PSY1201
What does AUDIT stand for?
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
what drug and population are the following describing? 1) they are 2X more likely to be taking it 2) blood concentrations are 2X higher 3) 68% take the highest dose
Ambien; women
binge drinking is defined as ______ or more drinks on one occasion
5
heavy drinking is defined as ________ or more occasions of binge drinking in the past _______ days
5; 30
List the amounts for all the following drinks that have the same amount of alcohol as a 1.5 oz shot of whiskey champagne beer malt beer table wine fortified wine cordial/liqueur brandy/cognac
5oz glass, 12 oz glass, 8 oz glass, 5 oz glass, 3.5 oz glass, 2.5 oz glass, 1.5 oz glass
inhalant use peaks in ______ grade
8th
what do drug schedules mean?
1-5, the lower the number the higher the risk for dependence
How is the AUDIT scored?
10 questions, 0-4 points each, final score <8 no intervention, 8-15 advise against hazardous drinking, 16-19 brief counseling and monitoring, 20+ need professional evaluation
coffee equivalent of an energy shot
2 cups
A chemical that binds to a receptor but produces no effect
Antagonist
Class of prescription drugs used to sedate, induce sleep and general anesthesia
Barbiturate
Class of prescription drugs that are used to sedate, reduce anxiety and reduce muscle tension.
Benzodiazepine
The primary accepted use for barbiturates in modern medicine includes treating which condition? a. Opiate withdrawal b. Depression c. Seizure disorders d. Benzodiazepine withdrawal e. Chronic pain
C
The major non psychoactive chemical in cannabis
CBD (Cannabidiol)
At the cellular level, the major active chemicals in cannabis bind to
Cannabinoid receptors
effective dose
ED50
When comparing two drugs, which of the following properties belong to the most safe, and thus more desirable medication?
ED50 is 5 times lower than the dose that produces side effects
T/F there is metabolic tolerance to benzodiazepines
False
T/F: Neurotransmitters are very versatile chemical messengers. Thus, dopamine can bind to serotonin receptors and produce effects that are opposite that of serotonin
False
T/F in vaping, you burn the product to create the vapor
False (you vaporize the desired chemical within it; higher temps, noxious chemicals)
lethal dose
LD50
What kind of tolerance causes alcohol's effects to be shorter?
Metabolic tolerance
What is Ambien® and what is it used for?
Nonbenzodiazepine for insomnia (short term, 7-10 days)
What is Lunesta® and what is it used for?
Nonbenzodiazepine for insomnia (short term, 7-10 days)
What is Marinol® and what is it used for?
Pure THC (in the form of dronabinol) prescribed (in the US) to treat wasting syndrome (secondary to AIDS) and nausea during chemo
The fastest "natural" way that a neurotransmitter's effect is terminated
Reuptake into the axon terminal
What was the intent behind the naloxone + Suboxone™ formulation?
Suboxone is supposed to be abuse-proof, so injecting it won't be reinforcing
The process of releasing neurotransmitters into the ___________ is called ___________
Synapse; exocytosis
Most important dopamine pathway in regulating reward
The midbrain to frontal cortex (medial forebrain bundle)
What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?
They bind to sites next to GABA receptors to increase GABA binding, which in turn increases the flow of chloride ions into neurons.
T/F Side effects are nearly eliminated when patients switch to sustained release formulations
True
T/F THC is metabolized to both active and inactive metabolites that are the targets for urine drug screens.
True
T/F The onset of action is about the same for both immediate and sustained release of a drug
True
T/F inhalants are typically used as party drugs and are rarely the only drug that a person uses
True
Which is the most tolerant-inducing dose of caffeine? a. three 8-ounce cups of regular brewed coffee, and four 12-ounce cans of sugar-free Pepsi-One cola in a day. b. four 8-ounce cups of regular brewed in a day c. two 12-ounce cans of Coca-Cola in a day plus OTC cold medication for 2 days d. six 8-ounce glasses of iced tea in a day. e. one 1.9-ounce 5-hour Energy Extra Strength shots in a day.
a
Which of the following routes of administration is most affected by the First Pass Effect? a. oral b. sublingual c. intramuscular d. intravenous e. inhalation
a
drug that bunds to a receptor and produces and effect
agonist
which of the following is not a reason for weight gain during nicotine withdrawal: Sense of taste and smell returns Cravings for sweets Bodies need 100-200 fewer calories per day Choose to place food in mouth instead of a cigarette
all are reasons
Which of the following is TRUE about benzodiazepines? a. They are very safe medications with little chance of overdose by themselves. b. Abrupt withdrawal from long-term and high-dose benzodiazepine use can be life-threatening. c. They should not be taken with alcohol because the sedating effects are potentiated. d. There is a specific benzodiazepine antagonist that can reverse the sedative effects.
all are true
Which of the following is TRUE about nicotine withdrawal? a. There is a tendency to gain weight. b.Sleep disturbances (mostly insomnia) occur soon after they stop smoking. c. Complaints include headaches, restlessness, tingling of fingers. d. Wide range of mood swings from anxiety to anger to depression can occur.
all are true
Which one of the following is TRUE about alcohol-induced tolerance? a. Tolerance can occur at the cellular level and affect neurotransmitters. b. Metabolic tolerance occurs due to an increase in the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver. c. Behavioral tolerance can occur to frequently performed, overlearned activities even with a high BAC. d. Typically develops at a different rate to different effects
all are true
Which one of the following statements is TRUE about cannabis? a. The average concentration of THC in cannabis products has increased at least 3-5 times since the 1990's. b. Edibles are food or liquid products that have been infused with cannabinoids. c. The THC and CBD concentrations in products can vary widely, even from the same dispensary. d. Combining alcohol with cannabis can increase the risk of a blackout. e. Products that contain very high concentrations of THC can result in tachycardia that may induce a panic attack in some people.
all are true
A drug with very high affinity for a receptor but produces no effect
antagonist
Who can administer the AUDIT and what does it detect?
anyone and it detects harmful drinking patterns
At what blood alcohol concentration does a non-tolerant individual begin to have impaired judgment? a. 0.001% b. 0.05% c. 0.08% d. 0.15% e. none, judgment is not affected because reaction time is the first behavior to be impaired
b
Why do individuals tend to pass out when using inhalants? a. this is the individual's goal b. inhalants have a small therapeutic index
b
What is Ro15-1788 or flumazenil (Romazicon®) often given to relieve?
benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms (precipitates withdrawal)
What is likely to be prescribed to manage the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?
benzodiazepines
which of these statements is false: All CNS depressants produce tolerance and physical dependence. Withdrawal from CNS depressants can be life threatening.
both are true
what five areas of the body are most effected by alcohol abuse
brain, reproductive system, heart, liver, stomach
Which drug will remain in the body for the longest period of time? a. One with a half-life of 5 hours b. One with a Cmax of 500 ng/mL c. One with a half-life of 10 hours d. Any drug in a sustained release formulation e. Any drug that bypasses the blood brain barrier
c
Which of the following is the correct statement regarding the interaction between two neurons: a. Neurons make physical contact with one another at the synapse b. Neurons only communicate with other neurons that have the same neurotransmitter in them c. Neurons initiate electrical signals that are converted to chemical signals that move across the synapse to either excite or inhibit another neuron d. Neurons only connect to neurons that are on the same side of the brain
c
Who generally metabolizes caffeine the slowest? a. Men b. Women c. Women taking oral contraceptives d. Pregnant women e. Anyone who smokes tobacco
c and d
Kidney failure will have the greatest impact on which function? a. absorption b. metabolism c. distribution d. excretion e. peak concentration (Cmax)
d
What is the most important factor to consider when you decide to switch from a trade name brand to a generic OTC medication? a. Number of pills that are packaged in the bottle. b. Whether the color of the capsules is the same. c. That 50 mg of active ingredient in the trade name product is not the same as 50 mg of the same ingredient in the generic brand. d. Whether the medication is an extended released or a delayed release formulation. e. If the generic version comes from Canada or Europe.
d
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of caffeine in maintaining wakefulness? a. Caffeine binds to the endogenous caffeine receptor. b. Caffeine enhances the binding of glutamate to its receptor. c. Caffeine causes a huge release of dopamine in the reward center of the brain. d. Caffeine competes with adenosine and blocks it from exerting its sedating effects. e. Caffeine causes a rapid release of GABA in the brain
d
Which of the following is not an example of homeostasis? a. putting on a jacket when the outside air is cold b. increased production of receptors in response to excessive transmitter c. increased firing of GABA neurons in response to rapid firing of glutamate neurons d. loss of dopamine neurons in response to a toxin like manganese e. increased heart rate in response to low blood pressure
d
Which of the following items are not necessary to be on the label of OTC medications? a. Major active ingredient b. Dose of active ingredient c. Purpose of the medication d. Color of the pill or capsule e. Warnings or potential side effects
d
Which of the following is not a way that a neurotransmitter is altered in the synapse: a. Mimic the transmitter at the receptor b. Block the receptor c. Increase transmitter metabolism d. Prevent re-uptake back into the terminal e. Increase blood flow to the synapse
e
The process of releasing neurotransmitter into the synapse
exocytosis
T/F organ toxicity from inhalants is reversible
false
T/F sugars take the edge off hangovers
false
T/F tolerance develops to all CNS effects of benzodiazepines
false (memory disturbances)
When might a benzodiazepine be involved in an overdose?
if it is combined with other drugs like ethanol or cocaine
When can a benzodiazepine cause a life-threatening situation?
if you abruptly withdraw from using a high dose
Overdoses are more common with (a/an) ___________ release drug than (a/an) ______________ release drug
immediate; sustained
Make the following an example of homeostasis: loss of dopamine neurons in response to a toxin like manganese
increase in acetylcholine release in the substantia nigra to compensate for the loss of dopamine neuron due to manganese toxicity
Sedative effects correspond to _________ (increased/decrease) chloride flow into neurons
increased
The fastest way to get a drug into the brain
inhalation
what is a drug that appears to act as a receptor agonist but produces effects that are opposite to the agonist?
inverse agonist
What does naloxone do and when is it inactive?
it blocks the effects of Suboxone™ (buprenorphine) and it is inactive under the tongue
Caffeine mimics which one of the following neurotransmitters and binds to its receptor? f. norepinephrine g. dopamine h. serotonin i. GABA j. None of the above
j
What is OxyContin™ and what is it prescribed for?
legal opiate that has been abused (diverted); long release painkiller
The primary organ responsible for metabolizing drugs
liver
What are methadone and buprenorphine used for?
maintenance therapy for treating opiate dependence
What is NicVAX®? (note--recent phase III clinical trials failed)
make folks immune to nicotine because once ABs bind the molecule is too big to cross the blood brain barrier
The naturally occurring chemicals that bind to receptors on neurons
neurotransmitters
how does Varenicline (Chantix®) help people quit nicotine products
nicotine receptor partial agonist; decreases pleasurable effects of nicotine
Which of the following statements is TRUE about cannabis? a. Metabolic tolerance occurs very quickly, especially after consuming edibles that go through the first pass effect. b. Synthetic cannabis products are a lot safer than pure THC. c. Dronabinol (Marinol®) is the one FDA-approved medication used to treat cannabis use disorder. d. Cannabis appears to affect men and women equally.
none are true
how does Naltrexone (ReVia®) help treat alcohol dependence
opiate receptor antagonist, so the high from drinking is reduced (but user must be opiate free for 10 days and subsequent analgesic effects of opiates will be reduced)
what are naloxone and naltrexone
opiate receptor antagonists (can treat opiate OD)
What is Suboxone™ and what is it prescribed for?
pain relieving medication (Buprenorphine; opioid receptor agonist) used to treat opiate use disorder; abuse proof
what is a drug that displays intermediate activity at the receptor?
partial agonist
how do naltrexone and acamprosate help treat alcohol dependence
reduce craving
Is the half-life generally longer in a sustained release formulation or an immediate release?
sustained
__________ release formulations always have a safer therapeutic index than ___________ release
sustained; immediate
what is the duration of action of a drug
the amount of time spent in the therapeutic range
Absorption occurs when a drug that is taken by any route enters__________
the blood
what is cmax
the highest concentration of drug in the blood (measured after a dose)
what is tmax
the time at cmax
what is a drug halflife
the time between tmax and thalf (time that the concentration is 1/2 cmax)
how can warning labels increase inhalant use?
they alert new sources of the inhalant
how do Bupropion (Zyban®) and Clondine help people quit nicotine products
they alleviate withdrawal symptoms
what do the following beverages have in common: Brandy Red Wine Bourbon Dark Rum Whiskey
they are more likely to cause hangovers
what is the area under a curve on a drug conc. v time graph?
total exposure to the drug
T/F Most fentanyl misuse is by medical and paramedical personnel
true
T/F bourbon and spirits have the highest concentration of impurities that worsen hangovers
true
What is Nicotine replacement therapy?
using gum, patch, e-cigarettes, etc. to replace plasma nicotine concentrations without smoking (should be paired with larger behavioral program)
caffeine withdrawal symptoms...
vary by individual
