PSY2012 Exam 4
Reaction formation
A boy will sometimes react against the strong sexual attraction that he feels toward girls by becoming a confirmed "woman hater"
Oedipus complex
A boys sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Mental retardation
A condition of limited mental ability
Trait
A disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
Electra complex
A girls sexual desires toward her father and feelings of jealous and hatred for the rival mother
Group polarization
A group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues. During the conversation, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates _____.
Fixation
A lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
Mental age
A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as an average 8-year-old is said to have a ___________ of 8.
Projective test
A personality test, such as Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
B
A potential source of irrationality is ______________, our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence. A. availability heuristic B. belief perseverance C. functional fixedness D. belief bias
Biased
An intelligence test that predicts future behavior or achievement for some groups but not for others would be assessed as being _____.
Dreams
Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting manifest and latent contents of _______.
Reciprocal determinism
Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; that is, they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as _____.
Convergent thinking
Aptitude tests, such as SAT require _____.
B
Arnold had difficulty recognizing that bullfighting was a sport, because it failed to resemble his ___________ of a sport. A. heuristic B. prototype C. phoneme D. algorithm
Lie
As a psychologist, you ask one of your clients to complete the MMPI. After you score the MMPI, you notice that the client endorsed answers which make her seem healthier than she seems to be. These answers may be detected on the _____ scale.
A
As adopted children get older, their intelligence test scores tend to become: MORE like their adoptive siblings as compared to their biological parents. MORE like their biological parents as compared to their adoptive parents. MORE like their adoptive parents as compared to their biological parents. LESS like their adoptive siblings as compared to their biological parents.
Environmental
As people age, genetic factors seem to have an increasing influence on intelligence scores, whereas the influence of _____ factors seems to diminish.
Milgram Study
Couldn't see but could hear the person next to them getting shocked. But about 2/3 of the people shocking the other person would shock them with the fatal shock because authority told them to. But there really was no electrodes connected.
Divergent thinking
Creativity tests require _____.
B
Critics of the Rorschach test claim it: is an old test. is not very reliable and that it has limited validity. is not a personality test. is not a projective test.
A
Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This ____________ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor. A. attitude B. foot-in-the-door phenomenon C. exposure effect D. situational attribution
Regression
David Walters recently lost his executive position in a large corporation. Rather than seek a new job, David finds comfort and escape through drinking, as alcohol helps him forget the details of being fired.
Ego
Decision maker
Framed
Decisions and judgments may be significantly affected and depending upon how an issue is ___.
Sublimation
Defense mechanism by which people rechannel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities
Autonomic nervous system
Differences in children's shyness and inhibition may be attributed to _____ _____ _____ reactivity.
Projection
Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing to them.
B
Divergent thinking is to multiple correct answers as _____ is to a single correct answer. crystallized intelligence convergent thinking fluid intelligence critical thinking
Latency
Dormant sexual feelings
Standardized
Dr. Ghauderta has designed a new intelligence test for adolescents. He evaluated the test among various groups, including Caucasian, African-American, Asian-American, and Hispanic populations, in order to appropriately norm his scale. When the test is released and administered to other adolescents in the general population, he will have _____ scores with which to compare his test subjects.
D
Dr. Perez is conducting research about how people form impressions of other people and how they interpret each other's behavior in a variety of situations. Dr. Perez is probably a(n) _____ psychologist. clinical cognitive developmental social
Factor analysis
Dr. Smith is attempting to develop a new personality test. As part of the process she needs to identify clusters of related items. For this she will probably need to apply _____.
D
Dr. Williams is designing a new intelligence test and is thinking about all of the mental groupings or ______________ that a person could answer for table, such as: surgical table, dining table, work table, etc. A. algorithms B. phonemes C. heuristics D. concepts
Intelligence
Early neglect from caregivers leads to children to develop a lack of personal control over the environment, and it impoverishes their ______.
Rationalization
Example: A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends "just to be sociable"
Regression
Example: A little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his first day of school.
Displacement
Example: A little girl kicks the family dog after her mother sends her to her room.
Denial
Example: A partner denies evidence of his one's affair
Projection
Example: An El Salvadoran saying captures the idea: "The thief thinks everyone else is a thief"
Reaction formation
Example: Repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness.
Sublimation
Example: Someone who is anger deciding to join a football team to take out the anger
Manage emotion
Express emotions in different situations
C
External locus of control is to _____________ as internal locus control is to _____________. A. reciprocal determinism; learned helplessness B. sense of optimism; sense of pessimism C. outside forces; personal control D. self-serving bias; spotlight effect
Outlier
Extreme score that happens less than 1% of the time
Collectivism
Focuses on how people work together
Individualism
Focuses on yourself
Standardization, reliability, validity
For a psychological test to be acceptable it must fulfill what three criteria's?
Decisions
Framing influences _______.
8
Gardner thought there was _____ different intelligences.
A
Gemma is trying to find a computer file. She types the name of the file into the computer search bar. The computer is most likely to use a(n) _____ to find the file. algorithm heuristic prototype concept
Down syndrome
Genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome; is a spectrum disorder; retardation and associated physical disorders
Algorithm
Going through ALL of the aisles till you find what you need at the grocery store is an example of?
B
Groupthink is fueled by a desire for: self-disclosure. group harmony. passionate love. cognitive dissonance
A
Gussie and Max have been happily married for 54 years. This morning, however, Gussie made an unkind remark about Max's table manners. Given research findings on marital satisfaction and attribution, what did Max think of this comment? "She must be having a bad day." "She has a negative personality disorder." "She is always on my case; she is such an unforgiving person." "She is a perfectionist with no patience."
Ashe experiment
Had group of students said ok here is the standard line, go down the line and see which one matches
Cognitive dissonance
Having a belief system but hearing something that contradicts it but it is convincing that it almost makes you change your mind. But you have to decide.
A
His experiments on obedience at Yale University are some of the most famous psychological experiments of all time. Stanley Milgram Solomon Asch Leon Festinger Philip Zimbardo
18-36 months
How old are you in Freud's psychosexual stages when you discover anal?
Puberty on
How old are you in Freud's psychosexual stages when you discover genital?
6 to puberty
How old are you in Freud's psychosexual stages when you discover latency?
0-18 months
How old are you in Freud's psychosexual stages when you discover oral?
3-6 years
How old are you in Freud's psychosexual stages when you discover phallic?
Aptitude tests
However, __________ ______ are not biased in the sense that they accurately predict performance of one group over the other.
Humanistic
Human potential and meaning of life
Archetypes
Human universals -Good -Bad
A
Humans have a tendency to search for information that confirms preconceptions. This often leads us astray and is known as: A. confirmation bias. B. representation bias. C. the availability heuristic. D. functional fixedness.
Insight
Involves a sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem. Humans and animals have this strategy.
Concept
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people
Cognitive schemas
Mental set on how the world works
Algorithm
Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Cognition
Mika is planning to attend graduate school. Her primary interests are human communication, problem solving, and the storage of new information in memory. She is interested in the mental activities collectively known as _____.
Regression
Mike is always trying to impress his pals with how and independent he has become. However, when Mike has social or emotional problems, he still wants his dad to figure out the solution.
Projection
Mrs. Brown often accuses other women of talking too much and spreading rumors. It is rather obvious to those who know her that she is revealing her own inclinations in that area.
Displacement
Mrs. James can't understand why her husband has been so grumpy and irritable for the past week. It certainly isn't her fault that he didn't receive the anticipated promotion at the factory.
Big five personality factors
NEO-PI-R (Costa and McCrae, 1996)
D
Stereotype threat is most likely to depress female students' performance on a difficult ____________ test and to depress male students' performance on a difficult ____________ test. A. spelling; spatial reasoning B. spelling; athletic C. verbal fluency; math problem solving D. math problem solving; verbal fluency
3
Sternberg thought there was ___ different intelligences.
C
Steve struggles with feelings of inferiority that in turn drive him to seek superiority and power. Which of the following theorists was most concerned with cases like Steve's condition? Carl Jung Karen Horney Alfred Adler Abraham Maslow
ID
Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
C
Students will tend to study the same way for every class they are taking, especially when they have been successful. This is an example of a(n): A. confirmation bias. B. belief bias. C. mental set. D. fixedness.
General intelligence
The idea that ______ _______ exists comes from the work of Charles Spearman who helped develop the factor analysis approach in statistics.
Charles Spearman
The idea that general intelligence exists comes from the work of ______ ________ who helped develop the factor analysis approach in statistics.
Projection
The individual who actually likes to have others do things for him may be quick to criticize other people for being dependent and lazy.
William Stern
The intelligence quotient (IQ) was introduced by _______ ______.
Reciprocal determinism
The interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
Learned helplessness
The key to depression
Ego
The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality
Group polarization
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Displacement
The majority group of a culture may blame all the various ills of society on a small minority group. This is a process termed "scapegoating" and is a factor in racial and religious prejudice.
Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision make group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
B
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests is: A. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) C. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator D. Rorschach inkblot test
Rorschach inkblot test
The most widely use projective test; a set of 10 inkblots; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
Reaction formation
The mother of an unwanted child may feel guilty about not welcoming her child. As a result, she may try to prove her love by becoming overindulgent and overprotective of the child.
Fundamental attribution
The notion that Milgram's classic results reflect his weak-willed participants exemplifies a dispositional attribution. It therefore illustrates the _____ error.
A
The original intelligence test developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to measure performance in terms of _____, which refers to the chronological age that typically corresponds to a given level of performance. mental age WISC intelligence quotient (IQ) WAIS
Superego
The part of personality that presents internalized ideals
External locus of control
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate
Internal locus of control
The perception that one controls one's own fate
Identification
The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
Psychoanalysis
The process of free association (chain of thoughts) leads to painful, embarrassing, unconscious memories. Once these memories are retrieved and released the patient feels better.
C
The proper order of Freud's psychosexual stages is: A. anal, oral, phallic, latency, and genital. B. oral, anal, latency, phallic, and genital. C. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. D. oral, anal, phallic, genital, and latency.
Deinviduation
The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as _____.
Validity
The scientific meaning of bias hinges on a test's _____.
Social loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Belief perseverance
The tendency to cling to out beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others
Emotional intelligence
The test of ______ ______ measures overall emotional intelligence and its overall four components.
Cognitive dissonance
The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
Six
There are how many defense mechanisms?
B
There is a small group of people who still think that the Earth is flat despite the fact that they are often otherwise normal members of modern society. They are exhibiting: intuition. belief perseverance. confirmation bias. the availability heuristic.
50-70
What are the approximate intelligence scores for the people who have mild mental retardation?
35-50
What are the approximate intelligence scores for the people who have moderate mental retardation?
Below 20
What are the approximate intelligence scores for the people who have profound mental retardation?
20-35
What are the approximate intelligence scores for the people who have severe mental retardation?
Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion
What are the big five personality factors?
Perceive, understand, manage, use
What are the four components of emotions?
85%
What are the percentage for the people who have mild mental retardation?
10%
What are the percentage for the people who have moderate mental retardation?
1-2%
What are the percentage for the people who have profound mental retardation?
3-4%
What are the percentage for the people who have severe mental retardation?
Split-half, test-retest
What are the two procedures needed to establish reliability?
Definitions, mental images
What are two ways we develop concepts?
567 true and false questions
What does the MMPI consist of?
85
What is the average IQ for black people?
100
What is the average IQ for white people?
0-30, 70-80
What is the clinically significant ranges for the MMPI test?
40-60
What is the normal range of the MMPI test?
Uncontrolled bad events, perceived lack of control, generalized helpless behavior
What is the order of learned helplessness?
68%
What is the percentage of WAIS scores that fall between 85 and 115?
WAIS
What measures the overall intelligence and 11 other aspects related to intelligence that are designed to assess clinical and educational problems.
Existential intelligence
What was the ninth intelligence?
Analytical, creative, practical
What were the three intelligences that Sternberg thought existed?
Availability heuristic
Whatever increases the ease of retrieving information increases its perceived availability.
D
When Hannah's professor failed to recognize that Hannah had her hand raised to answer a question, Hannah began to think that her professor was unfriendly. Hannah later learned that the professor's limited vision kept him from seeing her raised hand, but she continued to think he was unfriendly. Hannah's reaction BEST illustrates: framing. confirmation bias. a category hierarchy. belief perseverance.
Monozygotic
When one egg splits and you get identical twins
Dizygotic
When two eggs get fertilized and you get fraternal twins
Tat
When you look at a picture and have to tell a story from beginning to end, what kind of test is that?
D
Which of the following groups are more likely to suffer from relatively low self-esteem? A. ethnic minorities B. disabled persons C. women D. None of these groups are more likely to suffer from low self-esteem.
Psychoanalytic
Which perspective is most significant in psychology?
Unconscious
Which psychoanalytic perspective is done through automatic processing?
Functional fixedness
An example of fixation is _________ _________.
Personality
An individuals characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Genital
Maturation of sexual interests
Ego
Mediates among the demands of the id, superego and reality
Phallic
Pleasure zone is the genitals' coping with incestuous sexual feelings
Humanistic psychology
Positive psychology, such as _____ _____, attempts to foster human fulfillment.
Understand emotion
Predict emotions, how they change and blend
Trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, insight
Problem solving strategies include:
Mental retardation
Produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
Superego
Provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations
Social category
Race is a _________.
Perceive emotion
Recognize emotions in faces, music and stories
Content validity
Refers to the extent a test measure a particular behavior or trait
Predictive validity
Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.
Denial
Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities.
Validity
Reliability of a test does not ensure _____.
Adoption
Researchers use twin and _____ studies to investigate genetic and environmental influences on intelligence test scores.
Unconditional positive regard
Respecting someone else's choices
Regression
Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
Heuristic
Rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
Free association
Saying whatever comes to mind.
Displacement
Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
B
Similar intelligence test scores for identical twins reared apart are taken as evidence for: the implications of separating twins after birth. the importance of genetic influences on intelligence test scores. the importance of environmental influences on intelligence test scores. the implications of monozygotic prenatal development.
A
Social-cognitive theorists believe people learn many behaviors either through _____ or by observing and _____ others. conditioning; imitating biofeedback; imitating conditioning; debriefing biofeedback; debriefing
Repression
Soldiers exposed to traumatic experiences in concentration camps during wartime sometimes had amnesia and were unable to recall any part of their ordeal.
Internal locus of control
Someone who is self motivated
Factor analysis
Spearman proposed that general intelligence is linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by _______ ________.
Fixation
An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. This impedes problem solving.
A
"Smile, and the world smiles with you." This statement suggests that people imitate others' expressions, a phenomenon Chartrand and Bargh (1999) called: the chameleon effect. social influence. social facilitation. group polarization.
Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought
D
A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. Which piece of advice might Carl Rogers suggest? Ask them if they have met all of their self-esteem and self-actualization needs. Look at the way their behavior is influenced by environmental factors. Compliment them often even if the compliments are insincere. Be genuine with them and show them unconditional positive regard.
Thematic apperception test (TAT)
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
Personality inventory
A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
Repression
A student forgot that his dreaded final exam in geometry was scheduled for Friday. This seemed so unusual as the date of the exam had been marked on his calender for several weeks.
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that confirms a personal bias.
Achievement test
A test designed to asses what a person has learned.
Aptitude test
A test designed to predict a person's future performance
C
A(n) _____ measures a person's capacity to learn, whereas a(n) _____ measures what a person has already learned. IQ test; aptitude test achievement test; aptitude test aptitude test; achievement test achievement test; IQ test
B
A(n) ____________ is a mental image or best example of all the features we associate with a category. A. algorithm B. prototype C. concept D. heuristic
Insight
AHA moment
C
According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated by: A. instincts. B. optimal arousal. C. a hierarchy of needs. D. drive reduction.
C
According to Freud, this part of the personality is largely conscious and is the mediator that operates on the reality principle. A. the id B. the superego C. the ego D. the phallic
Unconscious
According to Freud- a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories.
A
According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are: A. genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. B. high self-esteem, honesty, and empathy. C. honesty, sincerity, and empathy. D. high self-esteem, genuineness, and acceptance.
Practical
According to Sternberg, _____ intelligence is often required for everyday tasks, which are frequently ill-defined, with multiple solutions.
True
According to the concept of belief perseverance, when faced with evidence supporting a person's point of view on a controversial issue, that person would tend to assume the evidence is _____.
Reaction formation
According to your text, evidence confirms defense mechanisms that defend self-esteem. One such mechanism is _____.
Mild
Adaptation to the demands of life: May learn academic skills up to sixth grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills.
Severe
Adaptation to the demands of life: May learn to talk and to perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training.
Moderate
Adaptation to the demands of life: May progress to second grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops.
Profound
Adaptation to the demands of life: Require constant aid and supervision.
C
Adler is to inferiority as Jung is to ______. anxiety penis envy collective unconscious hierarchy of needs
Genes
Also influence our temperament and behavioral style.
Savant
Although he has been diagnosed with autism and is unable to speak coherently, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricately detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as _____ syndrome.
Achievement
An aptitude test measures a person's capacity to learn, whereas a(n) _____ test measures what a person has already learned.
A
Because he mistakenly believes that older workers are not as motivated to work hard as younger workers, a factory foreman is especially vigilant for signs of laziness among his senior employees. His supervision strategy best illustrates: A. confirmation bias. B. the availability heuristic. C. functional fixedness. D. the representativeness heuristic.
Mental set
Being given 2-4-6, we think of 8-10-12. We do this through?
Twin studies
Big in psychology "nature" "nurture" phenomenon
External locus of control
Blames external factors
Insight
Brain imaging and EEG studies suggest that when an ____ strikes (the "Aha" experience, it activates the right temporal cortex.
C
Brain scans reveal that identical twins have very similar _____ and _____ matter volume. black; blue white; blue gray; white gray; black
A
Briggite more quickly recognizes that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles her _____ of a bird. prototype heuristic phoneme algorithm
Unconditional Positive Regard
Carl Rogers said that ____ ______ _____ is an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings.
D
Carl Rogers said, "The only question which matters is, "Am I living in a way that is deeply satisfying to me?" Critics of Carl Rogers are likely to object to this statement because: it encourages too much individualism, which can lead to self-indulgence and selfishness. it encourages too much individualism, which can lead to an erosion of moral restraints. it fails to recognize that people who focus beyond themselves seem to be more likely to self-report life satisfaction. Critics of Carl Rogers are likely to voice all of these objections.
Automatically
Category hierarchies are done ______.
Superego
Children cope with threatening feelings by repressing them and by identifying with the rival parent. Through this process of identification, their ______ gains strength that incorporates their parent's values.
D
Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Sigmund Freud's concept of: reaction formation. erogenous zones. displacement. repression.
Self-serving bias
Comes up with conclusions that satisfies our needs
Savant syndrome
Condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an amazing specific skill (computation; drawing)
ID
Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
Unconscious
Contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware
Algorithm
Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone use of heuristics
D
Identical twins Sklyer and Sloane live with their biological parents. Sklyer took an intelligence test when he was 9 years old and got a score of 100. Sloane took the same test. What would you predict Sloane's score to be? A. It is impossible to compare the scores of identical twins reared together. B. as dissimilar as the scores of siblings reared together C. as dissimilar as the scores of siblings reared apart D. very close to 100
A
Identical twins Skyler and Sloane live with their biological parents. Skyler took an intelligence test when she was 9-years-old and scored 121. Sloane took the same test. What is Sloane's score likely to be? very close to 121 much higher than 121 much lower than 121 It is impossible to compare the scores of identical twins reared together.
B
Identical twins' brains are virtually the same in areas associated with _________________ intelligence. A. creative and motor B. verbal and spatial C. verbal and creative D. verbal and practical
B
If an exam assesses a student's mastery of a representative sample of course material, it is said to: have predictive validity. have content validity. be standardized. be reliable.
C
If course exams assess a student's mastery of a representative sample of course material, they are said to: A. be standardized. B. have predictive validity. C. have content validity. D. be reliable.
A
If someone estimates the likelihood of events based on the ease with which they retrieve them from memory, they presume such events are common. This is called: the availability heuristic. overconfidence. the belief perseverance. confirmation bias.
Brain
Imaging procedures show that extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low.
Functional fixedness
Impediment to problem solving
A
In blighted neighborhoods, community leaders sometimes encourage residents to paint their homes and plant flowers in their yards. Other residents often follow suit, generally without the explicit intent to equal or surpass their neighbors' efforts. Chartrand and Bargh (1999) called this type of imitative behavior the _____ effect. chameleon mere exposure social influence social facilitation
Higher
In terms of gender differences in intellectual abilities, boys tend to score _____ on complex math problem-solving tasks than girls.
C
In the Stanley Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was _____ the experimenter and _____ the "learner." close to; close to far from; far from close to; far from far from; close to
Lewis Terman
In the US, ______ _____ adapted Binet's test for American school children and named the test the Stanford-Binet Test.
Flynn effect
In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of 27 points. This phenomenon is known as the ______ ______.
Mental retardation
Indicated by intelligence scores below 70
Mental retardation
Individuals with _____ _______ required constant supervision a few decades ago, but with a supportive family environment and special education they can now care for themselves.
Preconscious
Information that not conscious, but is retrievable into conscious awareness.
C
Intelligence and Experience helped launch __________________ in 1965. A. Project Slow Start B. Project Great Start C. Project Head Start D. Project Right Start
Analytical intelligence
Intelligence that is assessed by intelligence tests
Practical intelligence
Intelligence that is required for every tests
Creative intelligence
Intelligence that makes us adapt to novel situations, generating novel ideas.
Rorschach
Jackie is being provided with a test where she has to describe what she sees in a series of inkblots. Jackie is probably taking the _____ inkblot test.
Rationalization
James Riley has suffered heavy financial losses recently while playing the stock market. Upon trading his big luxury car for an old small car Jim informed his associates that he bought the cheaper car to do his part in the battle against air pollution.
Representativeness heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, a particular prototype.
Intuition
Kara sees a stranger who looks like someone who harmed her in the past. She immediately crosses the street. Kara is using her _____ in avoiding the stranger.
B
Keira is being provided with a projective test in order to assess her personality. Which of these tests will she most likely be given? Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Rorschach inkblot test Myers-Briggs Type Indicator the Factor Analysis test
C
Kyf is an alien, new to Earth. She is most fascinated by Earth's tremendous variety of animals. Whenever she encounters an animal, she looks it up in her Earth catalogue. Eventually she is able to differentiate among the various species. Her experiences help to shape her _____ of animals. analogy heuristic concept prototype
A
Learning that national or "racial" groups differ in their average intelligence score provides: little basis for judging individuals. a basis to refuse to hire someone. the insight with which to judge individuals. a basis to support strong immigration laws.
Horney
Like Adler, ______ believed in the social aspects of childhood growth and development. She countered Freud's assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer from penis envy.
Adler
Like Freud, ______ believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power.
C
Many researchers believe this does not involve passions and repressive censoring as Sigmund Freud believed. the preconscious the postconscious the unconscious the collective unconscious
D
Marshall frequently expresses his extreme attitude about gun control legislation. He is very knowledgeable about the topic, and he has a vested interest in the subject. According to the attitudes-follows-behavior principle, Marshall: is likely to privately behave in a way that is just the opposite of the attitudes he has publicly expressed. is likely to behave only in ways that will gain him social acceptance and approval. will tend to talk a lot about this topic but is not likely to take any concrete action. is very likely to behave in accordance with his attitudes.
Prototype
Matching new items to the ______ provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin.)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Now used for many other screening purposes
Rationalization
Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions.
C
On Halloween, a group of normally law-abiding teenagers wearing masks and costumes committed acts of vandalism. This atypical behavior is probably caused by: social facilitation. groupthink. deindividuation. group polarization
B
One of the Big Five personality factors is: reciprocal determinism. agreeableness. self-actualization. psychoanalysis.
C
One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly is referred to as: practical intelligence. emotional intelligence. fluid intelligence. crystallized intelligence.
ID
Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Ego
Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Order of the psychosexual stages
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use)
Personal control
Our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless
D
Pablo searches for a screwdriver that is nowhere to be found. However, he fails to recognize that a coin in his pocket would easily turn the screw. His oversight best illustrates: A. belief perseverance. B. the framing effect. C. the availability heuristic. D. functional fixedness.
Sublimation
Parents might be reassured to know that children who pulls wings off flies or jabs pins in the dog may eventually find their niche in the areas of dentistry or surgery.
Sublimation
Paul, an aggressive child, had problems in elementary school, as he would frequently fight with other children. Paul found when he entered high school that he could channel this hostility into sports such as football and soccer.
Self-serving
People are more likely to perceive themselves favorably. This is known as a(n) _____ bias.
Fake
People can _____ desirable responses on the MMPI test?
Self-esteem
People maintain their ____-________ even with a low status by valuing things they achieve and comparing themselves to people with similar positions.
D
People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain: A. why someone's attitude is ever-changing. B. the behavior of close friends. C. animal pack behavior. D. the behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation.
Prototype
People often form concepts by developing a(n) _____, which is a mental image or best example of a category.
Savant syndrome
People with ____ _____ excel in abilities unrelated to general intelligence.
Genes
Personality dimensions are influenced by _______.
Stanford Prison Experiment
Philip Zimbardo's experiment, a social psychologist, did a study on which people who were set roles, started to believe their roles which changed ethics on human experiments. There are 12 prisoners and 12 guards. Supposed to last two weeks, only lasted 6 days.
Oral
Pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, biting, chewing
Anal
Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
D
Susan was born deaf to hearing-impaired parents. She is fluent in sign language and successful in school. How will she perform on a standard intelligence test compared to hearing children her age? A. Deaf children cannot take standard intelligence tests, so her performance cannot be predicted. B. She will perform as well because language does not influence performance on intelligence tests. C. She will perform better because sign language improves verbal ability. D. Because the intelligence test is in the culture's dominant language (a language she cannot hear), she will not perform as well.
Reaction formation
Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
Mental set
Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way; especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem.
Functional fixedness
Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
B
Teresa is an African-American female scheduled to take a math aptitude test. To ensure her BEST performance and reduce the chance of stereotype threat, she should request to: have a Caucasian female administer the test. have an African-American female administer the test. take the test in a room with both males and females present. Teresa will not be influenced by the people administering or taking the test.
Phallic
The Oedipus and Electra Complex happen in what stage of Freud's psychosexual stages?
Rorschach inkblot
The Society for Personality Assessment commends its responsible use even though some critics doubt the validity of the projective test called the _____.
D
The Stanford Prison Experiment consisted of male college students who volunteered to participate in the simulation of a prison. Half of the students became guards, and the other half became prisoners. What is the name of the psychologist who had to call off the study after only six days because of the degrading behaviors displayed by the guards and the way the prisoners became passive, broke down, or rebelled? Leon Festinger Stanley Milgram Solomon Asch Philip Zimbardo
Verbal, performance
The WAIS was split into what two assessments?
Humanistic perspective
The _____ of personality emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals.
B
The _____________ is one of the most widely used intelligence tests for children. A. Binet's Intelligence Test (BIT) B. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) C. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) D. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Emotional intelligence
The ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions.
Repression
The basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing impulses, enables other defense mechanisms.
Prototype
The best example of a category
Psychosexual stages
The childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
A
The common tendency in individualistic cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external or situational factors, is called: the fundamental attribution error. altruism. diffusion of responsibility. deindividuation
Defense mechanisms
The ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Psychoanalytic, humanistic, trait, social-cognitive
The four basic perspectives that tells us who we are, are?
Rationalization
The habitual drinker may insist that he really doesn't care much for the taste of alcohol but feels that he is obliged to drink with friends "just to be sociable"
Learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Individualist
The humanistic concept of self-actualization is probably most applicable to _____ cultures, such as Canada.
A
The humanistic perspective is to the social-cognitive perspective as _______ is to _______. self-actualization; reciprocal determinism the unconscious; self-actualization self-actualization; the unconscious the unconscious; reciprocal determinism
B
The humanistic perspective of personality: emphasizes the driving force of unconscious motivations. emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals. emphasizes the importance of interaction with the environment in shaping personality. describes personality in terms of scores on various personality scales.
Carl Jung
This Swiss neo-Freudian, _____, worked closely with Sigmund Freud, but he placed less emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence.
A
This question and the others you are answering on this test are examples of: A. achievement tests. B. performance tests. C. IQ tests. D. aptitude tests.
A
Though she is performing at a first-grade level in most of her classes, Sarah is doing very well in college-level algebra. This may be an example of: savant syndrome. creativity. emotional intelligence. factor analysis.
B
To solve a problem, we often make use of a simple thinking strategy. This strategy will allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently by following a(n): A. confirmation bias. B. heuristic. C. prototype. D. algorithm.
Determinism
Troy's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of his successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates reciprocal _____.
D
Twenty-five years ago, Dr. Horner completed her dissertation under the direction of a renowned behaviorist. Since then, she has been teaching courses in learning and conditioning. This semester, she has been asked to teach a course in personality theory. Based on the information given, you might suspect that Dr. Horner would be MOST sympathetic to the ____ perspective on personality. humanistic psychodynamic trait social-cognitive
C
Twenty-five-year-old Teresa is a black woman scheduled to take a math aptitude test. To ensure her best performance and reduce the chance of stereotype threat, which of the following situations would you recommend for her? A. She should have a white woman administer the test. B. Teresa will not be influenced by the race of the people administering or taking the test. C. She should have a black woman administer the test. D. She should take the test in a room with both men and women present.
Representative, availability
Two kinds of heuristics, ____ heuristics and _____ heuristics, have been identified by cognitive psychologists.
Ambiguous action
Unclear if it was an accident or intentional. The reaction depends on the mood you were already in.
Personality inventory
Used to assess selected personality traits
Heuristic
Usually speedier and more error-prone than algorithms
Use emotion
Utilize emotions to adapt or be creative
Humanistic theory
View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
Superego
Voices in your head
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
WAIS stands for?
Wecshler Intelligence Scale for Children
WISC stands for?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Was developed by empirically testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminated between diagnostic groups.
Definitions
We form some concepts into _______. For example, a triangle has three sides. Mostly, we form concepts with mental images or typical examples (prototypes). For example, a robin is a prototype, but a penguin is not.
D
We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ___________ of a bird. A. algorithm B. phoneme C. heuristic D. prototype
Category hierarchies
We organize concepts into _______ _________.
D
Which statement is TRUE concerning the potential association between political affiliation and attributions? Political liberals are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are political conservatives. Political conservatives are less likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are political liberals. Political conservatives are more likely to make situational attributions than are political liberals. Political liberals are less likely to make dispositional attributions than are political conservatives.
A
Which statement is TRUE concerning the potential association between political affiliation and the fundamental attribution error? Political conservatives are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are political liberals. Political conservatives are less likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are political liberals. Political conservatives and political liberals are equally likely to make the fundamental attribution error. Research has yet to examine the potential association between political affiliation and the fundamental attribution error.
David Weschler
Who developed WAIS and WISC?
Albert Bandura
Who is a apart of the reciprocal determinism?
Spearman
Who proposed that general intelligence is linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis.
Gardner
Who proposes eight types of intelligences and speculates about a ninth one - existential intelligence.
Howard gardner
Who supports the idea that intelligence comes in multiple forms?
It depends on who you ask
Why are we who we are?
Senex
Wise old man
C
You are trying to fix the mowing deck on your lawn tractor (the pin has come out and is now nowhere to be found). Knowing you cannot mow the lawn without securing the deck, you see a zip tie normally used to bind wires together and use it to temporarily secure the deck. You have successfully overcome: A. the framing effect. B. the availability heuristic. C. functional fixedness. D. belief perseverance.
D
You have very strong opinions about the tuition increase. However, once you are the student representative for the College Board, you develop a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory best explains why? A. two-factor theory B. social exchange theory C. equity theory D. cognitive dissonance theory
B
You watch as a student stumbles and drops her books in the hall. According to the fundamental attribution error, how would you explain the student's behavior? She must have tripped over something. She is a clumsy person. She could not help it; there were too many books to carry. She was trying to get out of someone else's way.
D
Your brother is considering adopting an infant from an orphanage that has a reputation for minimal child-caregiver interaction. A 1-year-old boy is available for adoption, but he is passive and not speaking yet. What advice would you give your brother? A. Don't worry. The boy's verbal ability is determined by genetics, as opposed to environment. B. The change in environment will not have an impact on the boy's verbal abilities. C. Be prepared that the boy will never learn to speak, even if provided with responsive caregiving. D. Provided with responsive caregiving, the chances are good that the boy will learn to talk.
C
Your friend has a cockatiel that he has trained to discriminate between pictures of dogs and cats. Your friend shows him a picture of a dog and the bird pecks at a dog symbol on the cage. Your friend shows him a picture of a cat and the bird pecks at a cat symbol. The bird is showing: A. telegraphic language. B. syntactic language. C. that it can form concepts. D. linguistic determination.
D
Your friend yells at you for being five minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe your friend is a rude jerk, you decide that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Therefore, you make a _____ about her behavior. dispositional attribution. gender-typing attribution. foot-in-the-door attribution situational attribution.
Attitude
Your professor is curt with everyone on the first day of class. You think that your new professor is rude. This _____ will likely influence you to act negatively toward your professor.
D
Your professor is short with everyone on the first day of class. You think that your new professor is rude. This ____________ will likely influence you to act negatively toward your professor. A. foot-in-the-door phenomenon B. situational attribution C. exposure effect D. attitude
B
Your sister's identical twin sons are participating in a research study that includes MRI scans. The MRI findings will most likely indicate that: A. they have very different gray matter volume. B. they have very similar gray matter volume. C. the areas in their brains associated with verbal intelligence are very different. D. the areas in their brains associated with spatial intelligence are very different.
D
Zelda was adopted when she was an infant. Her adoptive parents' intelligence test scores are in the average range. Her biological parents, on the other hand, have test scores that are well above average. When Zelda is 30, her performance on an intelligence test will: drop precipitously because of the Flynn effect. increase dramatically because of confirmation bias. be more similar to her adoptive parents' test scores. be more similar to her biological parents' test scores.
Alfred Binet
___ _____ and his colleague Theodore Simon practiced a more modern form of intelligence testing by developing questions that would predict childrens future progress in the Paris school system.
Maslow
___ proposed that we as individuals are motivated by a hierarchy of needs.
Racial
____ groups differ in their average intelligence scores.
Aptitude
____ is the capacity to learn.
Identical
____ twins raised apart show slightly less similarity in their intelligence scores.
Hans, Sybil Eysenck
_____ and_______ suggested that personality could be reduced down to two polar dimensions, extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability.
Bandura
_____ believes that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context.
Intellectual
_____ disability refers to a condition of limited mental ability, which is indicated by an intelligence test score at or below 70, as well as difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living.
Rogers
_____ emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development.
A
_____ is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person; this attitude nurtures growth in others. Unconditional positive regard Self-actualization Reaction formation The Electra complex
Adler
_____ is to power as Horney is to security.
Validity
_____ of a test refers to what the test is supposed to measure or predict.
B
_____ refers to one's ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use one's emotions. Crystallized intelligence Emotional intelligence Social awareness Fluid intelligence
C
_____ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, whereas _____ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. Dispositional attributions; situational attributions Informational social influence; normative social influence Normative social influence; informational social influence Situational attributions; dispositional attributions
Fraternal
_____ twins raised together tend to show similarity in intelligence scores
Jung
______ believed in the collective unconscious, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species past. This is why cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother being a symbol of nurturance.
Adopted
______ children show a marginal correlation in verbal ability to their adopted parents
Aptitude tests
_________ ______ are necessarily biased in the sense that they are sensitive to performance differences caused by cultural differences.
Groupthink
_________ is fueled by a desire for group harmony.
B
_______________ observed the dramatic effects of early experiences and demonstrated the impact of early intervention in an Iranian orphanage. A. Flynn B. Hunt C. Piaget D. McVicker
B
_____are feelings that are based on beliefs; they predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events. Perceptions Attitudes Attributions Algorithms