as well as the longer, more established test. Your efforts represent an attempt to assess the ______________ validity of your test.

Concurrent

Match the word to the term from this demonstration.

Conditional stimulus "Learning" Unconditional stimulus Noise Unconditional response Responding to the noise Conditional response Responding to the word "learning" Pavlov Irrelevant stimulus

Sort these classical conditioning events in order from what happens first after learning has taken place to what happens last as in the Pavlovian or classical conditioning figures above--before, during, and after conditioning (in Figure 7.5).

Conditional stimulus Conditional response Unconditional stimulus Unconditional response

Jodie saw Cujo, a large, brown dog, and walked up to pet him. Cujo bit Jodie on the hand, and she immediately began to cry and exhibit other fear responses (e.g., rapid heartbeat, "butterflies" in her stomach, etc.). Now when she sees any large dog, she gets nervous and frightened. Match the correct definition to the specifics of the event.

Conditional stimulus Cujo Unconditional stimulus Bite on hand Conditional response Fear

Match the condition to the appropriate scenario.

Conditioned insomnia- For the last several nights‚ Sabine has had trouble sleeping. She tosses and turns throughout the night and can't seem to get her brain to quiet down. Now she notices that even the thought of another restless night makes her anxious. Idiopathic insomnia- Ever since Jerome was a young child‚ he has had difficulty sleeping. He has tried several different types of therapies‚ but none seem to permanently alleviate his symptoms. Cataplexy- Abner went to see "The Monster that Ate Chicago" with his friends. During a particularly frightening part of the movie‚ he discovered that he could not lift his arm to pick up his soda‚ and in fact could not move much at all. Hypnopompic hallucinations- Everly woke up from a sound sleep; although her body was paralyzed‚ she had the sensation of levitating above her bed. She also saw three sinister beings crouched at the foot of her bed. REM sleep disorder- At night when Diana sleeps‚ she thrashes about while she dreams. Her roommate says it is almost as if she is acting out her dreams.

Imagine you witness a car accident and instead of stopping, one car continues to drive away. As you focus on the license plate of the fleeing car which part of your eye are you using?

Cones in the center of your vision

Once we form an opinion about someone, which of the following explains why we attend to information that is consistent with our impressions and ignore information that is not consistent with our beliefs?

Confirmation bias

While researching a paper for school, Dan gets excited to learn about red meat causing cancer. He searches for several papers supporting the view that diets high in red meat will cause cancer. Dan's lack of searching for contrasting evidence indicates that he was susceptible to which of the following?

Confirmation bias

You met Jim at a friend's house. You disliked Jim immediately and found him to be rude and self-centered. When some friends were going on a road trip a month later, everyone met on time and Jim showed up 20 minutes late. Even though your friends had good things to say about Jim, all you could think about was how inconsiderate it was of him to arrive late, and it just supported what you already felt about him. This situation is best described as ______________.

Confirmation bias

When Milgram moved his experiment from the campus of Yale University to a warehouse in downtown Bridgeport, Connecticut, what were his findings?

Conformity dropped to a little less than 50%

Bill is aware that he is upset about an upcoming test in his personality psychology class. Bill's feelings are operating in the ______________ level of the mind.

Conscious

What aspect of Kelley's covariation theory would describe the on-time arrival of other students?

Consensus

What aspect of Kelley's covariation theory considers the repeated late arrival of Student X?

Consistency

The most popular intelligence tests include several types of questions in an attempt to test the different aspects of intelligence. This broad approach should increase the test's _________.

Content validity

Match the function with the correct part of the brain.

Coordination of movement-Cerebellum Auditory processing- Temporal lobe Visual processing- Occipital lobe Breathing and respiration- Medulla

Arrange the parts of the eye below in the order that light must travel to reach the rods and cones.

Cornea Pupil Lens Retina

Correctly order the pathway light must travel to reach the VC.

Cornea Pupil Lens Rods/cones Diffuse and midget bipolar cells M-cells and P-cells Optic chiasm Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the thalamus Visual Cortex

Which of the following, as its primary function, helps the two hemispheres of the brain communicate?

Corpus callosum

Julio is a graduate student at Prestigious U. He plans on studying intelligence and wants to use reaction time as one of his dependent measures. If you are advising Julio, what should you tell him about his outcome measure?

Correlations between reaction time and traditional measures of intelligence are relatively weak.

A personality psychologist studying post-traumatic stress reactions in flood victims assesses the brain activity of each individual. This is an example of which type of psychophysiological assessment technique for measuring personality?

Cortical measure

Lisa and her brother Bart are very competitive with one another. Lisa always beats Bart at Scrabble because she knows more words than he does. This is an example of which type of intelligence?

Crystallized intelligence

As of 2022, the latest version of the DSM is the _________ and includes over 541 diagnoses.

DSM-5

As Serena Williams got better and better at tennis growing up, which of the following things likely happened in her brain?

Dendrites branched out in her cerebellum.

Match the part of the neuron with its function.

Dendrites- House receptors Axon- Propagate action potential K+ channels- Hyperpolarization Myelin- Speeds up action potential

Match the drug category with its general effects on the central nervous system.

Depressants Dampen‚ slow‚ or inhibit the activity of the nervous system Stimulants Excite or increase the activity of the nervous system Hallucinogens Influence the interaction between the sensory system and the rest of the nervous system

What are reinforcers according to Timberlake?

Deprived responses

Maria steals money from the offering plate in church every Sunday. Which of the 4 D's of abnormal behavior best describes this behavior?

Deviance

What does DSM stand for?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

Which of the following statements about social relationships in adolescence is true?

Differing psychosocial models provide varying accounts of the ways in adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer relationships coexist.

A person with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder might display which of the following?

Difficulty focusing attention

Eleanor fell on the sidewalk of a busy street in New York City. She sustained a compound fracture and started going into physical shock. Despite her presence on the sidewalk and her clear distress, hundreds of participants walked past her and even over her without pause. What best explains why no one helped her for nearly an hour?

Diffusion of responsibility

Match the terms to their definitions.

Direction The ability to know what to do in a situation and how to do it Adaptation The ability to create strategies for implementing knowledge Criticism The ability to find error in one's thinking

After your friend describes her blind dates in full detail, she chastises you for convincing her to try online dating in the first place. She declares that she will never date again because it's not worth the heartbreak and dating makes her feel uncomfortable. What attachment style best characterizes your friend?

Dismissive or avoidant

What component of Kelley's covariation model considers the similarity of Student X's behavior in other courses?

Distinctiveness

What can help this rescue dog and firefighters find fearful people and pets stuck in buildings that are on fire?

Distress vocalizations

Engaging in two tasks at once, such as talking on a cell phone while driving, can be considered _________.

Divided attention

Cross-sectional research designs allow researchers to examine age-related changes in different groups of participants. Which of the following research questions would be best addressed using a cross-sectional design?

Do children have different relationships with same- or opposite-sex peers in 4th, 6th, and 8th grades?

Dr. Carl Hart is giving a presentation on drug addiction. He is discussing how social context can affect the release of the neurotransmitter associated with reward and pleasure. He is discussing the neurotransmitter ______________.

Dopamine

Increased concentrations of this neurotransmitter may be associated with less impulsive responses during adolescence.

Dopamine

Match the neurotransmitter with its effect. (1)

Dopamine- Pleasure Serotonin- Mood elevation Acetylcholine- Muscle contraction GABA- Inhibition

Match the brain area to the function with which it is most involved.

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-Working memory. Motor cortex- Sends commands for voluntary movements. Corticobulbar tract- Carries commands to facial muscles. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex-Regulates fear based behavior.

Which part of the neuron below is where neurotransmitters are released?

Dot at the very end

Which target correctly identifies the supernormal stimulus of this bird, assuming this bird is like a parasitic cuckoo but does not reflect ultraviolet light from its body? ​

Dot in bird's mouth

If there are a lot of hawks in the population of the immediate area, which is the good strategy to adopt?

Dove

Why were pregnant women in the United States spared exposure to thalidomide, given its widespread use in other parts of the world?

Dr. Frances Kelsey, a doctor at the FDA, delayed the use of thalidomide in the United States because there was not enough research on the effects of thalidomide use and too few safeguards were in place.

Match the terms in the left column with their definitions in the right column.

Duration How long a behavior last Intensity The strength/magnitude of a response Baseline Count of a behavior before applying a treatment Frequency Number of times a response occurs during an observation

When do night terrors most commonly occur? Select all that apply.

During slow-wave sleep During childhood

Which of the following are the 4 Ds of abnormal behavior?

Dysfunction, deviance, distress, danger

______________ refers to problems with the quality of sleep. ______________, in contrast, refers to the problems that occur during sleep.

Dyssomnia; Parasomnia

Which of Tracy's necessary components of theories of emotion corresponds to how happiness does not serve the same purpose as anxiety?

Each emotion is a different adaptation.

Which culture shows evidence of some of the earliest research on the brain?

Egyptian

Which of the following do cells in your nervous system use to process information? Select all that apply.

Electrical activity Chemicals

Match the instrument with the physiological responses it measures.

Electroencephalogram Measures electrical activity across the surface of the cortex Electrooculogram Measures movements of the eye Electromyogram Measures muscle tension; in this instance‚ muscle tension around the jaw

A basketball coach is interested in the effect of anxiety on athletic performance. He measures how much his players sweat after being told that they will receive less playing time due to their weak performance over the last three games. This is an example of which type of psychophysiological assessment technique for measuring personality?

Electrophysiological measure

Which of the following factors does not seem to protect against cognitive decline in old age?

Eliminating caffeine from one's diet

Who is most likely to agree with the following statement? "Language progresses in early development through positive rewards but is limited after childhood due to developmental constraints."

Emergentists

Which of the following is not behavior?

Emoji

Match each term with a relevant example.

Encoding Jason is studying hard for a math test. He believes that the best way for him to get the information into his mind is to complete as many different example math problems as he can. Jason is trying to solve the problem. Storage Kayla is really interested in neuroscience. In particular‚ she is interested in how the brain represents memories physically. Kayla would like to solve the problem.

To avoid groupthink, what would you recommend to a potential leader? (Select all that apply)

Encourage the expression of diverse opinions. Beware of mind guards. Do not pressure people to make decisions. If voting‚ use anonymous ballots.

The video discusses different Russian terms for dark and light blue. Why should this not be strange to English speakers?

English speakers have different terms for shades of red (e.g., red and pink).

Bryant is a 7-year old boy who frequently wets his underpants when playing outside at recess. What seems to be the proper diagnosis for Bryant?

Enuresis, diurnal only

Trisha is trying to remember what color the friendship bracelet that her best friend Alex gave her in second grade was. What kind of memory is Trisha using?

Episodic memory

Your teenage daughter has recently expressed that she is focused on discovering her "inner self." This exploration and search for identity most closely aligns with which theory of development?

Erikson's theory of personality development

Dominic's office building manager wants to save money on electricity, so she always lowers the temperature to 60℉ over the weekend. When it's cold outside and in the office, what kind of operation is this for turning up the heat?

Establishing operation

Developmental psychologists may choose to study any of the behaviors described below. Match the provided descriptions of developmental research to the domain of development under investigation when considering cognitive development, social development, or the intersection of cognitive and social development (an area of research called social cognition).

Examining how language develops over the first two years of life- Cognitive development Studying how the characteristics of children's friendships change as they age- Social development Examining how children form close relationships with their caregivers- Social development Studying the development of memory from infancy to childhood- Cognitive development Studying how children process and interpret the behaviors of their peers at school- Social cognition Examining how children come to understand that their thoughts and feelings may differ from those of their peers- Social cognition

Chase and Simon tested both novice and expert chess players. Their findings supported that expertise provides the foundation for creative problem-solving because which of the following is true?

Expertise allows for consolidating information and unburdens thinking resources.

A person who is traveling from New York to Singapore may experience problems with jet lag. Which of the following would you advise him to do upon arrival? Select all that apply.

Expose himself to a bright light upon waking up in the morning. Take melatonin right before bed.

Which of the following options is a good test of implicit memory?

Exposing participants to a list of color names, then seeing if they complete the word stem "GRE__" as "GREEN."

In the movie A Clockwork Orange, Alex receives aversion therapy—pairing a nausea-inducing drug with violent films and Beethoven's music—so that he might not have violent thoughts and commit violent crimes once released from prison. At first, Alex becomes ill when he thinks about or is put into situations in which he could be violent. When he's forced to listen to Beethoven for many hours without the nausea-inducing drug, he eventually stops feeling ill. What Pavlovian phenomenon has occurred to produce Alex's reduction in responding?

Extinction

Janie had tantrums before bedtime, and her parents tried to quiet her down. Then Janie's parents stopped attending to her tantrums when they put her to bed. Six months later, Janie no longer exhibits tantrums. Which of the following eliminated Janie's tantrums?

Extinction

The psychologist becomes hoarse from his maniacal screaming and loses his voice. Eventually, the woman no longer trembles when the bell is rung. Which phenomenon best accounts for this?

Extinction

If every sixth occurrence of a response triggers the delivery of a positive reinforcer, which schedule of reinforcement is being illustrated?

FR 6

Nandi was just admitted to the hospital for the fourth time in 3 months with severe nausea. Her sister informs the medical team that just this morning, she saw Nandi drinking from a bottle of cleaning fluid. Which of the following psychological diagnoses seems most appropriate?

Factitious disorder imposed on self

Both Spearman and Thurstone used what statistical method?

Factor analysis

Cattell used the statistical technique of ______________ to help identify major dimensions of personality consisting of a combination of traits.

Factor analysis

Advances in measuring IQ plateaued with the Wechsler measures and they are not a primary focus in modern psychology.

False

Galton's measurements predicted academic success.

False

If you are right-brained, you are likely creative.

False

Intelligence is determined by one specific chromosome.

False

Participants in the Stanford Prison Experiment were informed that the local police would come to "arrest" them.

False

People from Japan are more likely to demonstrate primacy effects in impression formation than people from the U.S.

False

The endocrine system is part of the nervous system.

False

The predictions of local psychiatrists and psychologists on the percentage of people who will administer the final shock of 450 volts closely matched the actual results from Milgram's studies.

False

True or False: The amount of time studying and the amount of learning are always positively correlated.

False

Which of the following best explains Jennifer's belief that everyone thinks the exam is hard?

False consensus effect

Responding to the question "Does the apple have a stem?" is _______________ if you imagine the apple next to a grape compared to if you imagine the apple next to a tree. This is evidence in favor of _______________ .

Faster; the inner eye

Fear and anxiety are seemingly synonymous terms. However, each word is distinctly different. Define the difference between the two.

Fear is a response to a current event while anxiety is the worry about future events

Encopresis is to ______________ as enuresis is to ______________.

Feces; urine

Dexter is really turned on by stiletto boots. In fact, he cannot become sexually aroused unless his partner dons a pair of these boots. For Dexter, these boots are a ______________ object.

Fetishistic

Please click on the pinna.

First dot (top-most)

Click on the portion of the retina that is processed by the diffuse bipolar cells and M-cells. ​

First dot (west-most dot)

Click on the portion of the retina that makes up ~ 70% of the information leaving the eye.

First dot (west-most dot)

We have found a special electrical stimulator that allows us to control someone's decisions. We want to target the area that receives input from all over the cortex. Where should we click?

First dot (west-most dot)

Which of the following areas helps the brain make decisions based on fears?

First dot (west-most dot)

click on the part of the brain that would light up on a brain scan if you were experiencing social exclusion.

First dot (west-most dot)

Sort the intermittent schedules of reinforcement in order from lowest to highest rate of responding. See also the figure with the graph of responses over time for each of the four schedules of reinforcement.

Fixed interval Variable interval Fixed ratio Variable ratio

Match the following symptoms with the appropriate PTSD category.

Flashbacks Re-experiencing symptoms Constant fear Cognitive and mood symptoms Trouble sleeping Arousal and reactivity symptoms

Match the task with what it is designed to measure.

Flicker task Change blindness Dichotic listening task Selective attention Driving tasks (while on a cell phone) Divided attention

Wernicke's aphasia is also referred to as ________ aphasia, whereas Broca's aphasia can also be referred to ________ aphasia.

Fluent, nonfluent

Malcom has always been able to solve problems in school. Even when he was a small child, he seemed to think through questions and answer them more quickly than his classmates. According to Cattell, Malcom's quick reasoning and problem-solving skills are probably evidence of his overall _________ intelligence.

Fluid

Robbins is able to manipulate your attention by doing which of the following?

Forcing your attention to an internal event, like a memory, distracting you from what he is doing externally

Match the following identity types with the behavior patterns shown on the right

Foreclosed- A young woman decides to pursue a career as a plumber because her father was a plumber and that is what he always wanted her to be Identity diffusion- A young man cannot make any firm decisions about his future unsure of whether he would like to pursue a career in advertising¸ become a medical doctor or own a flower shop Achieved- A young woman has thoughtfully considered various career options and has decided to work towards becoming a physicist who works for NASA Psychosocial moratorium- A young woman is in college and plans to take a gap year before pursuing graduate school in a field of interest that she has not yet identified

After watching Dennett's talk, how many different ways can you interpret the image below?

Four

You would like your best friend to go to a party with you but you know he doesn't enjoy crowds. You make sure to highlight that he will benefit by getting free food and quality time with you. You are increasing the likelihood he agrees by ______ your proposal to highlight the subjective benefits for him.

Framing

Jon and John are twins but look nothing alike, which makes them ______________ twins.

Fraternal

Match what the prey should do based on what the predator is doing.

Freeze- Scanning the ground Flee- Giving chase Fight-Capture

According to the need to belong theory of motivation, what do we need?

Friends

Sort the following brain areas according to the level of processing (high to low).

Frontal lobes Hippocampus Pons Spinal cord

Which two connections between other parts of the brain and the cerebellum could I cut in order to block its ability to coordinate voluntary movement? Select the two that apply.

Frontal motor --> cerebellum Spinal cord --> cerebellum

Match each type of event to its example.

Frustrative You put money into the vending machine‚ but you did not get your chips. Reinforcing You restarted your computer‚ and your web browser works much faster. Punishing You turned a corner too sharply‚ and you hit your leg on the side of the table.

Steve and Sarah are biologically able to have children, while separate medical examinations indicate that both Helen and Harry are capable of having children but are not reproducing. Helen and Harry would be considered to be ______________ individuals.

Functionally infertile

Which of the following best explains why the professor concludes that Jennifer lacks the skills needed for success and lacks motivation?

Fundamental attribution error

Which of the following areas would we stimulate to make a patient feel sensation in the hand?

Furthest middle dot (in between two other dots)

A college student recently overdosed on alcohol. The student slipped into a coma due to severely depressed brain activity. Which neurotransmitter receptor did the alcohol likely bind with?

GABA

Match the scientist with their contribution to our scientific understanding of intelligence.

Galton Concept of the normal distribution Binet Measured intelligence across different age groups Terman Demonstrated the validity of the Stanford-Binet test

Aaron has been placing bets at the dog track for the past year. He used to make small wagers once or twice a month but has recently been pawning his electronic devices in order to keep betting. Which addictive disorder seems like an appropriate diagnosis for Aaron?

Gambling disorder

The blind spot is the place where the axons of the ______ cells leave the eye.

Ganglion

Anita has always had an ear for music. She often finds she can play a piece flawlessly after only hearing it once. Which of the following models best explains this ability?

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

Which best explains the heritability of intelligence?

General intelligence is a function of both nature and nurture.

Which of the following types of positive reinforcers is least likely to temporarily lose its reinforcing capacity even though one has "gotten it" recently?

Generalized conditioned reinforcers

You overhear your friend telling a story. Specifically, you hear him yell "I done great!" You correct him by telling him, he meant to say "I did great!" You corrected his ________.

Grammar

Match the following terms with their definition.

Grammar The general rules of a language Syntax Structure and order of words within a language

In the demonstration at the beginning of the talk, which color was the same?

Grey

According to the video, how was Koshik able to speak?

He had to use his trunk to manipulate his mouth.

Patient R.S. has trouble telling the doctor how hard the touch was on his left shoulder. He has a history of seizures. What about patient R.S. would be a good guess?

He has had surgery to disconnect the corpus callosum.

Tim has had an operation to treat his severe epilepsy. As a result of this operation, the two halves of his brain are unable to communicate with one another. If I were to show him an image of a rose on the left and an image of a cat on the right, you should expect that which of the following is true?

He will be able to report seeing a cat but would draw a rose with his left hand.

What part of the brain was likely damaged in the case study of "H.M.?"

Hippocampus

Donald has just attained a fairly low score in a test designed to measure his verbal ability. Based on Thurstone's theory of seven primary intelligences, when he takes a test designed to measure his perceptual speed, you can predict that which of the following will occur?

His score on that test will be independent of his verbal fluency test score

A duck likes to collect and swim in his sea of coins which he can exchange for oats. What is his behavior called when he collects so many coins that are not themselves food?

Hoarding

Which of the following is NOT a critical element of defining personality?

How a person's behavior is affected by social and cultural norms

According to Dr. Ariely's research, what is causing our decision-making to be biased? Select all that apply.

Humans are not 100% aware of the forces acting on their choices.

Match the terms with the correct descriptions.

Hypnagogic hallucinations Hallucinations experienced just before falling asleep Hypnopompic hallucinations Hallucinations experienced just before waking from sleep

The image below is a graphic depiction of stages of sleep as a function of time. On the X axis is time, on the Y are the different stages of sleep. Throughout the night, we progress through a predictable pattern of sleep. This image shows that early on in the night we progress through all three stages of sleep and then REM. After REM the cycle repeats. As the night progresses, we spend more time in REM and less time in slow wave sleep. The image below is called a ______________.

Hypnogram

Autumn is a 3-year-old little girl. Her camp counselors kept her out for 30 minutes in the heat, causing her to have to go to the emergency room and get treatment for heat stroke. All the camp counselors and older children were fine. What part of her brain might be less developed than her older counterparts, and thus cause this problem?

Hypothalamus

If I tell you that the membrane of the neuron in the question below normally doesn't allow ions to enter or leave, and you know that the movement of charged particles is how electrical impulses happen, how do we solve this problem?

I would make a door (or a channel) that can open and close.

The ______________ is the source of psychic energy and is located completely in the ______________ region of the mind.

Id, unconscious

Some people incorrectly conclude that because identical twins have IQs more similar than fraternal twins, IQ is genetically driven. Why is this incorrect?

Identical twins have been treated as very similar and the extra similarity of their environment may explain the similarity of their I.Q.

Match the term to the correct definition.

Identity None has been added or removed so the amount remains unchanged such as the amount of liquid or the number of coins. Compensation The imposed changes cancel each other out such as when liquid is poured from a tall skinny glass to a short fat one. Inversion The changes can be reversed such that a skinny roll of clay can be transformed back into the round ball of clay the child saw initially.

Match the following developmental milestones with an experience that could keep a person from reaching the milestone.

Identity versus role confusion A teenager adheres to a religion that promotes conformity. Autonomy versus doubt and shame A mother does not let her toddler dig in the dirt for worms. Trust versus mistrust A newborn is in foster care and receives inconsistent care. Generativity versus stagnation A man has children but does not take care of them.

If I were to speak to a person with split-brain and ask them to do a dance, saying the request to them once in each ear, what should I expect? Select all that apply.

If I ask in the right ear‚ they will do the dance and know that I asked them to do it. If I ask in the left ear‚ they will do the dance but won't know why.

Imagine you are a participant in a dichotic listening task; which of the following stimuli are you most likely to notice in your unattended ear?

If the speaker were to say your name

After preparing strongly for your exam, you realize there are still two terms you are struggling with. You decide to sleep on the concepts. While you are getting ready for the exam, the connection suddenly comes to you. You have experienced the ________phase of creativity and problem solving.

Illumination

Match each type of elaboration with its weakness.

Imagery Memories using this technique tend to be more generalized. Organizational encoding Within-group mistakes are often made. Distinctive encoding Potentially time-consuming. Self referential encoding Potentially culture-bound to individualistic cultures.

Arya is trying to remember a list of names. She rehearses the list of names to herself, imagining the person's face as she says their name while also thinking of the last time she interacted with that person. What two types of elaboration is Arya using to remember her list of names?

Imagery and self-reference

When Charlie watches Simon and then Charlie acts in a way similar to how Simon acted, Charlie engaged in ________. Select all that apply.

Imitation Observational learning

The defining factor of psychological disorders is that they cause significant ______________ in an individual's life.

Impairment

What would Thorndike say his cats learn about in their puzzle box experiment?

In the presence of a pedal in a puzzle box, press it

Which of the following events would happen with surprise (like fear)? Select both answers that apply.

Increased heart rate and blood pressure when your friend yelled hello in a quiet room Opening your eyes wide and paying attention to a new and unexpected stimulus

What is the biggest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?

Increasing age

Archimedes was capable of having his famous "Eureka!" moment, not necessarily because he was a genius bound for creative thinking, but primarily because he had sufficient ________.

Incubation

Research investigating creativity and problem-solving suggests that if information is difficult, you should take a break from the material to allow for __________.

Incubation

A distinguishing feature of projective techniques of personality assessment is that which of the following is true? Select both answers that apply.

Individuals are asked to respond to ambiguous stimuli They allow for considerable response freedom

The onset of neurodevelopmental disorders is typically during which period of the lifespan?

Infancy

The video linked at the end of the previous paragraph shows some of the current research being conducted on infant and child morality. When asked about B. F. Skinner and behavioral conditioning halfway through the video, what does Professor Bloom say about the origins of morality?

Infants are born with a universal moral code.

A person with visual neglect has damage to the ____________.

Inferior parietal lobe

For Premack's principle, match each frequency of behavior with its type of activity.

Infrequent behavior- Less preferred activity Frequent behavior- Preferred activity

Which of the following would result in hearing loss?

Injury to the temporal lobe

You're at a family picnic with your infant son. You want to grab some more food, so you ask your uncle - someone with whom your infant has almost no experience - to hold your son while you get some food. Your son seems reluctant to be handed over, clinging to your shorts and starting to cry. Which of the following attachment styles best describes your son's behavior?

Insecure-resistant

Match the description of mother behavior to the attachment styles most likely experienced by the infants subject to that behavior.

Insecure-resistant- The mother of this infant is intermittently responsive‚ so that infants want to maintain contact with her when she is emotionally and physically available. Insecure-avoidant- This mother is emotionally and physically distant‚ so her infant learns that she must rely on herself in stressful situations. Secure- This mother is sensitive to the needs of her infant‚ providing comfort when needed but also serving as a secure base from which the infant can explore the world.

Which of the following testing methods measures the speed of processing? Select all that apply.

Inspection time Choice reaction time

Which of the following is not an ethical consideration that must be taken into account when conducting developmental research?

Institutional Review Boards have fewer regulations and restrictions guiding the conduct of research with infants and young children because there are so few studies for which they are eligible to participate.

Lee is driving down the street and hears a siren on his left side. He can almost swear it sounds slightly louder to his left ear. It is likely that Lee is using which of the following?

Interaural level differences

When comparing differences in arrival time between the two ears, we are using which of the following?

Interaural time differences

At a casino, one can find slot machines. Which schedule of reinforcement would most likely govern the payout of slot machines?

Intermittent

Based on the totality of the situation, what type of attribution can be made about Student X?

Internal

According to the Fundamental Attribution Error, when making attributions about other people, we are more likely to make ______________ attributions, whereas when making attributions about ourselves, we are more likely to make ______________ attributions.

Internal; external

Your job is to sort the new plastic figurines created at a toy factory. There are two types, Flows and Gorks. You have been trained on three examples of Flow characters and three examples of Gorks (as below). Suddenly, you encounter a new character you are unfamiliar with. How will you sort the new character?

Into Flows due to the family resemblance

Longitudinal research designs allow researchers the opportunity to study stability or change over time in the same group of individuals as they age. Which of the following research questions would be best addressed using a longitudinal research design?

Is being reared in an orphanage or institution early in life associated with less optimal cognitive and social development (relative to control children who were reared by their parents in the community) as children age?

Modern tools can help us understand the functions of various parts of the brain. Which of the following questions do we ask about different parts of the brain and the functions they control? Select all that apply.

Is it sufficient? Is it involved?

When information in short-term memory is continually rehearsed, which of the following is true?

It can theoretically last indefinitely

Select all statements that apply to the Multi Store Model by Atkinson and Shiffrin.

It conceptualizes memory storage. It uses flowcharts to conceptualize mental processing.

An injury to the brainstem is so dangerous because:

It could affect clusters of neurons that regulate the heart rate and breathing.

What happens if a raven sees a second raven land in the same area in which the first bird is caching?

It digs up the food to relocate it

Where is the Merkel Receptor located, and what does it do?

It is located close to the surface of the skin and fires continuously while the skin is in contact with an object.

Where is the Pacinian corpuscle located, and what does it do?

It is located deeper in the skin and senses vibrations.

Think about the process of twinning, as described above. Which of the following statements is correct?

It is possible for a woman to be pregnant with dizygotic or fraternal twins that were conceived by sperm from two different men.

Maggie has been having a terrifying reoccurring dream that the genetics lab on campus released several super-sized tigers on campus, and they are chasing her. If you were to use an evolutionary hypothesis of dreams to understand her experience, you would point out that which of the following is true?

It is typical to dream about threats that were relevant in our ancestral past, such as threats of predation.

Which of the following is true concerning the ethics of conducting experiments to determine whether teratogens cause negative outcomes in developing humans?

It is unethical to randomly assign pregnant women to an experimental condition (e.g., exposure to teratogens) that might negatively impact their developing infant.

Which of the following is true for flavor aversion learning?

It mostly occurs with new foods

Luchin's Jar Problem illustrates the hindrance of a fixed mental set on problem-solving. How does this primarily limit our ability to solve problems?

It narrows focus and decreases ability to select and try new strategies.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using Wechsler's method relative to the Binet-type measures?

It took into account cultural differences of the test taker

How did the inclusion of production systems help advance heuristics for artificial intelligence?

It used a new, fluid storage of memory that more closely mimicked humans'.

What emotion is Natalie Merchant conveying with the following lyrics: "Is she fine/ So well bred/ The perfect girl/ A social deb?/ Does she talk the way I do?/ Is her voice reminding you/ Of the promises/ The little white lies, too?/ Sometimes, tell me/ While she's touching you/ Just by mistake/ Accidentally, do you say my name?"

Jealousy

For each description, select the item on the right that best explains the behavior.

Jen wanted to stay out until midnight‚ well after her curfew‚ so she asked her mom if she could spend the night at a friend's house. Her mom said no‚ so Jen asked for a midnight curfew instead‚ which her mom said was okay. Door-in-the-face Donna agreed to foster a cat while a home could be found. After several weeks‚ the shelter asked Donna if she would keep the cat because they were unable to find the cat a permanent home. Foot-in-the-door Tina and Chris were on vacation and were staying at a new hotel. Both hungry and tired‚ they decided to order room service. The prices seemed reasonable. They ordered $22 worth of food. When the food was delivered‚ Tina opened the bill and it said the total was $39.55! Tina was upset because she could not understand how it could be that much and the hotel staff explained that there were taxes and service charges. Tina was angry‚ but they were hungry‚ it was late‚ and there was nothing else she could do. Lowballing

Which of the following would represent a dispositional attribution? Select all that apply.

Jesse is lazy. Joanna is intelligent.

Jim Jones orchestrated the mass suicide of approximately 900 cult members living in Jonestown. This tragedy was the result of which of the following factors? Select all that apply.

Jones isolated members from persons outside the group. Jones was charismatic. Jones controlled the relationships and sexual relations that were permitted. Members stayed due to an escalation in commitment.

Jordan is trying to remember the name of his third grade teacher; while he can remember her face, he can't seem to remember her name. Meanwhile, Polly is mixing up her third and fourth grade teachers, getting them backward. Who is committing an error of omission?

Jordan

Which of these is an example of the duration of immediate memory?

Kira is trying to remember how to spell her doctor's last name by repeating the letters to herself until she can find a pen. When she finally does finds one, her brother interrupts her writing process by asking when their parents are coming home. Kira looks up and answers him, but when she looks back down at she sheet of paper, she can't remember how to spell the rest of the doctor's name.

Katherine likes to go window shopping at the mall. While there, she often feels an urge to slip small items from the shelves into her pocket. She typically has plenty of money to buy these items and does not need them anyway. Which psychological disorder best describes her behavior?

Kleptomania

Which hallucinogenic drug acts on serotonin levels in the thalamus?

LSD

Labeling psychological disorders can be both helpful and harmful. Which of the following is a harmful use of labels?

Labels are a way to excuse unacceptable behaviors.

Koshik's ability to generate Korean speech sounds emphasizes which important function of speech?

Language as a tool for social connection

Match each emotional premise in one person to what an observer would do as a response to that emotion.

Larry expresses pride Friends grant him higher social status and celebrate his achievement over dinner Francis expresses anger Friends avoid his attempts to talk for the rest of the day Will expresses fear Friends comfort him by telling him that everything will be okay

What part of the neuron below would I block if I want to keep it from releasing neurotransmitters?

Last dot

Teddy and all of his buddies are busy playing video games at the mall while Betty and all of her girlfriends are planning their next slumber party. Such behavior by this group of boys and girls is characteristic of the ______________ period.

Latency

Annalise had been driving through campus for three years, but she didn't think she knew it very well until she started giving tours to prospective students and their parents. What phenomenon might Annalise be demonstrating?

Latent learning

Match the nucleus (cluster of neurons) in the thalamus to its proper target in the cerebral cortex:

Lateral Geniculate Body- Visual cortex Medial Geniculate Body- Auditory cortex

Kasey's boss has been unnecessarily harsh to her ever since she started working at the company. He finally gave her a chance to prove that she isn't incompetent, but she didn't embrace the opportunity like he thought she should. What is a likely explanation for Kasey's behavior?

Learned helplessness

If Giffords is primarily experiencing language difficulties, which hemisphere of the brain was damaged?

Left

In a situation where groupthink is occurring, which of the following statements best represents the illusion of invulnerability?

Let's do it—we never fail.

The scale on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality-2 (MMPI-2) that is designed to assess the extent to which individuals are responding to the items in a manner designed to present themselves in a socially desirable manner is the ______________ scale.

Lie

Which of these terms is a valid specifier of sexual dysfunction in DSM-5?

Lifelong

Sort the Pavlovian conditioning phases in the correct order of acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery. See also the figure above (Figure 7.10).

Light + food - pecking occurs to both Light alone - pecking slowly diminishes Rest period without light or food Light alone - pecking returns

Several researchers have examined how well deaf participants remember hand signs that represent letters, just as listeners remember letters they hear. In listening, hearing participants perform poorly on immediate memory tests when letters that sound alike make up the to-be-remembered list. Researchers have shown that a similar phenomenon happens in American Sign Language, and they conclude from their results that articulation (the way something is produced) is what matters, not necessarily speech. Given that articulation seems to be very important, what kinds of hand signs would you suspect would be mixed up in native speakers of American Sign Language, the way similar-sounding letters are mixed up in hearing individuals?

Lists of signs that are made up of similar motions are more likely to be mixed up on an immediate memory test.

Charlie got an ear infection, and he won't be able to hear out of his right ear until the infection clears up. Charlie will have the most trouble with which of the following?

Localizing sounds accurately

Which of the following situations would lead to feelings of cognitive dissonance?

Luis has always protested violence and war, but last week he signed up to join the Marine Corps.

Olga went to the bar in order to meet a guy. She wasn't ovulating. Would she more likely prefer Todd, who is trying to start a fight with a group of guys, or Luther, who is participating in a slam poetry reading?

Luther

Maia's IQ was calculated using the formula developed by Terman, and the result was greater than 100. This indicates that _______________________.

Maia's mental age is greater than her chronological age

Relative to younger adults, older adults place greater emphasis on which aspect of their lives?

Maintaining personally satisfying relationships with others

Katerina will be trying out for her college basketball team tomorrow. She has been practicing a new technique to approach the basket to set up her shot. According to research, before she tries out, it would be in her best interest to do which of the following?

Make sure she gets REM sleep before tryouts.

Which of the following societal modifications could reduce risky behaviors by adolescents?

Making it easier for adolescents to obtain condoms and other forms of birth control

What sex role is typically less costly for hermaphrodites?

Male

Sort the following people in order of who would salivate most to least at the sight of food.

Maria‚ who hasn't eaten anything all day. Fred‚ who only had breakfast today. Jeremy‚ who only had breakfast and lunch today. Gertrude‚ who just finished eating dinner 15 minutes ago.

Which of the following statements about marital satisfaction is true?

Marital satisfaction generally decreases after the birth of a child

Who developed the Strange Situation paradigm?

Mary Ainsworth

Which of the following is not a teratogen?

Maternal mental illness

Which of the following does not represent a species-specific defense reaction?

Mating

Match the structure (part of the brain) with a proper function:

Medulla- Regulation of heart rate Pons- Controls facial expressions Reticular Activating System- Alertness

When people join cults, particularly those that predict the end of the world (e.g., the Doomsday cult), what happens when the world does not end as expected? (Select the best answer.)

Members remain committed to the cult, believing that they saved the world.

Match the following circumstances to the correct term.

Mental Set Harper‚ an advertising consultant‚ is given a new project designing a campaign for an energy drink. She thinks this will be easy because she's already created designs for two other drinks. She begins working right away‚ but runs into a wall after realizing she was simply recreating her older ads. Her fixed limited her ability to creatively problem-solve. Functional Fixedness Carter's dad needs a short stepladder to reach a high shelf in the kitchen. He can't seem to find one anywhere. After looking inside‚ he asks Carter to go into the garage to grab one. Instead‚ Carter grabs a nearby kitchen barstool. Carter overcame to see an unusual purpose for the chair.

Luchin's Jar Problem presented subjects with a series of problem-solving tasks that all required the same strategy. When confronted with a new set of problems that needed a new strategy the subjects often failed to adapt to the new problems. What did this illustrate?

Mental sets

Most of Mary's friends are other students that she spent time with on her freshman hall. They spent a lot of time together and remained great friends. What best explains this?

Mere exposure effect

Rule: Every time Erin went to Miami, she traveled by car Cards: Miami Atlanta Plane Car Which cards do you think you would need to turn over to best test this rule? Select all that apply.

Miami Plane

Click on the region of the brain that you would cut should you wish to reduce the frequency of seizures in the brain.

Middle dot

Sort this sequence of experiencing an emotion according to the James-Lange theory of emotions.

Mindi brings you cupcakes unexpectedly for your birthday You smile, open your eyes widely, and raise your eyebrows You tell Mindi that you are surprised

If you were asked on an exam to identify the most-widely used and extensively researched clinical personality inventory, what should your answer be?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

According to the video, which non-language area of the brain is connected to Broca's area and might help explain why patients with Broca's aphasia struggle to physically produce speech?

Motor cortex

After the occurrence of a response, a consequence is taken away. If the response occurs less often in the future, what is the operant process called?

Negative punishment

The content of the DSM does which of the following?

Neither A nor B (neither "changes little from edition to edition or "is not affected by society")

Match the structures to their functions.

Neocortex- Conscious thought‚ decision-making‚ outer-most layer of the brain. Medulla- Heartbeat‚ respiration‚ and other basic life support functions.

Which cell sends electrical impulses as messages in the brain?

Neurons

Which of the following is not associated with narcolepsy?

Night terrors

An experiment is conducted to test the efficacy of a new medical treatment. This 2x2 matrix summarizes the results. As you can see, 200 patients were given the experimental treatment and improved; 75 were given the treatment and did not improve; 50 were not given the treatment and improved; and 15 were not given the treatment and did not improve. Before reading ahead, answer this question with a yes or no: Was the treatment effective?

No

Which of the following is not a limitation related to putting children into categories associated with their attachment behaviors instead of using continuous ratings of their behaviors?

None of the above.

In which of the following situations is it safe to use a cell phone when driving a car?

None of the above: It is never totally safe to use a cell phone while driving a car

Click the part of the neuron that is postsynaptic in a typical synapse

North-most dot (top-most)

Which part of the neuron pictured below forms connections with many other neurons? ​

North-most dot (top-most)

Which of the following best illustrates the effects of biological constraints?

Not being able to train an animal to act in a way that disrupts its normal foraging

In the video, Peggy says that running out of the dentist's office after the dentist says, "This won't hurt a bit" is part of Pavlovian conditioning. However, running out of the office would prevent any painful stimulus from occurring. What type of behavior is this really?

Operant behavior

You were outside with a bunch of your friends sitting near a small fire pit. It's cold, so you light the firewood with a match to get warm. You accidentally burned your hand on the match, which made you drop it on the ground. Now you are careful around matches. Match the terms to the specifics of the event.

Operant behavior Lighting firewood Pavlovian unconditional response Involuntarily recoiling your hand Reinforcer Producing a warm fire Unconditional stimulus Burned hand Antecedent stimulus Cold weather

Psychology has identified three major types of learning. Which type(s) of learning is/are most likely associated with solving a mathematical word problem?(Select all that apply)

Operant conditioning Social/observational learning

Match the theory with its description.

Opponent-Process Theory-Perception of color vision depends on the ganglion cells firing in an on-off fashion. For instance‚ when the cell receives the signal that red is present‚ it will also send the signal that green is present. Frequency Theory- Perception of pitch is determined by the rate of the hair cells firing. Trichromatic Theory Color vision is the result of comparing activation between three different kinds of cones. Place Theory Perception of pitch is determined by the location on the basilar membrane where the cell fires. Gate-Control Theory Perception of pain can be controlled by the brain‚ which can block a signal of a painful stimulus.

Sara stared momentarily at the blue light that shined from her computer. When she looked away, she saw yellow dots. What theory would best explain what Sara experienced?

Opponent-process theory

Your best friend, Sarah, is visiting you for the weekend because she has some big news to tell you - she and her partner are actively trying to conceive! When you go out for dinner that night, Sarah considers ordering wine with dinner. What is your best recommendation for her, given the news she's just given you?

Order and drink a non-alcoholic beverage instead - it is unclear exactly how much alcohol is associated with birth defects, so it's best to avoid alcohol when pregnant or attempting to become pregnant.

Which type of drug binds to and activates the receptor with less "power" than the endogenous neurotransmitter?

Partial agonist/Antagonist

Which of the following best describes the Stanford Prison experiment?

Participants quickly fell into their roles as prisoners and prison guards.

Match the term to its correct definition.

Passive attention Susan is reading a book when she suddenly notices a mosquito buzzing by her ear. Active Attention Julio is trying to locate the amygdala while looking at an image in his psychology textbook.

Which of the following is not one of the ossicles?

Patella

Which researcher influenced Watson's approach to psychology?

Pavlov

What type of conditioning is involved in emotion, hunger, and sex?

Pavlovian

What type of conditioning occurs when hunger serves as an occasion setter for learning about taste?

Pavlovian

Match the type of learning with the appropriate example.

Pavlovian (classical) conditioning An initially unimportant event signals an important event Instrumental (operant) conditioning An event signals that behavior will have a specific consequence Social learning We learn what to do by watching someone else respond and earn something good

Daria's friends often think she is sad when she is actually angry. Why might this cause trouble for Daria?

People approach her and try to comfort her.

Which of the following contains the four components of emotional intelligence?

Perceiving emotions accurately, emotional facilitation of thought, understanding emotions, and managing emotions

Match each explanation of development to the appropriate prenatal stage.

Period of the embryo- Sarah is in her fifth week of pregnancy. Period of the fetus- Sarah's unborn child can survive outside of the uterus. Period of the zygote-Sarah's fertilized egg divides in two‚ resulting in twins.

Although she is in the middle of a messy divorce, Janis still presents a very calm and caring manner while dealing with customer complaints as the director of customer services for a large department store. Janis's behavior while at work is an expression of her:

Persona

Our views of what is normal and abnormal are heavily influenced by ______________. Select all that apply.

Personal experience Our parents Societal standards

The procedure for combining the scores on several subscales of the MMPI to determine a particular response pattern would be to construct a:

Personality profile

As parallel lines move away from us into the distance, they seem to come closer together. Which of the following depth cues is used to perceive this?

Perspective convergence

Other non-human animals, such as chimpanzees, have been shown to name objects. If chimpanzees can name things, recognize objects, and remember symbols for items, which aspect of our language are they failing to exhibit?

Persuasion

Rachel and her boyfriend Ross are at a paleontology conference when a bunch of attractive people come up to speak with Ross. Who is Rachel going to be watching to guard against mate poaching?

Phoebe, an attractive single person

For the word "prefix," the smallest standalone sound of the word, "pa," is a ________, whereas the smallest understandable portion of the word, "pre," is a ________.

Phoneme; morpheme

What portion of Baddeley's working memory model is responsible for verbal information?

Phonological loop

Match the cell with the correct sensory system.

Photoreceptor-Vision Hair cells-Auditory system Chemoreceptors-The chemical senses Mechanoreceptors-Touch

Match the need category on the left with the example on the right.

Physiological needs Earning money to pay for food Safety needs maintaining a job and a home Belonging and love needs Spending time with friends and loved ones Esteem needs Achieving a goal like earning a college degree or winning a championship Self-actualization needs Feeling like you've reached your full potential

Which of the following statements is true?

Piaget believed that there were universal stages of cognitive development that infants and children passed through in an orderly and invariant sequence.

Elaine was playing the piano when her little sister asked her how to spell "Albuquerque." Elaine was able to think through the complicated spelling without stopping her piano practice. This suggests that, for Elaine, which of the following is true?

Piano playing has become an automatic process.

What gland does the hypothalamus exert direct control over?

Pituitary

Which of the following activities would require the greatest number of neurons in the motor cortex?

Playing a Mozart piece on the piano

When uncertain what to do in a situation, people may fail to act because they rely on the social cues from others to determine appropriate behavior, but they fail to recognize that others are similarly uncertain and are also looking for directive social cues. Which one of the following best describes the above situation?

Pluralistic ignorance

Which of the following would be most effective in getting help in an emergency situation?

Point directly at someone and ask that person for help

An excitatory neurotransmitter binding to a receptor would make the charge inside the neuron more:

Positive

______________ dissociative symptoms are characterized by a feeling of being outside of oneself.

Positive

Match the terms in the left column with their definitions in the right column

Positive Reinforcement Increases a response by adding an event Negative Reinforcement Increases a response by removing an event Positive Punishment Weakens a response by adding a stimulus Negative Punishment Weakens a response by removing a stimulus

After the occurrence of a response, a consequence is added. If the response occurs less often in the future, what is the operant process called?

Positive punishment

Darnell likes to watch YouTube videos. YouTube used to have no commercials, but now Darnell has to watch at least five commercials every time he wants to watch a 3-minute video. He doesn't like commercials, and he rarely ever watches YouTube videos anymore. Which operant process is responsible for this change in Darnell's behavior?

Positive punishment

Which of the five basic operant processes is viewed as the "operant process of last choice?"

Positive punishment

Match the source of an emotion to its example.

Positive punishment Angry when receiving static shock for touching something metal Intensity of reinforcer Angry when receiving a smaller piece of cake than before Antecedent stimulus Angry at the driver who totaled your car

Match the terms in the left column with their definitions in the right column.

Positive reinforcer Stimuli that are added after a behavior to increase the occurrence of that behavior Negative reinforcer Stimuli that are removed after a behavior to increase the occurrence of that behavior Primary reinforcer Unlearned reinforcers that work automatically Exchangeable reinforcer Stimuli that can be bartered for other reinforcers

Alice forgets that she has a term paper in her history class until the night before it is due. Although she forgot about it until now, the information about the term paper was stored in the ___________region of her mind.

Preconscious

Which part of the brain is not fully mature in adolescence, resulting in difficulty assessing risk and controlling impulses?

Prefrontal cortex

Which of the following statements concerning Zika prevention are true?

Pregnant women should avoid travel to areas of the world where Zika transmission has occurred

Match the following scenarios to the correct term.

Preparation Jayden has been studying possible chess moves for an upcoming tournament. He does really well and his friends all remark that his solutions were creative. Jayden's work during the stage of creativity paid off. Illumination Aaliyah was working on Duncker's Candle Problem. When the solution came to her‚ it was all of a sudden‚ with little warning. Aaliyah experienced the stage of creativity. Incubation Avery was also struggling with Duncker's Candle Problem‚ but decided to sleep on it. Avery was allowing time for the stage of creativity.

Match each example with its appropriate "sin" of memory.

President George W. Bush's flashbulb memory error-Misattribution Loftus and colleagues' misinformation effect-Suggestibility Loftus & Palmer's smashed vs. contacted study on schemas-Bias The tip-of-the-tongue state-Blocking Interference in memory-Transience

Human intelligence went through a significant increase during what period?

The Upper Paleolithic Transition

When meeting new people, we tend to make snap-judgments as the basis for impression formation, which is best explained by ______________.

Primacy effects

Milner demonstrated that H.M. could remember a number for up to fifteen minutes by repeating it to himself constantly. This best demonstrates what?

The ability of rehearsal to maintain information

Which of the following would you inhibit if you wanted a person to interpret a situation as stressful, but not suffer the physical effects of that stress?

The adrenal glands

H.D. is an adolescent patient under observation by Dr. Poussaint. H.D. keeps trying dangerous things without thought to possible injury and cannot seem to recognize when he is in a threatening situation. This is a huge problem since he lives in a rough neighborhood. Dr. Poussaint wants to administer an MRI scan. Where will Dr. Poussaint likely find damage?

The amygdala

Which of the following brain areas are directly involved in coordinating movements? Select all that apply.

The basal ganglia The cerebellum

Positive reinforcement is positive in the sense that ____________. (Select all that apply)

The behavior results in the addition of a positive stimulus The behavior is strengthened or increases in frequency

What is the defining feature of the period of the embryo?

The emergence and development of major bodily systems

What is involuntary musical imagery?

The experience of a song getting stuck in your head

How is an ectopic pregnancy problematic?

The fallopian tube cannot expand to support a growing zygote or contract during childbirth.

Which of the following is an advantage of projective personality tests?

The freedom of expression available to test-takers when responding to the test stimuli.

Which of the following could I stimulate to alter your ability to make decisions?

The frontal lobe

Which part of the nervous system releases hormones?

The hypothalamus

At the beginning of this chapter, we outlined a spatial navigation problem that rats and humans were asked to perform. The rats and young children struggled at solving this task. What did the researchers argue limited the participants' ability to successfully solve the problem?

The inability to use faculties like language to form representations and connections between unrelated items in the environment

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of attention?

The internal process that selectively sets mental priorities for processing

Match each piece of hypothetical data with the idea it is most likely to support.

The length of an imagined path relates to how long it takes you to imagine walking down it- The inner eye The letters "A" and "J" are often mistaken for one another in immediate memory- The inner voice Shouting random numbers at your friend while he's trying to count the number of cards in a pile causes him to mess up and start over- Rehearsal Remembering "ROY G. BIV" is simpler than remembering "Red‚ orange‚ yellow‚ green‚ blue‚ indigo‚ violet"- Chunking

Which part of your brain integrates and makes sense of all the information that enters your world?

The neocortex

Where are the olfactory receptor neurons located?

The olfactory mucosa

Which of the following best represents the events in at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq?

The power of the situation can be so great that good people do bad things.

Which of the following brain areas undergoes significant development in adolescence and beyond?

The prefrontal cortex

Which of the following statements about cognitive decline is false?

The prevalence of dementia decreases with old age.

At 0:04 of the video above, you most likely saw two distinct groups of fish. You may have grouped them because of the law of similarity (one group is blue and the other is yellow, black, and white). What is another possible reason for grouping the fish this way?

The principle of common fate

If your professor perceives you as a mature and responsible student, what would they most likely think if you came to class late?

The professor thinks that there must be some extenuating circumstances that caused your late arrival.

Elizabeth Loftus implies that many "repressed memories" in therapy are which of the following?

The result of the therapist unintentionally guiding clients to imagine events that had never occurred.

A favorable characteristic feature of objective self-report techniques of personality assessment includes which of the following?

The standardization of the response options allowed to test-takers

In which area of the brain would Dr. Nnamdi try to increase dopamine production to treat Parkinson's Disease?

The substantia nigra

Based on the video, why would both humans and computers use heuristics?

The use of heuristics saves energy and resources.

Match the examples below with their appropriate role in word classification.

The word "blue" might be stored in connection with the color or the emotion- Mental lexicon The vowel 'a' can be pronounced as "ah"- Phoneme The word "atypical" can be separated into its prefix‚ a-‚ and root word‚ typical- Morpheme

Which of the following characteristics listed below increase the likelihood of a participant's conformity? Select all that apply.

Their gender (females) Everyone in the surrounding group responds unanimously Collectivist cultures Not knowing how to behave

In his response to the fourth card he sees, Chris makes up a story featuring a middle-aged man struggling to help his neighbors after a tornado strikes their community. Chris's personality is being assessed using the _________.

Thematic Apperception Test

When asked to create a story in response to one of 17 cards from the ______________, David focuses his story around the middle-aged man on crutches standing in the front of other soldiers and the sense of guilt and embarrassment he feels because he can no longer support his comrades in combat.

Thematic Apperception Test

Researchers at the Cayo Santiago Institute study rhesus macaques, a type of monkey. One of their studies (Marticorena, Ruiz, Mukerji, Goddu, & Santos, 2011) involves the monkeys watching a person place an apple in a box. When the person looks away, the apple silently moves to a different box. The researcher then reaches into one of the two boxes and another researcher records which box the monkeys look at. This experiment is studying which aspect of development?

Theory of mind

According to the video, how is Giffords able to improve her speech?

Therapists capitalized on the representational nature of language and incorporated music therapy to guide her speech.

Congressman Sosa is proposing a bill to eliminate daylight savings time in the state of California. Which of the following data support the elimination of this self-imposed sleep deprivation? Select all that apply.

There is a noticeable increase in traffic accidents immediately following the spring shift. There is a significant increase in accidental deaths in the week following the spring shift.

Which of the following is true regarding measures of reaction time?

There is a weak negative correlation between reaction time and IQ

Imagine you are in a class and your instructor has asked you to write a paper on eugenics. If you wanted to discuss the flaws with this model, which arguments would you want to make?

There is not a correlation between traits that predict IQ and physical characteristics like skin color, which evolved much later.

Why are rats a good choice to detect cases of tuberculosis? Select all that apply.

They are cheaper than trained techs They are much more accurate than trained techs They can do it more quickly than trained techs

What are the advantages of the WAIS over other intelligence tests? (Select all that apply)

They are unaffected by the participant's age

How did the researchers implant the false memory of being lost in a shopping mall?

They implanted a false "childhood memory" of being lost in a shopping mall among retellings of other, true childhood memories that the subjects read.

Which option below would best match your prediction for how children's search techniques will change if they had a blue wall as an orientation cue?

They rely on the shape of the room to find the object and show no improvement.

For members of the doomsday cult, when faced with the reality that the world was not ending and no spaceship was coming, what did most members do? (Make a prediction.)

They remained with the cult, even more committed now that they had all saved the world.

Imagine you are looking at the cortex of an animal with a large portion devoted to its front feet and tail but little devotion to its back feet and nose. What prediction can you make about this animal's behavior?

This animal probably spends a lot of its time using its tail and front feet to investigate the world.

Imagine you are in a biology class and you are dissecting the eye of an animal that hunts at night. What prediction would you make about the retina of this animal?

This animal would have a large number of rods

Bandura had children watch a video of an adult hitting and punching a blow-up bobo doll and created a condition where the adult was dressed like a cartoon cat. How did the subsequent reactions of the child differ?

Those in the cartoon condition had similar overall aggression but less imitation

Imagine that you are playing a game where everyone has to go around naming members of a category. This time, the category is "four-footed animals." Your friend Amir has named a lion, while your friend Britney has named a leopard. Based on the knowledge that what we remember is based on not only information stored in our heads but also on currently available information, which answer do you think will come to you most readily?

Tiger

Match the example on the left with the defense mechanism on the right.

To deal with his sexual desires‚ an individual organizes a protest rally against the opening of an adult bookstore in the community. Reaction formation A shopper makes a mess by throwing the merchandise on the floor and refusing to move out of line when told by the salesclerk that a sales receipt is required to exchange a purchase. Regression Although she is angry at her professor for assigning her a low grade on a quiz‚ the student doesn't express the anger towards her professor and instead yells at her little brother for making too much noise playing his video games when she arrives home. Displacement

Researchers believe that Koshik primarily used language to do which of the following?

To mimic sounds that he overheard

What was the purpose of the 2000 text revision of DSM-IV?

To provide more comprehensive descriptions of each diagnostic category.

When Dr. Emory looks at slides of blood samples, he sees a rich and diverse world of cellular life instead of small dots on a slide. In using his years of experience looking at slides, what is Dr. Emory is using?

Top Down Processing

Click the part of this receptor where neurotransmitters might bind.

Top dot of first green thing

When we look at the sky at night and see Sagittarius as an archer rather than a configuration of stars, what are we relying on?

Top-down processing

Click on the cells that transmit information from the rods to the M-cells.

Top-most middle dot (blue figure)

What type of conditioning procedure models how orosensory stimuli become informative?

Trace conditioning

Because Helga studied a list of words by considering whether they rhymed with the word "train," she tests herself on the list of words by writing a rhyming poem about trains. Which of the following is Helga exemplifying?

Transfer-appropriate processing

Match each "sin" of memory with its appropriate example.

Transience The inability to remember your hotel room number because previous hotel room numbers you've had keep popping into mind Absent-mindedness Forgetting the name of the street you're supposed to turn on because you never read the directions Persistence The inability of a victim of domestic violence to stop thinking about the violence experienced Misattribution Thinking you read an article on Facebook when you'd really read it on the New York Times website

If potassium concentrations in the extracellular space are lowered, which of the following problems could this cause within the neuron (keep in mind what you have learned about gradients and channels)?

Trouble maintaining resting potential

All forms of prejudice are learned.

True

If a scientist inhibits a group of neurons and an animal can no longer vocalize, we know that this group of neurons was necessary for vocalization.

True

Leaders of cults are often perceived by members as charismatic.

True

Neurons have a net negative charge at rest. This means that when they are active, they must have a positive charge.

True

Philip Zimbardo and Stanley Milgram grew up in the same area in the Bronx and were classmates in high school.

True

The concept that intelligence is malleable means that intelligence level can change.

True

Women tend to be verbally aggressive rather than physically aggressive.

True

You can change your heart rate just by thinking about it.

True

The Curtis family hired Betty, a young person with a severe mean-streak that the Curtises were unaware of, to sit for their 4 year-old-son, Greg. That evening, Betty would repeatedly hide from Greg. When Greg would pass one of her hiding places, she'd jump out behind him and scare him (yelling 'BOO!' loudly) and he'd get so scared he'd cry. Two weeks later, the Curtises again hired Betty to sit. When she arrived, Greg saw her and began to cry.

Unconditional stimulus- Boo Neutral/conditional stimulus- Betty Conditional response- Crying Unconditional response- Crying

Alejandro and Savannah are on a first date. As they drive, Alejandro notices the smell of Savannah's shampoo. Throughout the evening, whenever she is close to him, he not only smells her shampoo but his heart quickens and the palms of his hands become damp. The following week, while walking down the hall at school, Alejandro smelled Savannah's shampoo. As a result, his heart skipped a beat and he started to sweat. Match the correct term to the corresponding name of the event from the example.

Unconditional stimulus-Savannah Neutral/conditional stimulus- The smell of Savannah's shampoo Conditional response- Increased heart rate and sweating Unconditional response- Increased heart rate and sweating

What does a binaural recording do?

Uses interaural time differences to create an illusion Creates a salient perception of an auditory sound-scape

According to Flynn, which of the following are correct? Select all that apply.

Using current norms‚ the average IQ for those three generations back is 70. Using early norms (from three prior generations)‚ the current average IQ is 130. Using current norms‚ an IQ of 70 is considered the cutoff for intellectual disability. Using current norms‚ an IQ of 130 is considered the cutoff for giftedness.

Which of the following is NOT one of the effective encoding strategies discussed in the text?

Using massed practice

Match the structure with its function/definition.

Visual cortex Location of higher level processing in the brain and the location of feature detectors. M-cells Large ganglion cells that receive their input from diffuse bipolar cells. Cones Color-sensitive photoreceptors found in the fovea. Rods Motion sensitive photoreceptors found in the periphery. Send signals to diffuse bipolar cells. LGN Visual portion of the thalamus; receives messages from M- and P-cells. Simple cells Specialized cells in the visual cortex that respond to stationary lines of a particular orientation. Complex cells Specialized cells in the visual cortex that respond to lines oriented in specific ways and moving in specific directions. P-cells Ganglion cells that receive information related to color and detail from the midget bipolar cells.

Match the system with the means of organization in the cortex.

Visual system-Retinotopic organization Somatosensory system-Somatotopic organization Auditory system-Tonotopic organization

Match each situation to what would happen according to the law of effect.

Walk too close to puddle of water - car drives through puddle and splashes you-Discomfort Leave early for work - get a great parking spot- Satisfaction

People who have had strokes or injuries involving the neural networks in this area have trouble hearing or comprehending speech:

Wernicke's area

When you meet someone for the first time, how quickly do you form an impression of that person?

Within seconds to minutes of meeting

Which of the following statements are true regarding gender and intelligence? Select all that apply.

Women and men do not vary on overall level of intelligence. Men score better than women on visuospatial tasks. Women score better than men on verbal abilities.

Which of the following is/are true about agoraphobia? (Select all that apply)

Women are more likely to be diagnosed with agoraphobia than men Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorde

Which of the following best describes the research on altruism?

Women can develop more intuitive responses.

What is one reason why women might be more likely than men to receive a diagnosis of major depressive disorder?

Women may experience hormonal changes that affect mood.

Match each type of study strategy with the type of exam for which it is most appropriate.

Writing two-sentence explanations of terms from memory-A short-answer format exam Coming up with different writing prompts for a topic-Writing a personal essay of your choice Discriminating among terms in a list-Multiple choice test Talking through the material with a friend-An oral exam

Jack is looking at Anne, but Anne is looking at George. Jack is married, but George is not. Is a married person looking at an unmarried person?

Yes

An otherwise healthy, pregnant woman is identified as having Zika virus early in her pregnancy. Is it likely that this woman's child will be born with developmental abnormalities?

Yes, because Zika virus has been associated with negative impacts on prenatal development at various points in pregnancy.

For each of the following descriptions, determine whether you think it is learning or not. (For each premise, consider: Is it learning when...?)

You feel anxious because your professor mentions an upcoming exam- Learning Your cat comes running whenever you shake a bag of treats- Learning An infant cries when s/he is hungry- Not learning While showering you jump out of the way of the water when you hear a toilet flush- Learning Your dog thinks you are going to take him out when you get up in the morning to use the bathroom- Learning You make sure you do your chores before your mom gets home so you can go to the movies- Learning A cat is put in an odd puzzle box‚ but after trial and error is able to escape and then can escape quickly in subsequent trials- Learning Children are afraid of loud sounds- Not learning

You go to a party with friends and you feel confident, knowing you are looking good in the new clothes you bought. According to the self-fulfilling prophecy, which of the following would be most likely to occur?

You talk to new people, socialize, and enjoy the party.

In the first Spider-Man movie, there is a scene where Spider-Man throws two villains through a window. In the next moment, the window appears intact. It is likely that if you were to watch this scene which of the following would be true?

You wouldn't notice the window had repaired itself because you would be focused on the action.

Which of the following statements about moral decision making is correct? In a game in which children allocate tokens to themselves and others:

Young children initially allocate more tokens to themselves, but come to allocate more tokens to others with age (i.e., they become more altruistic in their behaviors).

You are having a "Pirates of the Caribbean" marathon with several friends. Early in the first movie, while Jack Sparrow (played by Johnny Depp) and Will Turner (played by Orlando Bloom) engage in a sword fight, a small tattoo with Elven writing is visible on Orlando Bloom's wrist. Orlando Bloom got this tattoo to commemorate his role in Lord of the Rings, but it should have been edited out of the movie. Which of the following are true? Select all that apply.

Your inability to detect this tattoo is best explained by inattentional blindness. Someone who is an avid fan of Johnny Depp‚ in general‚ would be less likely to notice the tattoo.

Suki and Jeremy are romantically involved. Jeremy tells Suki about all the interesting people he's met and their greatest achievements. Which of the following people would Suki presume excelled due to luck?

Yue, Jeremy's ex-girlfriend

According to Flynn, in today's world we do much more __________ thinking, whereas Luria found that in the early 1900s, people used ________ thinking.

abstract; concrete

Diana is participating in an experiment where she is to look at two images and try to find 10 differences between them. It is most likely that this experiment can be considered to be _____________.

an intentional change detection task

Last year, Pauline was involved in a serious car accident. Since then, she has had vivid dreams about the accident and hyperventilates when she gets behind the steering wheel. She was subsequently diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. If her therapist used DSM-IV-TR, this diagnosis would be found in the section on ______________ disorders.

anxiety

One explanation of general intelligence is explained by the concept of ________, when a person can focus on and assess a situation.

apprehension

Processes that are fast, feel effortless, and can be completed while doing a second task are called ______________.

automatic

Match each reinforcer to its type.

belly rubs for the dog- positive reinforcer tension relief for sore muscles- negative reinforcer

You are participating in a game show with your friend, Sandra. In this game, she answers questions and you place bets based on how confident you are her answers are correct. The final question asks who created the first assessment of intelligence with physiological measures, and Sandra's answer is Galton. Based on what you know about the history of intelligence assessment, you should __________________________.

bet all your money, and start planning your dream vacation

Karina is an Olympic gymnast. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Karina is likely to score high in _______________.

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

Eileen is trying to understand how human beings navigate a maze by programming a computer to learn the task. To do this, she should _________________. Select all that apply.

break the problem down into smaller components that have to be solved in order to solve the larger problem reverse engineer the problem perform componential analysis

In order to be accepted by the rest of the other fraternity members, Bob must agree to do their laundry for the next four weeks and have no contact with members of other fraternities for the next two weeks. In this case, Bob is receiving ______________ from the other fraternity members.

conditional positive regard

If Sally is currently worrying about all the things she needs to do during the day, it is most likely that a psychologist would say these thoughts are part of her _____________.

conscious content

Genie Wiley, a participant of a notorious case study, was an adolescent girl, isolated most of her young life with limited exposure to language or motor movement (Fromkin et al., 1974). A group of psychologists intensively worked with Genie to teach her language and communication skills; however, it was ruled that Genie would never progress to a level typical for her age. If her limitations were caused by the lack of exposure during early development, her inability to learn from exposure later in life reflects her missing a ______ ______ in development.

critical period

Susan is trying to determine how many gallons of paint to buy based on the number of square feet that she is painting. The ability to apply previous mathematical skills to solve the current problem would be considered the use of her __________.

crystallized intelligence

Sheila is studying for her history test using flash cards. She goes through the flash cards one at a time, looking at the dates she needs to know and then writing down what happened on that date. When she's finished her stack of flash cards, she checks to see if her responses are correct. What kind of recall test is Sheila using?

cued recall

The ego can utilize ______________ to help deal with the threatening influences of neurotic anxiety.

defense mechanisms

Rubin's friends ask if he wants to go camping this weekend. Although he could use the fun and relaxation, Rubin stays home and studies because he knows his chances of getting into medical school next year depend on the grades he gets this semester. According to Mischel, Rubin is demonstrating his tendency to ________.

delay gratification

Samson was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. His wife insisted that he see a doctor after he continued to announce that he had been elected President of the United States. This behavior is an example of a ______________. Select all that apply.

delusion positive symptom

Men rely on pheromones as signals to ___________________.

determine the fertility status of a woman

The movement to try to improve humanity by sterilizing people of low intelligence was known as ________.

eugenics

The movement to try to improve humanity by sterilizing people of low intelligence was known as _________.

eugenics

Student X blamed her lateness on parking problems, which assumes a(n) ______________ attribution. Select all that apply.

external situational

The inner_______ is to the visuospatial sketchpad as the inner _______ is to the phonological loop.

eye; voice

Match the research method with the information gained.

fMRI- Brain blood flow during tasks EEG- Surface brain electrical activity PET- Neurotransmitter activity MRI- Detection of tumors

When looking at this picture it is probable that you see the ballet dancer as separate from the mirror. ​[5] This is best explained by the principle of ________.

figure-ground

Robin is an engineer and is faced with an unusual problem. She has not had prior experience solving this problem. Robin carefully considers the situation and then finds a creative solution. Robin's ability to solve the problem would be influenced by her __________.

fluid intelligence

If the brain is interpreting the neural message based on how rapidly the cell is firing, the brain is relying on ______ theory.

frequency

The concept of the "wisdom paradox" helps explain _________________. (Select the best answer.)

how life experiences facilitate problem-solving (with age comes wisdom)

Another term for "childhood onset insomnia" is ______ insomnia.

idiopathic

Imagine that you are interested in whether viewing a specific film impacts performance on a later task. You show one group of people a movie depicting a horse race, another group of people a movie depicting a horse eating an apple on a farm, and a third group of people views neither movie. You think that if you give all groups of people the jumbled-up word "cersa", the people who watched the horse race will be more likely to re-arrange the letters to make the word "races" compared to people who watched neither video. In contrast, you think the people who watched the horse on a farm will be more likely to re-arrange the letters to make the word "acres" compared to people who watched neither video. This task is a test of ___________ memory.

implicit

Justine and Kaylie have recently moved to a new town and are trying to locate the store. The phone is giving them directions while Justine drives. While Justine is busy paying attention to the street names, she completely misses the light changing from green to red and runs the stop light. This best illustrates the concept of _________.

inattentional blindness

Substance ______________ disorders refer to immediate consequences of using a substance while substance ______________ disorders refer to the long-term consequences of using an addictive substance.

induced; use

Neurons depolarize when they become electrically active. This is due to the __________.

influx of sodium

Beth was participating in a task where she was asked to make quick decisions on a computer. One question asked her to decide which of two lines is longer. The researcher is most likely interested in her ___________.

inspection time

Mark plays rugby and often gets psyched up with his teammates to beat the other team and try to take down their good players early in the game. This is an example of ______________ aggression.

instrumental

Wondering whether Student X has frontal-lobe damage or a psychological disorder assumes a(n) ______________ attribution is being made. Select all that apply.

internal dispositional

Anne believes she can make an A on her next chemistry test if she spends the weekend studying. Anne's views about her grade on the chemistry test reflect a(n) ___________.

internal locus of control

According to Eysenck, ______________ are associated with an overly active ascending reticular activating system (ARAS).

introverts

System 1 is synonymous with our ___________ thinking, whereas System 2 is synonymous with ___________ thinking.

intuitive, rational

Lenore tells you that her 10-year-old recently completed an intelligence test that translated raw scores into deviation IQ scores. Lenore knows that her 10-year-old's deviation IQ score was 130. This means that her 10-year-old ______________________.

is above average for a 10-year-old

The use of performance tests, such as Raven's Progressive Matrices, over other traditional methods of measuring IQ is beneficial because __________________. (Select the best answer.)

it can be used across cultures and different languages

Suppose you go to the eye doctor, and she has you sit in front of a machine that puffs air into your eye. You blink to the puff of air, but you also start to blink before the puff of air while sitting in front of the machine. Match each part of visiting the eye doctor to its Pavlovian conditioning label.

machine with pressurized air conditional stimulus blinking to the machine conditional response puff of air unconditional stimulus blinking to the puff of air unconditional response

If someone is arguing "semantics," they are being particular over the word's _________.

meaning

Wernicke's aphasia primarily disrupts speech ________, whereas Broca's aphasia primarily disrupts speech ___________.

meaning, production

What is the lowest anatomical part of the brain?

medulla oblongata

The ______________ effect dictates that the more occasions that you interact with someone, the more you will like them.

mere exposure

Hyperthymesia is primarily ____________.

near perfect autobiographical memory

The use of sterilization to prevent individuals with psychological disorders from procreating is called ________.

negative eugenics

Francis is characterized as being restless, moody, touchy, and relatively unstable. According to Eysenck, she would probably score high on the ______________ personality dimension.

neuroticism

The factor beginning with "N" of the Big Five classification of traits stands for _______.

neuroticism

A personality psychologist studies empathy by watching children interact in a classroom and counting the number of times each child offers to help a classmate while they are doing an arithmetic lesson. This researcher is employing a(n) ______________ assessment technique to measure personality.

observational

Dabnus often has a hard time focusing on his studies because he is constantly thinking about his fear of clowns. These intrusive thoughts are referred to as ______________.

obsessions

Selena is at an art exhibit on Pointillism, an artistic technique where an artist uses many small dots to create a whole image. When looking at this image ​[2], Selena does not focus on the individual dots, but rather sees a magician holding a flower in front of a background of dynamic patterns and color. This experience best explains the process of ____________.

perception

Karandeep is participating in a test to assess her intelligence. She is told that instead of testing cultural knowledge, performance on these tests relies on her ability to detect patterns and use that information to answer questions. It is most probable that she is taking a ____________.

performance tests in WAIS

Shariq's father counted that he threw rocks 4 times on Monday (for a baseline). Starting Tuesday, Shariq's father reprimanded him every time he threw rocks. Then Shariq threw rocks 10 times on Tuesday after being reprimanded. Although Shariq's father thinks that reprimands could be _______ , it would appear, based on Shariq's behavior, the reprimands are actually acting as _______ for rock throwing. See also the figure above

positive punishment; positive reinforcement

Match the words on the left with their most appropriate examples.

positive reinforcement Connor throws a tantrum at the store and gets a chocolate bar; then he throws more tantrums in the store negative reinforcement Amaya washes her hands before dinner to avoid getting sick and continues to wash her hands before other meals positive punishment Greg annoys his brother and gets pinched and subsequently stops annoying him negative punishment Luna argued with her parents and had her phone taken away and subsequently stopped arguing with her parents

David forgets that he has a term paper in his psychology class until the night before it is due. Although he forgot about it until now, the information about the term paper was stored in the ______________ region of his mind.

preconscious

A sales manager uses overall sales at the end of the year for each new sales trainee to assess the extent to which the test he uses to select trainees has any validity. The sales manager's approach represents an emphasis on ______________ validity.

predictive

Fran's capstone project for her psychology class is to find out how many students on campus have experienced depression over the past semester. She will report these data as _______.

prevalence rates

Like many companies, when Apple first created their mp3 player, a "shuffle" function was installed. The goal of the shuffle was to allow listeners to have a random playlist created for them; however, customers were frustrated because an artist might be played twice in a row and complained that it didn't "seem" random. The shuffle function violated their expectation of randomness, and Apple created a pseudo-random function that prevented any artist or album from being played sequentially. Apple's original, true shuffle didn't fit customers' __________ of randomness.

prototype

A ______________ is an individual who specializes in the administration, scoring, and interpretation of personality tests and other techniques of psychological assessment.

psychometrician

High levels of the hormone testosterone and low levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter MAO are the biological basis for the trait dimension of ______________ in Eysenck's Trait Theory.

psychoticism-impulse control

We increase signal to noise ratio by using computer software to reduce _______.

resolution

Fill in the blanks: __________ are complex knowledge structures that help us put information in context. However, they often lead to __________.

schemas; over-generalization

Manny is considering asking Rachel for a date. He looks at her facial expression when she comes into the coffee shop for her afternoon cappuccino. Although she is smiling when she enters the coffee shop, Manny decides not to ask for a date because she kisses the guy sitting at her regular table after she buys her cappuccino. According to Bandura, Manny is processing this information through his _________.

self-system

Maryam is driving her car when a song with a loud and rhythmic bass comes on the radio. As she bobs her head to the music, she focuses on the sound and timing of the bass drum as it hits her ears. In thinking about the song this way, Maryam is focusing on ____________.

sensations

Suppose that I wanted to teach a dog how to ride a skateboard. What operant conditioning method would I use to teach this new behavior if I reinforce responses that get closer to skateboarding and extinguish previous responses further away from skateboarding?

shaping

In the image below, you most likely separate the stadium into two groups: red shirts and blue shirts ​[4]. This is most likely because you are using the principles of __________. Select all that apply

similarity

Based on Hull and Spence's drive-reduction theory, match each situation/drive magnitude with the predicted amount of responding.

slightly hungry- some responding moderately hungry- more responding extremely hungry- most responding

In the video, Byron is able to produce language sounds easily, but his _________ is impaired.

speech memory

Galton collected data from many patrons and found that most characteristics cluster around some value, but also have variability that is known as the _________.

standard deviation

Girls are often told that boys are naturally better at math. Prior to taking an achievement test, female students were told that their scores were important because the school needed to demonstrate that there were no differences in mathematical ability between genders. The concept of _____________ explains why females performance would decrease when reminded of the stereotype prior to taking a test.

stereotype threat

People often look at the brightest or most colorful parts of an image first. This idea is known as ______________ and it is a ______________ process.

stimulus salience; bottom-up

Jerry expresses his passion for auto racing by entering all of the local races he can. He has recently started entering more competitive races in other states and teaching classes on being a race car driver in an attempt to test the limits of his driving ability. Adler would say that Jerry is engaged in the process of ____________.

striving for superiority

Garcia and Koelling's rats drank sweetened, bright, and noisy water and received either shock or irradiation poisoning. Identify the parts of taste aversion learning for Group 2 (irradiation) rats.

sweet taste- conditional stimulus nausea- conditional and unconditional response irradiation (x-ray)- unconditional stimulus

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory assesses ______________ clinical dimensions of personality.

ten

Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that ________________________.

the behavior results in the removal of a consequence stimulus

Raphael has not been able to remember the names of his coworkers since walking head-first into a brick wall. His amnesia is most likely due to _______.

traumatic brain injury

Allania is taking a class on intelligence. Her professor generally takes a cognitive approach to intelligence. Based on what you know, you should tell Allania that the class will most likely include a focus on ________________________.

understanding intelligence using flowcharts and conceptualizations of the mind (e.g., how memory is organized)

Of the following, who is most likely to experience the sin of persistence?

A person who survived a recent violent car crash

You are an evil villain who just happens to be masquerading as a psychiatrist. You want to increase depression in your patients. Which of the following would be most effective in your evil plan?

A serotonin receptor antagonist

When you are looking for your keys on a cluttered desk, you are using _________. (Select all that apply.)

Active attention Selective attention

Which effective encoding strategy is an attempt to help us encode information in ways that our brains are designed to use?

Adaptive memory strategies

Someone experiencing difficulty with symptoms associated with ADHD might be prescribed _________.

Adderall

______________ is a disorder of the brain reward system and is characterized by repeatedly engaging in activities that bring about immediate pleasure.

Addiction

Which of the following concepts reflects the adolescent tendency to think everyone is watching and thinking about them?

Adolescent egocentrism

Match each premise with a correct response below:

Affective attitude component Despite the car being discontinued Drew wants a Pontiac Solstice convertible because it looks so awesome! Cognitive attitude component Jules prefers SUVs because passengers are statistically more likely to live in the event of an accident. Behavioral attitude component Sam prefers country music so he purchased a country music CD. Cognitive dissonance Inconsistency between attitudes and behaviors.

Match the following structures with their function.

Afferents- Guiding electrical impulses/messages toward the brain. Efferents- Guiding electrical impulses/messages away from the brain.

Match the following individuals with the type of learning each is most clearly associated with.

Classical conditioning- Watson and Pavlov Operant conditioning- Thorndike and Skinner Social/observational learning- Bandura

In the science fiction book, Flowers for Algernon, changes in Charlie's intelligence are compared to the intelligence of a mouse, Algernon. Both are tested on how long it takes them to complete a puzzle maze. Using this method across species helped control for _________, which is also a real-world concern when testing diverse groups.

Cultural or linguistic bias

Marianna is participating in an experiment asking her to respond when she sees a stimulus. Sometimes the light is so dim that she is not exactly sure if she sees the stimulus; when that happens, she generally says, "Yes, I saw it." According to Signal Detection theory, what should Marianna have more of?

More hits More false alarms

During what psychosexual stage would breastfeeding vs. bottle feeding your infant be of critical importance to the subsequent personality development and adjustment of your child?

Oral

Match the psychosexual stage on the left with the life lesson on the right.

Oral stage Willingness to delay gratification Anal stage There is a right time and a right place Phallic stage Learn to go along to get along with those more powerful than you Latency period It is good to know you are not alone Genital stage To get pleasure‚ you must give pleasure

Which two types of elaboration are recommended by psychologists to use in combination with one another?

Organization and distinctiveness

The ________ are responsible for the perception of rapid vibrations, such as you would experience when using a hand-held massager.

Pacinian corpuscles

Match the following personality disorders to their appropriate cluster.

Paranoid personality disorder Cluster A Borderline personality disorder Cluster B Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Cluster C

A yoga instructor teaching students to meditate and relax would be attempting to activate the _________ system.

Parasympathetic

Which of the following are most important when considering predictors of good adolescent mental health and well-being?

Parent-adolescent relationships

Match the structure with its function.

Cornea Protective outer layer of the eye Pupil Hole allowing light to enter Lens Helps to focus light on the photosensitive cells Cones High-acuity photoreceptors that process early information about color Rods Highly sensitive photoreceptors that respond to low levels of light

Which of the following psychological disorders is correctly matched with a key feature?

Dissociative disorders - separation of the different aspects of identity

Where in this image would you try to replace neurons in order to treat Parkinson's Disease?

First dot (west-most dot)

Match the following components of the biopsychosocial model to the correct descriptor.

Genetics- Biological Personality- Psychological Culture- Social

Based on the video above, sort Maslow's hierarchy of needs from higher-order to basic.

Self-actualization Self-esteem Love & belonging Safety Physiological

______________ is the evaluative component of the self-concept.

Self-esteem

If you are looking at an EEG of a participant in stage 2 sleep, which of the following would you expect to encounter? Select all that apply.

Sleep spindles K-complexes

A person who is difficult to wake and is groggy and confused upon waking was most likely in ____________.

Slow-wave sleep

Put the following steps in the right order.

Small influx of Na Triggering of voltage-sensitive Na channels Large influx of Na Efflux of K

Match the following components of the biopsychosocial model to the correct descriptor.

Glenn was always sick as a child Biological Horatio is easily irritated Psychological Katelyn grew up in a conservative family Social

_______ are cells in the nervous system that provide support function.

Glial cells

Which of the following statements is false?

Glomeruli join with taste molecules in the nasal cavity.

The "burning house" experiment with visual neglect patients supports other research that suggests that which of the following is true?

Stimuli in the neglected field can influence behavior even if they are not consciously aware of it.

Which of the following would cause the greatest state of cognitive dissonance?

Josef is an active animal rights advocate and vegan. After feeling hungry from his run, he eats a bowl of his mom's beef stew but tells no one.

Which of the following best represents the fundamental attribution error?

Keanu failed the exam because he is lazy.

Which of these is an example of a schema?

Knowing the order of events at a restaurant: Walk in, be seated, order, eat, pay, leave.

The belief that the language we use can influence our perception of time, space, or emotions is referred to as ___________.

Linguistic relativity

If Malcom is dreaming that he is a knight riding a fire-breathing doughnut through a tunnel of Cheerios, which of the following can we also assume? Select all that apply.

Messages sent from Malcom's brain to his body would be reduced. Malcom's EEG would most likely reflect both beta and theta activity.

Please match the description given with the attitude component.

Susan goes to the movies to see a feature film starring her favorite actor. Behavioral Felix believes that his Range Rover is safer than his friend's Kia based on safety reports. Cognitive Jasper is terrified of snakes Affective

What is a characteristic limitation of psychophysiological assessment techniques?

That any given bodily process can have more than one possible meaning

Which of the following is an example of "adaptive memory"?

That living things tend to be more memorable than non-living things

After suffering from a stroke, Marie can process sounds and understand spoken language, but she struggles to produce sentences in her normal, rhythmic pattern. Which hemisphere was most likely damaged?

The left side

How would you predict the cones in the eye would respond to the color red?

There would be little activation from the S & M cones and a lot of activation from the L-cone

George wears his lucky socks every time his favorite team plays. They only win half the time he wears the socks. What is the relationship between George's lucky socks and his team winning?

There is no relationship

Which of the following statements does NOT support the biological model of aggression?

Watching violence within your community increases aggression.

What are the properties of a stimulus? Select all that apply.

We can measure it We can see‚ hear‚ touch‚ smell‚ or taste it We can act accordingly in its presence

According to Flynn, which of the following statements is NOT correct?

We have made equal strides on all fronts to increase knowledge.

Match the problem with the appropriate method.

We need to measure dopamine activity in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)- PET Scan We need to measure activity in the basal ganglia during a task in which the subject learns to hit a moving target on a screen with a stick- fMRI We want to scan a patient's brain for possible tumors- MRI We need to record ion flow through NMDA receptor channels- Patch-clamp

Based on our discussion of memories about your birthday and memories about your lunch a few weeks ago, what can we likely say about memory?

We seem to remember some events better than others

Which of the following is true about Weber's Law?

Weber's Law suggests that the ability to notice a difference between two stimuli is dependent on the intensity of the two stimuli

When we are thinking of what to say, the _______ organizes your intended speech and projects that comprehensible message to another part of the brain for motor output and production.

Wernicke's Area

Click on the ganglion that will transmit information about color to the brain.

West-most, bottom-most dot

Click on the ganglion that will transmit information from the periphery of the retina.

West-most, top-most dot

When would you use an interaural time difference?

When determining the location of a sound

What is stereotype threat?

When negative stereotypes about a group cause group members to underperform on ability tests such as I.Q tests

Janice made a bad decision and lost her phone while she was drinking. According to the encoding specificity principle, under what conditions will she most likely remember where she left her phone?

When she is drinking

Dr. Robotnik studied the relationship between the order of presenting the neutral stimulus (a click) and the unconditional stimulus (a small, electric shock). The small, electric shock automatically produced muscle retraction. The click occurred before, after, or at the same time as the electric shock in three different trial types. In which of these trial types would the click elicit muscle retraction?

When the click preceded the electric shock

Which of the following topics would not be studied by a developmental psychologist?

Whether sleep habits are associated with academic achievement in 10-year-olds

Which of the following demonstrates functional fixedness?

While putting in lawn decorations, Monica fails to use a nearby rock in place of a hammer. Unable to push the decoration into the ground, she just has to prop it next to a tree.

Do you believe that intelligence is malleable?

Yes

A significant factor in creating the action potential is that the neuron has ______________.

channels that allow ions to come in or leave the neuron

Match the clicker training components to their respective Pavlovian conditioning labels.

clicker conditional stimulus salivate to clicker conditional response treat unconditional stimulus salivate to treat unconditional response

According to the reading, what one-word response is NOT responsible for the sin of transience?

decay (or "time")

Jack and Jill are twins but look nothing alike, which makes them ______________ twins.

dizygotic

According to Premack's principle, match each response with its example.

doing dishes- less preferred response eating dessert- preferred response

Spearman argued that intelligence is made up of 2 factors. What are these factors?

g and s

Dr. McRae wants to study hindbrain function by administering large doses of antagonist drugs to the medulla of patients. The Institutional Review Board denied her proposal. Why?

This would likely kill the patients.

Psychology has identified several types of learning. Which of the following is true in reference to the types of learning?

Types of learning include Pavlovian conditioning, operant conditioning, latent learning, and social learning.

Sort these Pavlovian conditioning components in order for backward conditioning.

Unconditional stimulus Unconditional response Conditional stimulus

Which of the following do you think would NOT be a result of parietal lobe damage?

Unpredictable behavior

How did Sir Francis Galton purport to measure differences in abilities?

Using multiple physiological measures

Behaviorists would argue that language is a(n) _________ and _________.

Verbal behavior; can be learned

Which of the following best explains Albert Bandura's theory behind aggression?

Violent behavior is quickly learned by watching aggressive models who are rewarded.

Which of the following are real examples of altruism? Select all that apply.

Visiting a nursing home to make the residents feel valued Volunteering your time at a local school to help tutor children Anonymously donating a Thanksgiving meal to a family in need

During a car accident, Noah struck the right side of his head. Since the accident, he has stopped shaving the left side of his face. It is possible that Noah suffers from ________.

Visual neglect

The Commodores had a song called "Brick House" about a woman: "She knows she got everything/That a woman needs to get a man, yeah, yeah/How can she lose with the stuff she use/36", 24",36" oh what a winning hand." If the first 36" refers to the woman's bust, what do the 24" and the second 36" refer to?

Waist-to-hip ratio

Sort the events in order of when the occur (first to last) in avoidance.

Warning stimulus present (but no bad thing is happening yet) Operant response emitted Scheduled aversive event canceled

Jacob has just attained a fairly low score on a test designed to measure his reasoning. Based on Thurstone's theory of intelligences, when Jacob takes a test designed to measure his perceptual speed, you can predict that ________________________.

his score on the perceptual speed test will be independent of his reasoning test score

Simon likes to intimidate the other kids in his class. Simon knows that he is extremely good-looking but the girl he wants to date won't go out with him because she is dating this loser named Brad. Simon often has fantasies about hurting Brad. Simon has devised a plan that he is going to jump Brad and hurt him without getting caught. This is an example of __________ aggression.

hostile

Data regarding H. M. provided evidence for the distinction between ______________. Select all that apply.

immediate and long-term memory

Person-first language is to ______________ as identity-first language is to ______________.

person with depression; depressed person

The owner of an outdoor adventures company titled "Kiss the Sky," which specializes in extreme parasailing, asks the five candidates who applied for the position of parasailing instructor to describe their personality. This is an example of the ______________ method of personality assessment.

personal interview

The process of identification with the same-sex parent is associated with the acquisition and understanding of sex-role behavioral patterns during the ______________ stage of psychosexual development.

phallic

Imagine you are a psychologist who is interested in how different pitches are perceived. You spend a lot of your time looking at the location of activation on the basilar membrane. It is probable you are using ______ theory in your investigations.

place

Suppose that fear developed to stimuli on the left. To which stimulus category on the right might fear generalize in each case? Match the stimuli.

real snakes rubber snakes real spiders pictures of spiders clowns balloon animals needles/shots doctors

Sue decides that she will deal with her shyness by joining a poetry reading group instead of just sitting at home and daydreaming of meeting someone. Her decision is based on the ______________ principle as mediated by her ego.

reality

What level of processing task is counting the number of vowels in a word?

shallow processing

What is another word for occasion setter, or a cue that sets the biological clock?

zeitgebers

How many goal events are there according to Amsel?

3

Which effective encoding strategy uses chunking?

Acronyms and initializations

Which target identifies the costly trait of a peacock?

Dot on the tail

______________ is a sleep-wake disorder that involves excessive daytime sleepiness due to the inability to maintain good sleep at night.

Narcolepsy

According to Gamble, humans evolved under what kind of lighting conditions?

Near the equator, with approximately 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness

What is umami?

One of the five basic tastes, associated with the perception of "savory"

If Andy acquires a taste for blue cheese in his mid-twenties but his parents and other family members do not like blue cheese, what type of learning is this?

Ontogenetic

Artistic Anne is likely to score high on the ______________ factor of the Five Factor Model.

Openness

Which of the following would not fall into the neurodevelopmental disorders category in DSM-5?

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Zimbardo's TED Talk asserts that all people can become evil.

True

Which of the following is NOT an example of a search metaphor for memory?

Playing a particular melody on the piano

Dale's classmates laugh at and tease him about his poor grades, but he still treats them to meals when they are hanging out because he is new to campus and wants desperately to make some friends. Dale is demonstrating what Horney called

moving toward people

How many hobbits would you move across in step 1?

0

A specific phobia is an example of a(n)______________ disorder.

Anxiety

Social Darwinism misused the teachings of Darwin to develop _______.

Eugenics

Which of the following helps preserve self-esteem?

Self-serving bias

What is another term for sleepwalking?

somnambulism

Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse then join with postsynaptic receptors. Where are these receptors?

Dendrite

Which of the following factors is not associated with better adjustment to retirement?

Having spent no more than 30 years in the workforce

According to Zimbardo, what factors must be considered when investigating heinous acts?

All of the above (the system involved, the people involved, the situation)