psy290 chapter 7

single factor designs: may be _____ or _____ design

between subjects, within subjects

multilevel designs example: Bransford and Johnson on context and memory: group ____ had higher recall than groups ___ and ____, which were _____. Having 3 groups allowed them to test 2 possible reasons for differences in memory: _____ and ______. results provided a _____ explanation of the effects

2, 1 and 3, the same, context and timing of memory cue, more clear

multilevel designs example: Plotter, Over, Carpenter, and Tomasello tested the bystander effect in children: results indicated that the help rate was nearly _____ in both the _____ and the _______ conditions, but roughly _____ that in the _____ condition

100%, alone and bystander unavailable, half, bystander

within subjects design example: Stroop study on color word interference: had ____ males and ____ females, performed ___ tasks: ______ was 100 color names and the ink ______, and ______ was 100 color names and the ink ______

14, 56, 2, RCNb, is black, RCNd, did not match the word

single factor designs: the simplest version has ____ levels

2

multilevel designs example: Ebbinghaus and memory: had he only tested _____, it still would have shown that ______, but the _____ would have been very different depending on which ______ had been tested

2 levels, forgetting happens, rate, 2 time points

matched groups designs have minimum of ____ levels of the IV, are a ______ subject design, IV type is _____, and equivalent groups are created by ______

2, between, manipulated, matching

independent group designs have minimum of ____ levels of the IV, are a ______ subject design, IV type is _____, and equivalent groups are created by ______

2, between, manipulated, random assignment

ex post facto designs have minimum of ____ levels of the IV, are a ______ subject design, IV type is _____, and equivalent groups are created by ______

2, between, subject, matching

repeated measures designs have minimum of ____ levels of the IV, are a ______ subject design, IV type is _____, and equivalent groups are created by ______

2, within, manipulated, n/a

multilevel designs example: Plotter, Over, Carpenter, and Tomasello tested the bystander effect in children: there were ____ conditions:

3, alone, bystander, bystander unavailable

multilevel designs example: Steele, Ball, and Runk tested for the Mozart effect: _____ participants were tested, using a ____. they were told the study was testing the effect of _____ on ______

36, 3x3 latin square, relaxation on recall

within subjects design example: Stroop study on color word interference: used ______ (reverse color balancing). _____ saw the condition one way, the other ____ the opposite. no difference between _____

ABBA, half, half, conditions

yoked-control group example: Dunn, Schwartz, Hatfield, and Wiegele studied effectiveness of EDMR: group 1 = thought about their trauma, reported their SUD level, used _____ until they achieved a SUD level of ______ and group 2 = same procedure, but instead of using ____ they _____

EDMR, 0-1, EDMR, started at red dot

yoked-control group example: Dunn, Schwartz, Hatfield, and Wiegele studied effectiveness of ____

EMDR

_____ conducted the seminal work on memory

Ebbinghaus

ex post facto design example: TBI study by ____ and ____, since the IV involves ____, random assignment is not possible. groups were selected be as _____ as possible, with the exception of ____. matched for ____, ____ and _____

McDonald and Flanagan, brain damage, similar, TBI, age, education, gender

multilevel designs example: Steele, Ball, and Runk tested for the ______, which a number of studies, including one by Steele and others, _______ to replicate

Mozart effect, failed

multilevel designs example: Steele, Ball, and Runk tested for the Mozart effect: there were 3 conditions: listening to ______, listening to _______, and listening to ________

Mozart for 10 min, soothing sounds for 10 min, nothing and relax for 10 min

single-factor, between-subject designs: _____ and _____ (2014) use of _____ to _____

Muller and Oppenheimer, laptops, take notes

within subjects design example: Stroop study on color word interference: experiment 2: _____ was slower than _____ and also had more errors. because of the nature of the ____ (perception and info processing) the within subjects design is appropriate

NCWd, NC, DV

single factor multilevel design: example: _______ studies the effect of shock on learning in mice. found that as shock level increased, learning ______, but _______. after that point, performance _____. this evolved into a more general law about _____ and ______, and is usually shown as an _____

Yerkes-Dodson law, increased, only up to a point, decreased, performance and arousal, inverted U

placebo and wait-list control group combo example: Merle and Skanes evaluated the effectiveness of subliminal weight-loss tapes: results were that each group lost ______ weight

about the same amount of

single factor multilevel design: Yerkes-Dodson "inverted u": increasing arousal leads to increasing ____ and _____. At the peak, optimal arousal and optimal performance, then impaired performance because of ______

attention and interest, strong anxiety

multilevel designs example: Plotter, Over, Carpenter, and Tomasello tested the _____ in children

bystander effect

ethical issues with control groups: participants are suffering unduly until the study is completed counter-argument = use of such designs are _______ and participants may experience _______

carefully evaluated, check ins

within subjects example: Stroop studied ______

color word interference

wait-list control group: the purpose is it provides a _____ group for those in the ______ group that are similar (they have the same ____, for example). this can tell us about what percentage of people _______

comparison, experimental, diagnosis, naturally get better

single factor designs: within subjects: repeated measures design: if tested once per condition, _____ or ______ is used

complete or partial counterbalancing

multilevel designs example: Bransford and Johnson studied the effect of _____ on ______

context on memory

despite what some people think, a ____ group isn't always needed

control

yoked-control group example: Dunn, Schwartz, Hatfield, and Wiegele studied effectiveness of EDMR: both groups experienced a _____ in distress, and did not ______

decrease, differ

ethical issues with control groups: participants are being '______' treatment

denied

multilevel designs example: Steele, Ball, and Runk tested for the Mozart effect: instead of using a spatial task, they used a _______ task. they listened (or not) to sounds, then completed _______ tasks, throughout the order they were assigned to.

digits backward memory, 3 memory

ethical issues with control groups: we know how things will go without the need for these groups counter-argument = we ______ know which is why we ______, it's also possible that the ______ may differ from the ones we have _____

don't, use these designs, current conditions, data about

placebo control group: the purpose of a placebo is to control for ______ of an effect

expectation

ex post facto design example: TBI study: due to the low sample size, some concern may be raised about _____. how well does the sample ______. researchers compared this group to another group from a comparable brain injury unit and found _____ on length of post traumatic amnesia

external validity, represent all TBI patients, no difference

____ is another term used for IV

factor

within subjects design example: chocolate: they rated the chocolate with a _____ in the room (thought was another _____). the _____ was either apparently rating the chocolate as well (______) or rating several paintings in the room (______)

female confederate, participant, confederate, shared condition, unshared condition

wait-list control group: another purpose is that it controls for the ______ that _______ is coming, or increased awareness and/or focus on the _____

hope or belief, relief, purpose of treatment

multilevel designs example: Plotter, Over, Carpenter, and Tomasello tested the bystander effect in children: by ______ they were able to rule out _____ of the explanations given for bystander inaction: _____ and _____. instead, ______ is the better explanation

including the third condition, 2, shyness and social referencing, diffusion of responsibility

single factor multilevel design: Yerkes-Dodson "inverted u": had they only studied two levels of shock, such as low and moderate, they would have determined that as shock increases, performance _______, not knowing _______. Had they studied only moderate and high shock, they would have come to the _______ conclusion. had they studied only low and high shock, they would have concluded that shock level is ______ performance. By testing and comparing multiple levels, they got a _____ idea of how the 2 variables are _______ related.

increases, anything more, opposite, unrelated to, better, actually

single factor designs: between subjects: manipulated IV: ______ design if simple random assignment is used, _____ design if a matching procedure followed by random assignment is used. groups are considered _____

independent groups, matched groups, equivalent

ethical issues with control groups: we already _______ without the need for these groups

know how things will go

ethical issues with control groups: participants are being denied treatment counter-argument = they can choose to _______ and seek a ______, the control group may be receiving _______ rather than _______

leave the study, different treatment, old treatment, no treatment

multilevel designs example: Ebbinghaus and memory: established that _____ fades with increasing ____ since study. however, the fade is neither _____ nor ______: the most memory loss happens _____, then _____ with time. however, the _____ continues at least as far as _____ days post-study

memory, time, steady nor linear, early, slows, loss, 31

______ designs have more than 2 levels

multilevel

single-factor, between-subject designs: Muller and Oppenheimer: taken together, these 3 simple, single-factor designs accounted for ______, but found _____ results

multiple interpretations, converging

multilevel designs example: Steele, Ball, and Runk tested for the Mozart effect: there was _____ between conditions and a significant ______ effect. this study, along with others, have called into question the ____ of the Mozart effect

no difference, practice, validity

a major advantage of multilevel designs is that this allows the researcher to test for ______ because they have more than ____ levels. if there are only 2 levels, the effect is always seen as _____

nonlinear effects, 2, linear

multilevel designs example: Ebbinghaus and memory: created 2300 "________" and spent several hours a day for several years memorizing and recalling lists of these _____. he studied a number of factors (_______, ______, _______) and established the famous _____

nonsense syllables, syllables, number per list, study trials per list, spread out or bunched up trials, forgetting curve

single factor designs: between subjects: subject variable: groups are considered ______. called an ______ design. attempts are made to make the groups as ______ on _____

not equivalent, ex post facto, similar as possible, other factors

single-factor, between-subject designs: Muller and Oppenheimer: study 2 asked participants to explicitly _____. ____ in results from study 1

not take notes verbatim, no difference

single-factor, between-subject designs: are _____ as often as they used to be and also not as _____ as more complex designs

not used, publishable

a single factor design in one that has ______

one IV

multilevel designs example: Bransford and Johnson on context and memory: participants read a _______ and then were tested on their memory of that info. group one: ____ topic, group two: topic ______, group 3: topic ____

paragraph that didn't make sense, no topic, before, after

within subjects design example: chocolate: to control for the possibility that sharing any experience might increase enjoyment, rather than the _____ being intensified, they conducted a second experiment. in this one, the participants rated ______. results indicated that those in the _____ condition had a greater dislike of it.

perception, bitter chocolate, shared

_______: a substance, experience, etc. that suggests a specific effect but in reality does not have a genuine effect

placebo

combinations of _____ and _____ control groups may be used

placebo and wait list

placebo and wait-list control group combo example: Merle and Skanes evaluated the effectiveness of subliminal weight-loss tapes: interpretation is they lost the same amount of wait which can't be due to the ______, otherwise the ______ group would have lost more weight than the _____ group. results may have been due to increased ______

placebo expectation, placebo, wait list, focus on weight

within subjects design example: chocolate: these 2 studies suggest that the ______ can intensify the ______, _____ or _____

presence of others, perception of an experience, positive or negative

single-factor, between-subject designs: Muller and Oppenheimer: ______ assignment to levels (_____ or _____), no difference on ______, clear advantage for the _____ group on conceptual answers

random, laptop or longhand, factual questions, longhand

within subjects design example: Stroop study on color word interference: experiment 2 compared ______ vs ______. there was the ____ test vs the _____ test

reading the word, naming the color, NC, NCWd

single factor designs: within subjects: _____ design: participants are tested more than once

repeated measures

single factor designs: within subjects: repeated measures design: if tested more than once per condition, _____ or _____ is used

reverse or block counterbalancing

a _____ control group is used when the amount of time in the study may vary from participant to participant

yoked

single-factor, between-subject designs: because of their _____,they are easy to set up and use

simplicity

within subjects design example: chocolate: these 2 studies have great implications and applications in the area of ______, _____, _____ psych, and others

social, industrial, school

______'s study on _____ is the most replicated study in psuch

stroop, color word interference

single-factor, between-subject designs: Muller and Oppenheimer: study 3 allowed participants to _____ before taking the _______ (higher _____ validity). _____ in results

study their notes, memory test, ecological, no difference

ethical issues with control groups: participants are ________ until the study is completed

suffering unduly

placebo and wait-list control group combo example: Merle and Skanes evaluated the effectiveness of subliminal weight-loss tapes: there were 3 conditions: _____, _______ (actually a tape to relieve ______), and _______

tape, placebo, dental anxiety, wait-list control

within subjects design example: shared v unshared experience of _____. ____ participants rated ____ on several _____ including _____

tasting chocolate, female, chocolate, dimensions, flavor

not all control groups are _____, nor do all of them mean that a group gets the ______

the same, 0 level of the IV

within subjects design example: chocolate: participants were told they were rating ______, but were actually _____. results indicated that _____ and _____ were rated higher in the _____ condition

two types of chocolate, the same, enjoyment and flavor, shared

a _____ control group is often used when evaluating the effectiveness of a treatment. Participants are told that there are ______ for treatment, but that _______. Participants must be given _____ at the end of the study

wait list, no spots, when one opens they have it, some treatment

placebo and wait-list control group combo example: Merle and Skanes evaluated the effectiveness of subliminal ________

weight loss tapes

yoked-control groups: the paired participant in the control group is ______ to their partner in the experimental condition which ensures they are in the study for the _______ of time so the overall time in the study for both groups will be _____

yoked, same amount, the same