PSY236 True/False

If an antagonist binds to a receptor it has the same effect as the neurotransmitter binding to the receptor on the postsynaptic neuron. -True -False

False

In addicts, the shift in saliency to drug over other natural rewards is mediated by the striatum. -True -False

False

In the somatosensory nervous system, sensory information enters the spinal cord from the ventral roots. -True -False

False

Ionotropic receptors bind g-proteins -True -False

False

It is suggested that reduced glutamate neurotransmission is involved in the symptoms of schizophrenia as glutamate receptor agonists produce psychosis -True -False

False

Metabolism of neurotransmitters only occurs in the presynaptic terminal -True -False

False

Our behaviour is only determined by out genetic make up -True -False

False

Peptide neurotransmitters are mad in the presynaptic terminals from precursor molecules obtained from our diet. -True -False

False

Proteins made in the soma of the cell are transported to the presynaptic terminals by the process of axoplasmic transport. The protein dynein aids this process. -True -False

False

Second messenger system activation enables fast processes within the neuron -True -False

False

Sequencing of amino acids to form proteins from messenger RNA is called transcription -True -False

False

The blood brain barrier is similar to the meninges in that it covers the surface of the brain. -True -False

False

The four main neurotransmitters thought to be involved in the neurochemistry of schizophrenia are dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and acetylcholine -True -False

False

The golgi apparatus is involved in translating mRNA into protein -True -False

False

The parasympathetic nervous system extends from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and is involved in non-emergency functions in the body -True -False

False

Neurons can communicate with each other by either chemical or electrical communication. Electrical communication via gap junctions is common between glial cells. -True -False

True

Ecstasy abuse leads to depression and anxiety through degeneration of dopamine neurons -True -False

False

Genes are sequences of protein -True -False

False

1. The plasma membrane of a neuron is a double layer of phospholipids which contains large proteins as ion channels. These ion channels allow ions in at any time. -True -False

False

Acetylcholine is a monoamine -True -False

False

Afferent neurons are postsynaptic neurons -True -False

False

An action potential occurs when there is enough positive information in the form of excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP) to reach the excitability threshold of the neuron. This causes voltage-gated K+ (potassium) channels to open and allow a further influx of positive charge into the cell. -True -False

False

An action potential produces endocytosis at the presynaptic terminal to allow neurotransmitter release into the synapse. -True -False

False

Dopamine cells are activated when an expected reward is not received -True -False

False

Dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens is involved in the process of reward -True -False

False

Dopamine neurotransmission is predominantly involved in linking learned associations of the drug-taking environment with craving for drug use. -True -False

False

The speed and magnitude of increased dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by an administered drug is determined by the drug potency and route of administration. The fastest route of administration for a drug to reach the brain is by the oral route. -True -False

False

There are no effective pharmacotherapies for addiction or the symptoms of chronic drug use. -True -False

False

4. Voltage-gated K+ (potassium) channels open at +30mV to allow an efflux of positive charge from the neuron to repolarise the cell. -True -False

True

A synapse may occur between a presynaptic terminal of the axon and the postsynaptic soma of a neuron. -True -False

True

Astrocytes are glial cells that support neurons by supplying them with essential nutrients, ions and oxygen received from the blood supply. -True -False

True

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is made in the choroid plexus of each of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles in the brain. -True -False

True

For a chemical in the brain to be considered a neurotransmitter there must be a mechanism to inactivate or metabolise the chemical -True -False

True

If a chromosome contains two identical genes for a particular characteristic we are said to be homozygous for that gene -True -False

True

If neurons are expose to low pH levels (acidic) they can not fire by action potential to send messages -True -False

True

Inhibitory post synaptic potentials reduce the likelihood of an action potential to occur -True -False

True

Metabotropic receptors bind g-proteins which can regulate effector proteins or ion channels in the cell membrane -True -False

True

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors prevent the breakdown of monoamines which elevates mood. -True -False

True

Monoamines are deactivated (metabolised) by the enzyme monoamine oxidase -True -False

True

Myelination by oligodendrocytes speeds up axon conduction and means that the ion channels only need to be present at the nodes of ranvier to propagate the action potential. -True -False

True

Narcotics are typically types of opiates such as heroin or methadone. -True -False

True

Neurites are axons and dendrites -True -False

True

Neurotransmitters bind with receptors to promote communication (chemical neurotransmission) from one neuron to the next. These receptors are either ion channels or g-protein couple polypeptides in the cell membrane. -True -False

True

Opiates increase dopamine neurotransmission by activity at mu opiate receptors -True -False

True

The dopamine theory of addiction is limited by the fact that aversive stimuli also produce increases in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens -True -False

True

There are GABA cell bodies in the striatum -True -False

True

There is a high concentration of K+ (potassium) and a low concentration of Na+ (sodium) in the intracellular fluid. -True -False

True

Tricyclic antidepressants work to enhance mood by blocking the membrane transporters for each of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin. -True -False

True

Typical neuroleptics that selectively antagonise dopamine D2 receptors are effective at reducing the positive psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia -True -False

True

Valine is an essential amino acid -True -False

True