PSY321 - 3
Kuhn
"the answers you get depend upon the questions you ask"
power
ability to find an effect if its there
SAMPLING
generalizability.
paradigm shift
similar to gestation switch- the duck/rabbit picture
- KOHLBERG'S stages of moral development
very few ppl reach level 6
Immigrants
Those who intend to move permanently (immigrants)
behavioural signatures
person will vary by situation and affect culture
problems with conducting surveys across cultures:
1) TRANSLATION of questionnaire items
Generalizability
Do the findings generalize to populations other than the samples that were studied.
Stereotype threat
Fear that one might do something that will inadvertently confirm a negative stereotype about one's group
Which of the following is NOT one of the key concepts that explain how ideas spread?
Ideas should be able to stand on their own merit
Unpackaging
Identifying the underlying variables that give rise to a cultural difference.
In what way does exposure to a language at a young age affect our abilities to discriminate between different sounds?
Infants as young as one year differ in their perception of some phonemes compared with those raised to speak a different language
Authoritative parenting
Is a child-centered approach in which parents hold high expectations of the maturity of their children, try to understand their child's feelings and teach them how to regulate those feelings, and encourage their children to be independent while maintaining limits and control on their behaviors. This approach is associated with parental warmth, responsiveness, and democratic reasoning.
According to your textbook and lecture, why would larger social groups be associated with the evolution of brain size?
Larger groups has greater social complexity, driving the evolution of larger brains to handle such complexity
Emulative learning
Learning via action (figuring it out on your own)
cultural evolution has: (3 things)
Longevity, fecundity, and fidelity
In this course, Urban and Rural settings are considered cultural contexts. Which Babies shared urban background experiences growing up?
Mari & Hattie
Host culture
New culture
How does similarity bias compare to conformist transmission?
Only conformist transmission focuses on how common a behavior is in a group of people.
Heritage culture
Original culture
Inderjit, an Indian villager, came across a pot of gold while working in the fields. How is he most likely to distribute this gold after he brings it back to his village?
People who need more money receive more pieces of gold.
Existential universal
Phenomenon existing in multiple cultures, but not used the same way, or equally accessible.
Cultural Acquisition (4)
Reactive Facilitative Psychodynamic Symbolic
What is a proximal cause for why a small group of Spaniards was able to conquer the Incan empire?
The Spaniards had better weapons than the Incans
Characteristics of creative individuals across cultures (chapter 5)
The characteristics of creative individuals across cultures include: (1) Capacity for hard work, (2) Willingness to take risks, and (3) High tolerance for ambiguity.
What are the characteristics of tight and loose nations (chapter 1)
The characteristics of tight nations reflect those of collectivist cultures. Tight nations typically display a stricter government and more conformity. Whereas loose cultures display more democratic governments and autonomy.
Occam's Razor
Any theory should make as few assumptions as possible.
Methods for studying culture
Back translation Translating idioms Response Biases -Moderacy bias (Tendency to choose most moderate responses) -Extremity bias (Tendency to choose most extreme responses) -Aquiscience ( Tendency to agree with most responses) Cultural Priming
COSI
Causation Operation Sampling Interpretation
Proximal Cause
Causes that have direct and immediate relations with their effects
co sleeping
Children sleeping in the same bed with parents or grandparents until primary school age, rather than sleeping in separate rooms and beds. This is common in most cultures.
Why is there NOT much cumulative culture among chimpanzees?
Chimpanzees are not very good at imitative learning.
Color-blind approach
The idea that people are the same, and we shouldn't differentiate/discriminate based on anyone's ethnic background.
Define: Flynn Effect
The pattern of increasing IQ seen through subsequent generations within a culture.
Do American and Japanese infants differ from each other on smiling, vocal reactivity, and laughter? (chapter 4)
The rate of infants smiling are higher in Japan than the US. The rate of vocal reactivity is higher in the US than Japan, and the rate of laughter is ??
Encephalization quotient
The ratio of brain weight of an animal compared to that of another animal of similar size. (Humans have brains 4.5X bigger than other animals our size)
Is serial position effect universal? (chapter 5)
The serial position effect is the tendency to remember something better if it is either the first (primacy effect) or last (recency effect) thing said. This is not universal, instead it is dependent on rehearsal.
noun bias
The tendency in young children to have a vocabulary with more nouns relative to the number of verbs and other relational word
Dependent variable
The variable that you measure ex. happiness
A 2.5-year-old human child, a chimpanzee, and an orangutan are presented with the same problem-solving task—they must figure out how to use a tool to reach the top of a cabinet and nudge a wooden block that will knock over a banana. Based on Hermann and colleagues' findings, which of the three participants will outperform the others?
They will all perform equally well.
What is Pagtatanong-tanong? (chapter 2)
This phrase means "Asking questions" in Filipino and has become a popular social science research method.
Back translation
Transferring information back and forth across cultures in order to reach a consensus that the information has been transfered between culures and languages successfully.
which of the following statements is TRUE about parent-child interactions across cultures
Urban European mothers spend less time in physical contact with their infants, as compared with rural mothers
Separation strategy
When you love your heritage culture and dislike host culture.
Salad bowl model
Where each ethnic group maintains its distinct characteristics, and adds unique flavor to the whole.
Dynamic social impact theory can explain why
XXX cultural evolution can occur much faster than biological evolution.
After examining the surveys you collected from people in Culture A, you find that people tend to answer "yes" to all the questions, regardless of the content. This is called ________ bias.
XXX leniency
Xiao, a 7-year-old chinese child, and jess, a 7-year-old american child, are each listening to and audio tape in their individual rooms...
Xiao guesses that the inaudible part refers to a verb; Jess guesses that the inaudible part refers to a noun
General psychology
All human minds are similar when context is stripped away.
Color-Blind Approach
People will interact with each other without giving much attention to anyone's ethnic background.
Functional universal
Phenomenon existing in multiple cultures, is used in the same way, but is not equally accessible.
Collectivistic culture
Placing the collective needs ahead of the individual.
What will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife?
None of these choices is correct.
what is a W.E.I.R.D sample?
White Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic low generalizability !!!
W.E.I.R.D
White educated industrialized rich democratic
Shakers
a group of ppl who didnt believe in reproducing and having biological evolution; instead they adopted kids and engaged in CULTURAL Evolution by spreading their ideas and 'memes'
Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-level measure?
a journal entry
extraversion
a personality trait that indicates how active or dominant an individual is
humans tend to copy everything that a prestigious model does, because humans
don't know what it is about the model that made him/her successful
cognitive dissonance
the distressing feeling that accompanies the awareness that one is acting inconsistently
It is not at all unusual for the officers at Police Station 54 to observe their colleagues using confrontational interview techniques. Even though they do not personally like the technique, many officers believe that the practice is widely approved of by others and expected of them. This is an example of
pluralistic ignorance.
respect for hierarchy
post pubescent boys are conferred social status by allowing them to not have to sleep with parents or young children
incest avoidance
post pubescent members of the family of the opposite sex should not sleep in rooms together
noun biases
predominance of nouns relative to verbs and other relational words in young children's vocabulary
which of the following statements is NOT true
primate species that rely heavily on fruit in their diets have larger neocortex ratios than do primate species that do not rely much on fruit
whats a good way to study individual effects (collectivist vs individualistic cultures)?
priming! studies
enculturation
process of transmitting culture cultural elements to others in ones own community (serves as sense of community) (INSIDE)
The Parker's are an American family planning for how their family members will be sleeping. The moral values that will NOT be reflected in their sleeping arrangement is ____
protection of the vulnerable
The Parkers are an American family planning for how their family members will be sleeping. The moral value that will NOT be reflected in their sleeping arrangements is
protection of the vulnerable
The considerable cultural differences between the large Nuer tribes and the smaller, less powerful Dinka tribes of southern Sudan indicates that
the effects of transmitted culture are substantial.
a key difference between the epidemiological view of cultural evolution and the "ideas as replicators" view is that
the epidemiological view involves people recreating what they have learned, whereas the ideas as replicators view involves the replication of ideas
subjective well-being
the feeling of how satisfied one is with one's life
general psychology
the field of psychology that inherently assumes that the mind operates under a set of natural and universal laws that are independent of content or context
The term "noun bias" means that
the first words children learn tend to be nouns rather than other kinds of words
the term "noun-bias" means that
the first words children learn tend to be nouns rather than other kinds of words
The term "noun bias" means that
the first words children learn tend to be nouns rather than other kinds of words.
What is the highest level of universality?
accessibility universal
After an exhaustive study, you find no cultural variation across all samples explored in terms of sleeping in a tree at night. This finding would best be labeled as a(n)
accessibility universal.
Shuang is a chinese mother. compared with shuang, alex, an american mother is more likely to
acknowledge her children's perspective
Shuang is a Chinese mother. Compared with Shuang, Alex, an American mother, is more likely to
acknowledge her children's perspectives
While helping your colleague analyze data, you realize that she has turned the participants' responses into z-scores. Based on the response biases in the textbook, which one is she most likely to be trying to account for?
acquiescence bias
Which of the following defines culture, according to the textbook?
any information learned from other members of one's species that can influence an individual's behaviors
What is culture?
any kind of idea, belief, technology, habit, or practice that is acquired through learning from others
auto kinetic effect
caused by involuntary saccadic movements of the eyes which in the dark give the illusion of movement
Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study with Americans' and Kenyans' self-descriptions, which of the following is the most accurate in describing the Samburu
collectivistic
the big god hypothesis
concept of God. (punishment and reward) social mechanism, bcz God has access to ur thoughts an behaviours. be a GOOD person
What is a strategy for avoiding problems with the reference group effect?
concrete response options, behavioral observations, quantitative responses
Research reveals that the French paradox is due to the French
consuming fewer calories.
where is there more and less of gender roles?
countries where you need to work hard for food have more gender roles and value masculinity. if food is easily accessible, not as many gender roles
evoked culture
cultural differences created by differing environmental conditions activating a predictable set of responses
The fact that people from some cultures lack an enzyme that allows them to digest milk reflects the fact that
cultural practices can affect human evolution.
collectivistic cultures
cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the group over the needs and goals of the individual
If a child wants to be a great basketball player and chooses to learn from LeBron James as a prestigious model, what aspect(s) of James is the child most likely to imitate, according to the prestige bias?
everything that LeBron James does, both related and unrelated to basketball
If a child wants to be a great ice hockey player and chooses to learn from Wayne Gretzky as the prestigious model, what aspect(s) of Wayne Gretzky is the child most likely to imitate?
everything that Wayne Gretzky does, both related and unrelated to hockey
Your research team found evidence that people in multiple cultures walk with their shoes on their heads, but this "shoe-on-head" way of walking is activated for different reasons across cultures. This would be evidence of a(n)
existential universal.
subjective well-being
feeling of how satisfied one is with their life
Depression is a condition that is
found in every culture that has been explored.
anxious-ambivalent attachment
frequent distress when mother is and isn't present
reproduction of a meme
from 1 person to another is considered one generation
A key difference between cultural psychologists and general psychologists is that
general psychologists believe that the mind is independent from context and content, whereas cultural psychologists believe that the mind cannot be separated from context and content.
genes and memes differ in that
genes vary randomly, but memes often vary from planned innovations
authoritative parenting
good median child centred approach
terrible two's
increase in non-compliant and oppositional behaviour in children (tantrums)
evoked culture:
looks at people's tendencies to have certain biological characteristics come out regardless of where they are from, in given contexts
the big five personality traits
none of these statements are true
authoritarian parenting
super strict high demands
pluralistic ignorance
tendency for ppl to constantly misinterpret the thoughts that underlie other peoples behaviours. you could all not like something and want to change it but because you think everyone else is OK with it, you don't do anything
Pluralistic ignorance is likely to lead to
the persistence of particular cultural practices.
As seen in the textbook, finding that U.S. southerners respond aggressively to insults more than northerners because the southerners also score higher on measures of honor would be an example of
unpacking a cultural difference
finding that U.S. southerners respond aggressively to insults more than northerners because of underlying differences in measures of honor would be an example of:
unpacking a cultural difference
What is a strategy for avoiding problems with the reference-group effect?
use concrete response options
What is a strategy for avoiding problems with the reference-group effect?
using concrete response options
CAUSATION (COSI)
watch for 3rd variable factors control condition may be required
the selfish gene
we have biological and cultural evolution (genetic evolution)
an infant of Species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. which of the following scenarios best demonstrates that the infant is engaging in emulative learning
when given the tool, the infant figures out on her own how to use the tool to achieve the same goal
an infant of species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. which of the following demonstrates that the infant is engaging in imitative learning
when given the tool, the infant mimics exactly how the model used the tool
Studies of rates of schizophrenia across nations find that
All of these statements are true.
Cross-cultural tests of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning reveal that
All of these statements are true.in all cultures people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms.
autonomy ideal
An american cultural belief that young children who are needy and vulnerable should learn to be self-reliant and take care of themselves.
Deprivation effect
An effect where deprivation of something, makes a culture value it more. For example, personal safety.
Contemporary legends
Cross cultural modern fictional stories that are told as if they were true. (Ex: halloween candy razors)
Transmitted culture
Culture learned socially or by modeling another person.
Response biases
Factors that distort the accuracy of a person's responses to surveys and become especially problematic when coparing groups that differ
Which of the following is NOT a way in which genes and memes differ?
Genes can replicate horizontally and vertically, whereas memes can only replicate vertically.
Cultural difference
How similar their heritage culture is to the host culture in their overall ways of life.
What are the three indicators of health? (chapter 7)
(1) Life Expectancy (2) Infant Mortality, and (3) Subjective Well-being
Sacred couple
(incest avoidance being the first) A second moral principle adhered by Americans in which participants believed that married couples should be given their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual privacy
2 systems developed by nomads (traveling communities) to avoid getting sick:
1) BIS (behavioural immune system) Theory [we do certain things/behaviours to avoid getting sick] 2) pathogen avoidance
3 things that came out of agriculture revolution
1) PASTORALISM (domesticating animals) 2) crop-gorwing 3) farming communities developed
some solutions to the problem of surveying people in another language?
1) PI speaking both languages 2) make the survey english only and only recruit bilingual ppl (CONS = this may not generalize well to ur population)
2 types of CAUSES
1) PROXIMAL 2) DISTAL
Replication of ideas (3)
1) communicable ideas spread 2) emotional ideas spread 3) minimally counter intuitive ideas spread
Factors that cause ideas to spread:
1) communication is key! Shareable ideas spread faster (eg. stereotypes) 2) dynamic social impact theory 3) useful ideas spread (eg. YouTube) 4) Emotional ideas spread 5) Minimally counterintuitive ideas spread.
What Kinds of Childhood Experiences Differ Across Cultures?
1) sleeping arrangements (babies) in US babies sleep separate but many other cultures have baby sleep with them.
culture is "packaged"; in 3 ways
1) unpacking 2) occurs razor 3) culture of honour
some evidence for the sensitive period
1) young infants can discriminate among all phonemes, 2) before puberty our brains are plastic and ready for language, 3) its more difficult to learn a language after the sensitive period
Your friends are debating whether culture has been changing or not over the last few decades. What response is NOT supported by research?
It has not been changing—collectivistic cultures have, overall, remained just as collectivistic as they were decades ago.
Which of the following is one problem especially associated with studies using WEIRD samples?
They have very low generalizability.
A cat teaches another cat in the same alley to hold a mouse a certain way so that the mouse can be more easily eaten. Based on the definitions of culture used in the textbook, can this example be said to be "culture"?
More than one of the choices is true.
Minimally counter-intuitive ideas
Statements/stories that are unusual/strange, but are surrounded by context we relate to. (Ex: harry potter, the bible)
A 2.5-year-old human child, a chimpanzee, and an orangutan are presented with the same problem-solving task: they must figure out how to use a tool to reach the top of a cabinet and nudge a wooden block that will knock over a banana. Based on the findings of Herrmann and colleagues (2007), which of the three participants will outperform the others?
There will be no significant difference in performance across the three participants.
Ovulatory Shift Hypothesis
Shifts in sexual and social motivation during peak fertility (24 hours ovulation) on an unconscious level
According to Henrich's mathematical model, why would complex cultural knowledge deteriorate, as was the case in eighteenth-century Tasmania?
Shrinkage in the population leads to a lack of skilled models for people to copy.
dunbar's number
around 150 max. communities were about this size so u KNEW everyone; anything larger = couldn't keep up w ppl and therefore dangerous
contemporary legends
fictional stories told in modern societies as though they are true
All cultures congratulate their members' achievements to make them feel good about themselves, but some cultures do it more than others. Which extent of universality is shown?
functional universality
which of the following is NOT a way in which genes and memes differ
genes can replicate horizontally and vertically, whereas memes can only replicate vertically
Your study does not have enough power. To maximally increase power in your study, which of the following should you do?
get a more sensitive independent variable and a more sensitive dependent variable
Back translation
hire someone to translate ur english stuff into another language. then hire someone new to translate that translation back into english, and compare to see if its still capturing what u wanted
Takeshi discovers a lot of tips and tricks to give him an easier time playing his favorite computer game, which he proceeds to show all his gaming buddies. Which of the following does this best illustrate?
horizontal transmission
Takeshi discovers a lot of tips and tricks to give him an easier time playing his favorite computer game, which he proceeds to tell all of his gaming buddies. Which of the following does this best illustrate?
horizontal transmission
memes' hosts
humans
which of the following i NOT direct evidence for the social brain hypothesis
humans have a large encephalization quotient
Big brain hypothesis
hypothesis for how we got to this evolved culture. says frontal lobe is bigger than other species
Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity, and does not see any sort of divide between strangers he just met and his family members. what is this characteristic of
independent theory of self
Attachment theory
infants and parents are biologically prepared to establish close relationships with each other
secure attachment
infants occasionally seek mother's presence when she is around and intensify desire to be with her after being left alone in an unfamiliar situation. Infants are explorative when mother is present (this is good for US parents)
avoidant attachment
infants show little distress on mothers leave and avoid her on her return (this is good for German parents)
distal causes
initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time and often through indirect relations
you are chatting with a stranger in a coffee shop. overtime you ask him something about himself, he talks about associations he belongs to and clubs he has joined. he rarely talks about his own attributes. which of the following best describes him
interdependent view of self
The "terrible twos" is a developmental stage that
is a nonuniversal
acculturation
is another form of transmission from OUTSIDE own culture group, to IN. serves as source of discontinuity (OUTSIDE - IN)
Adolescent rebellion
is more pronounced in societies with more role distinctions and opportunities
An advantage of the situation-sampling method is that
it allows researchers to see how people in different cultures would respond if they were in the other group's cultural worlds.
why is it hard for psychology to be a 'hard science'?
it contains things that are not clearly defined (like culture)
A culture-bound syndrome is, by definition, a(n)
nonuniversal.
culture of honour
one where ppl (men) protect their reputation through aggression
As a parent, Leslie thinks that he should place as few restrictions on his children as possible, and give them the warmth and responsiveness that children need. What parenting style is this indicative of?
permissive parenting
as a parent, Leslie thinks that he should place as few restrictions on his children as possible, and give them the warmth and responsiveness that children need. what parenting style is this indicative of
permissive parenting
Pluarlistic ignorance is likely to lead to
persistence of particular cultural practices
One way of correcting for problems associated with an acquiescence bias is to
reverse-score half of the items
dynamic social impact theory
says people influence e/o and this differs depending on how much or how often they see each other. ultimately leads to a cluster of like minded people. "micro-clusters" then develop.
social learning (4 ways)
scaffolding mimicing (imitating) instruction collaboration
east asia is at a similar latitude to a region with many easily domesticated plants and animals. these early conditions benefit east asian cultures such that they propel these cultures to prosperity in the future, what is this scenario an example of
distal causes
The finding that the prevalence of parasites in a region correlates positively with the degree that people value physical attractive-ness is argued to be evidence for
evoked culture
Homer sharpens a rock and uses it to shave. Schick adds a handle to the rock for better grip. Gillette then changes the rock to a titanium blade for durability. The progression of improvements made to the shaving utensil is an example of
the ratchet effect.
A professor signed a contract with a publisher to write a textbook for them by Christmas, after which he will be paid $15,000. What is this an example of?
the relationships in Gesellschaft groups
what is a proximal cause for why a small group of spaniards was able to conquer the incan empire
the spaniards had better weapons than the incans
Dr. H wants to unpackage the cultural difference between Japanese and American horror movies. What is Dr. H trying to find out?
the underlying reasons for this difference
Memetic Theory
theory that before internet ppl spread ideas face to face (slow) now with internet it happens unbelievably fast
culture (word origin)
to cultivate (cicero)
Back translation
translate into the foreign language and then back into English to identify problems
Your friend is experiencing stomach aches and goes to see a doctor. The doctor tells your friend that the problem is the result of forces being out of balance in his body, and gives him a remedy that is designed to bring those forces back into balance. What type of doctor is she most likely to be?
tribal
The claim that all cultures have the concept of marriage, because people from all cultures recognize exclusive sexual access rights among certain, enduring relationships between men and women, despite the fact that in some cultures people practice monogamy, others practice polygyny (one husband, multiple wives), and others practice polyandry (one wife, multiple husbands), is an example of which perspective?
universalism
32 Million Word Gap STUDY
# of words spoken at home were recorded for ppl in these 3 groups: o Welfare homes o Working-classhomes o Professional homes found: 1500 more spoken words per hour spoken in professional homes vs. welfare homes
Discuss some key factors and evidence which suggest that humans are relatively unique in the animal kingdom in terms of their cultural learning abilities.
- Humans are different from many other animals because we do not have certain characteristics like claws or fur to help us survive. Luckily we have a reliance on culture, which has allowed us to be the most dominant specie. According to Heine, humans are not unique in being able to engage in cultural learning but humans are the best. We are able to learn and store cultural information faster and better than other species. Both humans and animals imitate, but humans are better at imitating prestigious models rather than picking someone random which allows them to be more successful. Humans are able to understand that their ideas and intentions are different from other people and this understanding is unique to humans. Chimps do not understand others intentions so do not act upon them like bringing others to a location or object. Language is a way for humans to communicate their thoughts, questions, explanations etc. Humans have the most complex way to communicate and it plays a huge role in our sophisticated cultural learning. Language is the best way to learn and teach new ideas in a very precise way, which, allowed us to evolve in ways other species cannot.
India Sleeping Arrangements
- Incest Avoidance - Protection of the Vulnerable - Female Chastity Anxiety - Respect for Hierarchy
US Sleeping arrangements
- Sacred Couple - Autonomy Ideal - Gender Socialization
psychodynamic processes
-attachment -positive identification -fear of strangers -negative identification -emotional management
features of ecology
1) Resource Availability or Abundance 2) Resource Mobility 3) Cultural Isolation 4) Activity Interdependence 5)Dangerous Activities 6) Population Density 7) Simple-Complex Societies 8) Migrations 9) Climate 10) Unpredictability of the Environment 11) Terrain Fragmentation
2 types of manipulations in psychological research
1) between subjects design 2) within subjects design
DIFFERENCES BETWN BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION: (3)
1) biological traits go down easily and faithfully; cultural is like playing 'broken telephone'. 2) genes can only be passed VERTICALLY and very slowly (cultural = fast and any direction) 3) Cultural ideas do NOT have to be adaptive to become common. Even if they're maladaptive, they can spread
Ways in which culture is changing:
1) cultures are becoming increasingly interconnected 2) many cultures are becoming more individualistic 3) people in many cultures are becoming more intelligent
what are 6 challenges in studying culture?
1) definiton varies 2) boundaries of culture are not clear-cut 3) cultures change over time 4) variability among individuals in the same culture 5) limited access to a wide range of cultures 6) lost in translation
Whereas _____________ describe(s) explanations using factors that occurred a long time ago, _____________ describe(s) expla-nations using factors that have direct and immediate effects.
1) distal 2) proximal
2 variations of culture:
1) ecological 2) geographical
2 ways to transmit culture
1) enculturation 2) acculturation
2 types of culture:
1) evoked 2) transmitted
defining features in the importance of culture:
1) humans interact w environment (eg. Spicy food, hot climates) 2) cultures consist of shaped elements 3) transmission to others
indians guided by 4 principles:
1) incest avoidance 2) protection of the vulnerable 3) female chastity anxiety 4) respect for hierarchy
Under which 3 conditions does natural selection occur:
1) individual variability among members of a species on certain traits 2) those traits are associated with DIFFERENT reproductive rates 3) These traits have hereditary basis
2 types of behaviours
1) instrumental (behaviour u see someone do that u know is for a specific desired outcome. eg. opening cap to drink water) 2) ritual (any action that's non instrumental to the outcome. eg. praying)
Biological genes are analogous to cultural memes in what 3 ways:
1) longivity (the thing being copied will be done so for a LONG TIME) 2) Fecundity (the thing being shared will be spread more rapidy/effectively) 3) fidelity (thing being copied will be true to OG source)
biological evolution (2)
1) natural selection 2) sexual selection
data should be:
1) objective and replicable 2) quantifiable, to conduct tests to determine if the hypothesis is true.
2 ways we acquire knowledge
1) practical (makes sense to do so) 2) conventional ('idk, parents did it this way')
3 stances (of shared elements of culture?)
1) practical stance 2) instrumental stance 3) ritual stance
types of attachment
1) secure attachment 2) avoidant attachment 3) anxious-ambivalent attachment
methods to studying culture:
1) situation sampling 2) cultural priming
What (3) ways do biological and cultural evolution differ?
1). Although both can be passed down from one generation to another, it is much more likely that errors occur intentionally in the case of cultural evolution, as mis-coded genes are much more rare. 2). Genes are slow to pass and follow a vertical pathway from one generation to the next. Cultural information can quickly be transmitted horizontally to the next person. 3). Cultural ideas do not have to be adaptive to be common, unlike biological evolution (which demands a stressor to facilitate adaption).
What are (3) potential arguments for the Flynn Effect, especially in the Raven Matrices?
1). Better nutrition leads to greater resources for the growth of the brain; 2). The complexity of the world is increasing; 3). The rise of pop-culture.
What are (4) reasons why negative stereotypes manifest within a culture?
1). Conflict over resources; i.e. "THEY TOOK OUR JOOOOOBS" 2). Previous historical conflicts; 3). Disenfranchisement; 4). Ignorance of a group's cultural practices.
What are (2) factors that help determine whether or not a stereotype becomes culturally significant?
1). If the stereotypes tend to be formed based on the kinds of traits that people are most likely to communicate; and, 2). Those very traits must be used to describe a group that is most likely to be talked about.
What are the (4) reasons Putnam uses to explain the cultural shift from a more collectivist culture to a individualistic culture in the USA?
1). Introduction of television; 2). Lack of a national unifying event, like WWII; 3). Increasingly suburban lifestyles; and, 4). Women entering the workforce.
What are the (3) criteria for Natural Selection to occur?
1). Possibility for individual differences among a species; 2). Possibility for an individual difference to increase chances of survival or reproduction; 3). Possibility for an individual difference to be passed on to the next generation.
Provide (3) reasons for the Spaniards successful invasion of the Incan empire
1). Proximal causes that differed between these cultures. The Spaniards had access to a rich history of warfare, ocean vessels, etc. 2). Distal causes that were in the favour of the Spaniards that led to the development of Western agriculture. 3). Densely populated settlements in Eurasia would practically guarantee the exposure, spread, and eventual development of immunity against diseases.
What (2) factors affect the potential for an idea to be spread?
1). The idea draws upon a large emotional response; 2). The idea contains a few counter-intuitive ideas interspersed within a greater intuitive narrative.
Four methodological challenges with questionnaires
1. Language Barrier 2. Moderacy and Extremity Bias 3. Acquiscence Bias 4. Reference Group Bias 5. Deprivation Bias
when do children's vocab increase significantly? (what period of time)
18 months and under
situation sampling
2 step process. In step 1, people from at least 2 cultures explain a number of situations they've experienced. In step 2, new set of people imagine themselves in previous peoples list of situations. You can analyze differences in how people react culturally.
Moral development: differences across cultures (values of justice vs. interpersonal orientation) (chapter 4)
?
What are the relationships between suicide rates and Hofstede's dimensions? (chapter 7)
?
Response bias
A bias that distorts data when people are responding to a survey. For example: Socially desirable responding
Define: Proximal Cause
A cause in which there is a direct and immediate relation with its effects. e.g. the ability to wield guns, written history, etc.
Proximal cause
A cause that has a direct and immediate relation to its effects. (vs indirect)
Authoritative parenting
A child centered approach in which parents hold high expectations of the maturity of their children, try to understand their children's feelings, and teach them how to regulate their feelings.
According to the definition offered in the textbook, which of the following would NOT be a good example of "culture"?
A child figures out a novel solution to a new puzzle she has never seen before, all the while listening to her sister play the piano.
Culture of honor
A culture in which people, especially men, strive to protect their reputation through aggression. This is admittedly an unusual explanation for the regional differences in violence, and when we encounter these kinds of extraordinary claims, we require extraordinary evidence to be convinced
an example of evoked culture?
A culture uses the possession of meat as a status symbol due to the abundance of vegetation
Which of the following represents evoked culture?
A culture uses the possession of meat as a status symbol due to the abundance of vegetation but the scarcity of animals and fish in the area
Which of the following depicts an evoked culture?
A culture uses the possession of meat as a status symbol due to the abundance of vegetation.
co-sleeping
A custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same room.
Reference Group Bias
A finding that people in a culture usually compare themselves to people in their own culture
accessibility universal
A given cognitive tool exists in all cultures, is used to solve the same problem across cultures and is accessible to the same degree across cultures.
situation sampling
A method used for comparing cultures with psychological measures. Situations are generated by participants in more than one culture, and then those situations are presented to different groups of participants from multiple cultures.
Situation sampling
A methodological technique utilizes the fact that cultures do not affect people in the abstract; they affect people in particular, concrete ways.
Tiger parenting: what is it? (chapter 3)
A parenting style adapted by Asian mothers in which there is a high demand for focusing on academics and success, but still report a high level of support. Asian-Americans also report a higher rate of parental pressure, with their motivation being success.
permissive parenting
A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.
Authoritative Parenting
A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.
sensitive period
A period of time in an organism's development that allows for the relatively easy acquisition of a set of skills. For example: Goslings following the mother.
Sensitive period
A period of time in an organism's development that allows for the relatively easy acquisition of a set of skills. If missed, it would have a difficult time doing so later when the sensitive period has expired
Incest avoidance
A principle adhered by Indians that postpubescent members of the family of the opposite sex should not be sleeping in rooms together
Occam's razor
A principle; which states that any theory should make as few assumptions as possible, eliminating, or "shaving off", any extraneous assumptions.
Within group manipulation
A research method in which all participants recieve all levels of the independent variable.
Between groups manipulation
A research method in which different study participants receive different levels of the independent variable.
Socially desirable responding
A response bias some people exhibit in which they disguise their true feelings so that others will like them.
identity denial
A scenario where a person's cultural identity is called into question because he or she doesn't seem to match the prototype of the culture. For example, someone saying an Asian American isn't really american because they don't speak english.
Protection of the vulnerable
A second principle that young children who are needy and vulnerable should not be left alone at night
Acquiescence bias
A tendency for an individual to agree with most statements.
Validity
A test is valid if it measures what it claims to measure
Define: Dynamic Social Impact Theory
A theory that posits that individuals come to influence each other by virtue of how often they see each other. Therefore, those who communicate regularly with one another will significantly influence one another.
Dynamic social impact theory
A theory that posits that people influence each other, and culture is based on how often people interact. (The closer you live, the more you absorb their culture)
What is reference group effect? (chapter 2)
A type of response bias with the tendency for someone to implicitly compare themselves to others in their group. In other words, people will rate themselves in contrast to accurate social comparisons.
Imitative learning
A type of social learning where the learner internalizes something of the model's goals and behavioral strategies. internalize goals and strategies
Integrative complexity
A willingness and ability to acknowledge and consider different viewpoints on the same issue.
What is the difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture? What are some examples of each?
According to Heine, evoked culture is the idea that all people, no matter where they are from have certain behavior repertoires that are engaged when the appropriate situational conditions are present. These are somewhat like natural instincts. Heine gives example such as choosing the most attractive mate to help carry on their genes through offspring and defending your offspring when they are threatened. Both humans and animals share these instincts and are traits that seem to be acquired through natural selection. Transmitted culture on the other hand is the way that where you live and your environment affects the surrounding cultural variation. By imitating the people around you, you learn about specific cultural practices. Although it usually starts in a specific geographical area the ideas can be travel with people to new places. An example would be the way people build their homes. If someone saw their neighbor used specific materials that lead to a more stable home, then they would use that same method and it would spread across the culture. Another example would be hunting and gathering methods that were beneficial. Both animals and humans can imitate the behavior of others and then are able to transmit that information across generations.
Give an example to acquiescence bias and extreme response bias. Are they related to individualism and collectivism? (chapter 2)
Acquiescence bias is the tendency to agree more on a questionnaire rather than disagree. An example of this would be if a participant answered 'agree' to believing in global warming because the respondent is agreeing with a statement when in doubt.. This response bias is less likely to happen in individualist cultures as compared to collectivist cultures. Extreme response bias is the tendency to use ends of a scale regardless of item content; meaning respondents will answer "strongly agree/disagree" when in actuality, it is an exaggeration. This response bias is not related to individualism or collectivism, but is more related to masculinity. Countries that score high in masculinity and power distance are more likely to produce extreme response biases.
Cultural priming
Activation of cultural ideas within participants by making certain ideas more accessible to participants.
This is the third stage of socialization:
Adult; workplace, new roles in life
According to the studies profiled by the textbook, African-Americans have higher levels of hypertension than European-Americans apparently because
African-Americans tend to experience more discrimination than European-Americans.
Which of the following is NOT a part of how people view mental illness in the Yoruba?
Ahi
Markus and Kitayama (1991)
Aim: Study comparing Stanford University and Kyoto University students' conceptions of themselves: ~American students describe themselves as positive/optimistic, hard working individuals, unique, self-confident, happy, reliable, may need to have more patience ~Japanese students describe themselves as autonomous but aware of not upsetting others, trying to keep the peace, sacrificing their own pleasure for compromise's sake
Parental beliefs about spending time with children: U.S. vs. the Netherlands. Are there any differences? (chapter 3)
American parents feel special time with their children is important, while Dutch parents feel family time with their children is important.
Cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that
Americans are more satisfied with their math performance than are East Asians
cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that
Americans are more satisfied with their math performance than are East Asians
Shweder and colleagues found that Indian parents are more likely to sleep in the same room with their children than are American parents. Given their studies, which of these is the most compelling explanation for their results?
Americans place more value on providing parents with private sleeping space
Briefly explain the findings of Demir et al. (2013) that investigated the relationships between perceived mattering, friendship quality, and happiness among emerging adults in the U.S. and Turkey. Which function of cross-cultural research was served by this study? (chapter 1)
Among emerging adults in the U.S., Demir et al. (2013) found that the relationships between perceived mattering (PM) , friendship quality (FQ), and happiness (H) was as follows: FQ → PM → H; so ultimately individualist cultures determine happiness with the quality of their relationships. Whereas for emerging adults in Turkey, the study found that the relationship was as follows: PM -> FQ -> H; thus, in collectivist cultures perceived mattering determines happiness.
Autonomy ideal
An AMERICAN principle, a belief that young children who are needy and vulnerable should learn to be self-reliant and take care of themselves
incest avoidance
An Indian cultural principle that forbids post-pubescent members of opposite sexes from sleeping in the same room.
Protection of the vulnerable
An Indian cultural principle that says children who are young and vulnerable should not be left alone at night.
Respect for heirarchy
An Indian cultural principle that says post-pubescent boys get social status and no longer have to sleep with the parents or young children.
Female chastity anxiety
An Indian cultural principle that says unmarried and post-pubescent women should always be chaperoned to protect them from engaging in shameful sexual activity.
Culture shock
An adjustment curve after moving between cultures. Sojourners can go through the same adjustment phase after they return to their home country.
sacred couple
An american cultural belief that says married couples should be given their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual privacy.
Muller-Lyer Illusion
An illusion involving corners, which is not prevalent in some cultures where people are not exposed to carpentered corners.
Define: Distal Cause
An initial differences that lead to effects over long periods, often indirect relations. e.g. the presence, availability, and potential for domestication of region-locked plants, animals, and soil.
Autokenetic effect
An optical illusion whereby a pinpoint of light shown in a dark room appears to move
Five Factor Model of Personality
Argues that there are five core traits that universally represent personality.
We enter the world capable of speaking any language. Why do we have trouble learning additional languages?
As the brain becomes accustomed to a particular language's phonemes, its also loses ability to perceive phonemes not used in this language
Assimilation strategy
Attempt to fit in and fully participate in the host culture while making little or no effort to maintain the traditions of one's heritage culture. Involves possessing positive attitudes in the host culture and negative attitudes to the heritage culture
What are the relationships between parenting styles and academic outcomes across cultures? (chapter 3)
Authoritative parenting has been found to be the best parenting style to yield high academic outcomes across cultures. This is because it predicts higher optimism for life, which leads to positive outcomes, and it provides both love and structure.
Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is TRUE?
Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting
Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is true?
Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting
Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is true?
Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting.
In the movie Babies, which child was so tightly swaddled he could not move?
Bayar
Cross-cultural differences in temperament (chapter 4)
Children will evoke responses, or their temperament, based on their environment. The idea is that if children are born with varying temperament levels, they will respond to the environment differently. Chinese infants were found to be less active and irritable than American infants.
How do Chinese youth experience emerging adulthood? (chapter 4)
Chinese youth experiences emerging adulthood by prioritizing finding a job over going to college, since only 20% are fortunate enough to attend. They are also starting to reflect U.S. culture in that more people are waiting to get married, but they also may be given a shorter period for emerging adulthood. Important criteria for emerging adulthood include: being financially independent, having the ability to accept responsibility for consequences of their actions, and being less self-oriented.
Eastern concept of self
Collectivisitc- People are more likely to attend to interdependent aspects of their self-concepts, such as their close relationships and group memberships.
How would you convince someone that cross-cultural research is important? provide at least two convincing reasons (chapter 1)
Cross-cultural research is important because it can (1) create a vision and opportunity to understand and combine diversity and intercultural relations. Studying cross-cultural psychology allows researchers to understand and explain behavior which an (2) promote personal growth and positive social evolution. Cross-cultural research allows us to test limitations of our knowledge to see if these theories are universal, or true for all cultures, or culture-specific. It can help people be more open-minded and reduce ethnocentrism.
How do cross-cultural researchers generally achieve linguistic equivalence in their research? Please be specific (e.g., steps in the process) (chapter 2)
Cross-cultural researchers generally achieve linguistic equivalence in their research by using back translation and/or the committee approach. Back translation is when researchers take one questionnaire in English, translate it to Portuguese, then translate the Portuguese version to English again. The committee approach involves having several bilingual consultants to collectively translate one language to another.
What do cross-cultural studies on attention suggest? (chapter 5)
Cross-cultural studies on attention suggest that Western countries have analytic perceptual processes; focusing on salient object independent of context in which it is embedded. East Asian countries are suggested to have context-dependent and holistic processes; focusing on object within context (background) and the relationship between the two.
Which statement below BEST captures one of the key features of the course definition of culture?
Culture consists of the "mental" (what's inside the mind) and the "material" (the products that people place into the world)
Cross-cultural differences in attachment styles (chapter 4)
Cultures differ in what they consider to be "sensitive parenting"; which concerns how parents meet their child's needs. U.S. parents tend to let the child request their needs to be filled, whereas Japanese parents tend to anticipate their child's needs.
What were the findings of the study conducted by DeVries (1987, 1989) in Kenya? Why is it a good example to goodness of fit? (chapter 4)
DeVries classified kids into an "easy" or "difficult" temperament level and wanted to see which is most successful in the tough environment of Masai. The study followed the infants for two years and found that kids with "difficult" temperaments were more likely to survive than "easy" temperaments. This is a good example to goodness of fit because difficult kids were able to capture the resources of environment because they required more attention and affection for soothing than easy kids.
Cultural fit
Degree to which an individual's personality is more similar to the dominant cultural values in the host culture
What is dialectical thinking? Are there any cultural differences? (chapter 5)
Dialectical thinking is the tendency to accept what seems to be contradictions in thought or beliefs; it addresses the item from both, or all, sides. Cultural differences in dialectical thinking was found more with Chinese than American cultures.
Reference group effect
Different cultures compare themselves to different reference groups. For example, a five foot man in china might consider his height average, while in the United States, he would be considered short.
Situation sampling
Different cultures provide different people with different daily routines and situations, thereby making them different.
Non-universal
Do not exist in all cultures and can be said to be cultural inventions
Which dimensions of Dr. Hofstede are related to creativity? (chapter 5)
Dr. Hofstede's dimensions of creativity are (1) uncertainty avoidance and (2) power distance. Cultures with high UA are expected to go through specific procedures before being allowed to express ideas. Cultures with high PD also require more hoops to jump through to get their ideas shared.
How have cultures been changing and why are these changes occurring?
Due to changes in technology and innovation cultures are becoming much less interconnected. Information is spread all over the world at a much faster pace leading to globalization. Another change in culture is the way it has transformed from being more collectivistic to being more individualistic. Heine believes this change could be due to the increasing pressures of money and time that compete with peoples time for being social or the increase of suburbanization in America which results in people being in their own homes and in their cars more often. The biggest culprit behind this change is technology such as television, which leads to younger generations isolating themselves and becoming more passive. I believe the change in technology and the importance people place on it is what has changed culture in the most in the world. People become so attached to material objects and their phones, which creates a huge social barrier between people. Already in the US I have seen changes in the way people interact with each other. When I was younger everyone talked on the phone with family members and friends from all over and now it is very limited to texting. Sometimes younger generations are annoyed or confused over why someone would call or stop by rather than just shooting them a text.
Within-group manipulation
Each participant receives more than one level of the independent variable. These do not involve random assignment because every participant receives all the levels of the independent variable
Which of the following is best captures what we know about the "noun bias" phenomenon?
Early communication with infants plays a key role. East Asian mothers more effectively communicate actions while North American mothers more effectively communicate objects
Which of the following does NOT explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children at American schools?
East Asian mothers spend more time teaching their kids math before their kids start kindergarten
Which of the following about social anxiety disorder is TRUE?
East Asians score higher on trait measures of social anxiety disorder than do North Americans.
Which of the following statements about social anxiety disorder is true?
East Asians score higher than North Americans on trait measures of social anxiety.
Describe how ecological and geographical factors can affect cultural evolution
Ecological factors - The presence of large native animals can dictate whether or not a culture is one of hunting versus foraging. Geographical factors - The environmental conditions can influence a culture's reliance and glorification of certain types of behaviours. - e.g. bravery is favoured in a culture where food has to be contended and fought for.
Deprivation Bias
Effect where people will look at what other cultures have and then value it more because it is lacking in their own culture
Define ethnocentrism, give an example, explain cross-cultural differences, and list correlates of it as discussed in class. (chapter 1)
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters, and ultimately viewing their ethnicity and/or culture superior. An example of ethnocentrism is an obvious one in WWII. When Nazi Germany started imprisoning Jewish people into internment camps because they were deemed inferior to Hitler's "Aryan" race. Variable correlated with ethnocentrism include (1) Intercultural competence, (2) Willingness to communicate, (3) Intercultural communication sensitivity, and (4) Participation in study abroad programs. Between the U.S. and Japan, Japan had higher levels of ethnocentrism.
Describe the (2) ways in which geography can shape a culture
Evoked Culture - is the culture built upon the behaviours that had been elicited due to environmental demands. This is also assuming that these behaviours would otherwise be universally accessible to others within different cultures, but aren't exhibited to the same degree because of the differing environmental conditions. - e.g. to value physical attractiveness over other qualities in parasite-rich cultures. Transmitted Culture - is the culture manifested by social learning or modeling by those around an individual. - e.g. modelling a neighbours behaviours of farming that has yielded them food security.
Existential Universal
Exists in multiple cultures, although the tool is not necessarily used to solve the same problem , nor is it equally accessible across cultures - In all cultures but occurs with differing frequencies across cultures
What are the parenting goals among Kenyan and American mothers? (chapter 3)
For Kenyan mothers, one parenting goal they emphasize is protecting their infants through soothing behaviors and keeping their infants near them at all times. A parenting goal for American mothers emphasizes developing their infants active engagement and social exchange through stimulation and conversation, or "baby-talk".
Socioeconomic Status (SES) & brain development study:
Found kids in low SES had smaller brain regions in volume (hippocampus & amygdala) [due to linguistic environment and stress]
After examining surveys that you collected from Culture X, you notice that everyone's responses tend toward the mid-points of the response scale (e.g., "Neither agree nor disagree"). How can you correct for this?
Give respondents forced-choice response options (e.g., "Agree/Disagree").
What is goodness of fit? (chapter 4, (p. 86, 107)
Goodness of fit suggests if the characteristics that you possess fit the environment, you will experience the most positive outcomes. It is a key the the development of personality based on the parental reactions of temperament and whether they promote stability or instability in the child's responses to the environment.
Social brain hypothesis
Greater social cognition and understanding leads to higher likelihood to attract mates, secure resources, and protection from danger.
Children's physical experiences differ across cultural contexts. Which infants have the most face time (i.e., over 60% of time in face-to-face contact) with their parents?
Greek
Methodological equivalence
Having one's methods perceived in identical ways across different cultures
Methodological equivalence
Having one's methods percieved in identical ways across different cultures.
Mr. X is a member of a stamp-collecting group. he cares a great deal about this group and identifies highly with it. which of the following most likely characterizes Mr. X
He has lived in the same residence all his life
Yuexi, a Chinese mother, wants to use strong parental control with her child. Based on the textbook, which of the following would most likely NOT occur as a result?
Her child feels a lack of family cohesion
Yuexi, a Chinese mother, wants to use strong parental control with her child. Based on the textbook, which of the following would most likely NOT occur as a result?
Her child feels a lack of family cohesion.
Authoritarian parenting
High demands on children with strict rules and little open dialogue between parent and child.
Please compare the scores for U.S. to the following countries on every dimension of Dr. Hofstede: Canada, Bangladesh, China, Japan, Brazil, Greece, Sweden, Egypt, Nigeria, and Ghana (e.g., which country has higher scores on masculinity: U.S. or Greece?) (chapter 1)
Highest to Lowest Power Distance= Bangladesh (80), China (80), Nigeria (80), Ghana (80), Egypt (70), Brazil (69), Greece (60), Japan (54), Canada (39), US (40) Sweden (31) Individualism= US (91), Canada (80), Sweden (71), Japan (46), Brazil (38), Greece (35), Nigeria (30), Egypt (25), China (20), Bangladesh (20), Ghana (15) Masculinity= Japan (95), China (66), US (62), Nigeria (60), Greece (57), Bangladesh (55), Canada (52), Brazil (49), Egypt (45), Ghana (40), Sweden (5) Uncertainty Avoidance= Greece (100), Japan (92), Egypt (80), Brazil (76), Ghana (65), Bangladesh (60), Nigeria (55), Canada (48), US (46), China (30), Sweden (29) Long-Term Orientation= Japan (88), China (87), Sweden (53), Bangladesh (47), Greece (45), Brazil (44), Canada (36), US (26), Nigeria (13), Egypt (7), Ghana (4) Indulgence: Nigeria (84), Ghana (84), Sweden (78), Canada (68), US (68), Brazil (59), Greece (50), Japan (42), China (24), Bangladesh (20)
Back translating
Hiring one translator to translate the "Language 1" study to "Language 2" then hire another translator to translate "language 2" back to "language 1". Once done, you would compare the two versions as there will likely be differences then researchers would discuss the problematic places through a series of back and forth discussions, reach a consensus on how to alter the materials so that they would be equivalent.
Holistic vs. analytic thinking (chapter 5)
Holistic thinking involves using the context to identify relationships and/or meanings, while analytic thinking involves focusing on an object independent of the context.
Hosea is an orthodox Baptist, and his neighbor, Henry, is a progressive Baptist. They are watching news coverage of China's ban on internet pornography. According to research on orthodoxy/progressiveness and morality, which of the following dynamics is likeliest to be true in this scenario?
Hosea is likelier than Henry to say, "That ban is moral because it prevents people from succumbing to the sin of lust."
Theory of mind
Human understanding that other people have minds too, and therefore also have different perspectives.
Prestige Bias
Humans copy the people they admire. (Those with more prestige)
Cultural worlds
Humans live in cultural worlds consisting of information that has accumulated throughout our history.
H.O.M.E.R
Hypothesis, operationalize, measure, evaluate, revise or replicate
Independent View of Self
Identity is experienced as largely independent from others. Important aspects of identity are personal characteristics. Identity remains largely constant across roles and situations. Considerable fluidity between ingroups and outgroups.
Parenting goals and beliefs of mothers in Germany and India. (chapter 3)
In India, one parenting belief is that parents do not direct their children's development, but instead focus on enjoying their relationship.
Independent variable
In a cross-cultural study, culture is the Independent variable and if researchers contrast two similar cultures, they would not have as much variance in their independent variable as if they had compared two very dissimilar cultures.
What is the relationship between ethnocentrism and having an accent? (chapter 1)
In a recent study (2013), it was found that ethnocentrism does affect how an individual perceives an accent. In the study, a professor gave a lecture in their American accent and a Chinese accent and then asked the students to rate the lecture. It was found that students who scored higher in ethnocentrism disliked the lecture given with a Chinese accent, even though both lectures was presented the same.
Functional Universal
In all cultures but occurs with differing frequencies across cultures- It is used to solve the same problem across cultures, yet it is more accessible to people from some cultures than others. In the case of functional universals, the cognitive tool serves the same function everywhere, although it may not be used that much in some cultures.
Which moral principals will most likely guide sleeping arrangement decisions among the Johnsons, an American family?
Incest avoidance, sacred couple, and autonomy ideal
Interdependent View of Self
Individual's identity is importantly interdependent with others. Key aspects of identity include roles, relationships, and memberships. As roles change across situations, identity is also somewhat fluid across situations. Clear distinction between ingroups and outgroups.
Western concept of self
Individualistic. More likely to elaborate on independence aspects of themselves, and they come to feel distinct form others and emphasize the importance of being self-sufficient.
Vouloumanos and Werker (2004)
Infants have a marked preference for speech over other sounds. Brains pay selective attention to sounds/phonemes from the language most familiar to us.
Distal Cause
Initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time and often through indirect relations
Distal causes
Initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time. (Ex: ease of finding easily domesticated livestock)
Do intercultural experiences promote creativity? (Time spent living abroad vs. time spent traveling abroad). Why? (chapter 5)
Intercultural experiences promotes creativity; for example, it is found that time spent living abroad promotes more creativity than time spent traveling abroad. This is because while living abroad, you see more opportunities to be creative because you are exposed to more differences for a longer period of time.
Autokinetic effect
Involuntary saccadic movements of the eyes which create the illusion of movement in the dark. (Ex: staring at a light in the dark)
Define: Autokinetic Effect
Involuntary saccadic movements of the eyes, which, in the dark, creates the illusion of movement.
Entity theory of self
Involve the belief that abilities are largely fixed, and reflect innate features of the self.
Integration strategy
Involves attempts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture while at the same time striving to maintain the traditions of one's heritage culture- have positive views toward both heritage/host culture, see the best of both worlds.
Separation strategy
Involves effort to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture while making little/no effort to participate in the host culture. Negative views toward host culture, positive towards heritage culture.
Authoritarian parenting
Involves high demands on children, with strict rules and little open dialogue between parent and child. It typically involves low levels of warmth or responsiveness by the parents to the child's protests
Marginalization strategy
Involves little or no effort to participate in the host culture or to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture. Negative views toward both heritage/host cultures. Rare, theoretically puzzling
Your friends are debating whether culture has been changing or not over the last few decades. Which of the following responses is NOT supported by research?
It has not been changing—collectivistic cultures have, overall, remained just as collectivistic as they were decades ago.
Independent variable
It is the variable that is varied or manipulated. In cultural psychology an example is culture
Korean differs from English in that English has an /f/ and a /p/ phoneme, whereas Korean lacks the /f/ phoneme. To many Koreans, these two phonemes sound the same. Applying what is discussed in the textbook about language acquisition to Ji-su, a Korean, which of the following would you most likely expect to occur?
Ji-su will be able to perceive the difference between /f/ and /p/ up to a certain age.
Ethnocentrism
Judging people from other cultures by the standards of one's own culture.
Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study with Americans and Kenyans, which of the following would be expected
Kenyan undergrad: "I am a resourceful person" Kenyan tribesman "I am a member of an association"
which of the following was NOT found in Suh's research on Koreans and Americans
Koreans who are more consistent across situations have lower subjective well-being than Koreans who are less consistent
What is the main cost to humans for having large brains?
Large brains require an enormous amount of energy to function.
According to Dunbar, why would larger social groups be associated with the evolution of larger brains
Larger groups had greater social complexity, driving the evolution of larger brains to handle such complexity
a few townsfolk begin a movement promoting social harmony. over time, they expand the movement by interacting with other townsfolk. soon, they've influenced the whole town to join in the movement. the best illustrates which of the following
Latane's dynamic social impact theory
A few townsfolk begin a movement promoting social harmony. Over time, they expand the movement by interacting with other townsfolk. Soon, they have influenced the whole town to join in the movement. This best illustrates which of the following?
Latané's dynamic social impact theory
What can be said about sensitive windows for language acquisition?
Learning a sign language is subject to a similar sensitive window constraint as learning a spoken language
Imitative learning
Learning by imitation.
Define and give an example to the four types of equivalence as covered in class. (chapter 2)
Linguistic = Semantic equivalence of research protocols (questionnaires, instructions) across various languages; back translation for example Measurement = Degree to which measures different cultures are equally valid and reliable; Procedural = Equivalence in procedure used to collect data in different cultures; Sampling = Degree to which samples are representative of their culture and equivalent on non-cultural demographic variables;
Cultural priming
Making certain ideas more accessible to participants and to the extent that those ideas are associated with cultural meaning systems, we can investigate what happens when people start to think about certain cultural ideas. You prime your participants to tthink a certain way You activate cultural ideas and then they start thinking in ways that are more similar to other cultures.
quasi experimental design
Manipulation of independent variable, observation of dependent variable, but no random assignment
In the movie Babies, which child had the most contact with their father during the first year?
Mari
Which of the following (historically inaccurate) examples best demonstrates the process of the ratchet effect?
Marx creates a new political ideology, Lenin builds on that ideology, and Stalin further expands on it.
which of the following (historically inaccurate) examples best demonstrates the process of the ratchet effect
Marx creates a new political ideology, Lennon builds on this ideology, and Stalin further expands on it
Moderacy and Extremity Bias
Moderacy and extremity biases are responsive styles as they affect how an indiv. Responds to an item independent of the content of the item. Such response styles are problematic for cultural comparisons because if cultures vary in how people respond to question, this is going to affect any conclusions that we can draw when comparing average scores across cultures ie.. rating a psychological statement on a 1- 7 scale. (moderacy bias) choosing 5 (extremity bias) 7 even with equal feelings on statement. African Am and Hispanic---more extreme, East Asians, more moderate.
Children's physical experiences differ across cultural contexts. Which infants have more bodily contact (over 70% of time in bodily contact) with their parents?
Nso & Gujarati
Which of the following is true about cultural change in the United States?
On average, Americans are less likely to belong to formal organizations than they were forty years ago.
Approaches to health across cultures (chapter 7)
One approach to health in the US is the biomedical model which views disease as resulting from a specific, identifiable cause originating inside the body. In China and ancient Greece, they view health as a balance of negative and positive states; having a balance between nature and various roles of the individual is critical for health in these countries.
OCEAN
Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Sleeping arrangements and patterns across cultures (e.g., differences between P-A and P-C nations). (chapter 3)
P-A nations sleeping arrangements and patterns consist of babies sleeping in the same room as parents for years, whereas in P-C nations the baby will move to another room months after the baby was born.
Describe Pluralistic Ignorance and the potential effect it has had on historic cultural events
PI is the tendency for people to collectively misinterpret the thoughts that underlie other people's behaviour. e.g. the rise of National Socialism in Germany was not motivated by nefarious intentions and eugenetics, but, rather, by an incredible failure of misunderstanding and mass conformity.
There are various factors that influence cross-cultural differences in math achievement. Highlight the cross-cultural differences on the following factors: Parental values, attitudes and appraisals of students, teacher-student relationships, and school environment (safety). (chapter 3)
Parental values: Japanese/Chinese parents consider effort over ability, satisfied at higher levels of competence, and have a high value for education. American parents consider ability over effort, are satisfied at lower levels of competence, and have a high concern for building their child's self-esteem. Attitudes and appraisals of students: Americans believe in high levels of control and lower in performance. While Asians believe in low levels of control and high in performance. Teacher-Student relationships: Japanese/Chinese teachers tend to discuss wrong answers and why students did not perform well. Whereas American teachers tend to focus on the students who did well. School Environment (safety): The perception and actual levels of negative classroom activity are perceived higher in Asian countries but occur more in the U.S.
Permissive parenting
Parents being very involved with their child, with much expressed parental warmth and responsiveness, and few limits and controls.
Cognitive dissonance
People have a powerful motivation to be consistent and cognitive dissonance is the distressing feeling we have when we observe ourselves acting inconsistently and wish to stop.
Army recruits are assigned randomly into specific sleeping quarters, where they do a lot of socializing during break time and at night. The political and religious attitudes of the recruits were surveyed before they were assigned sleeping quarters, and then again after several weeks of training. The generals found that the recruits' political and religious ideas tended to form clusters based on their sleeping quarters. Which of the following can best explain this situation?
People in close contact tend to influence each other.
Socially desirable responding
People who strongly show this bias are motivated to be evaluated positively by others, and as a result they might disguise their true feelings to appear more socially desirable.
Blending
People's self-concepts reflect a hybrid of their two cultural worlds.
Accessible universal
Phenomenon existing in multiple cultures, used to solve the same problem, and equally accessible.
Non-universal
Phenomenon that are not cross-cultural.
Individualistic culture
Placing ones own beliefs ahead of the collective.
It is not at all unusual for the officers at Police Station 54 to observe their colleagues using confrontational interview techniques. Even though they do not personally like the technique, many officers believe that the practice is widely approved of by others and expected of them. This is an example of
Pluralistic ignorance
What role does pluralistic ignorance play in the persistence of ideas?
Pluralistic ignorance is a mechanism that leads to cultural persistence. It is the tendency for people to misinterpret the thoughts that underlie other people's behavior. Many people believe they can figure out what those around them are thinking but really all they truly know is based on the observations of these people. Many people do not always display their thoughts and emotions correctly. They may act how they think is most socially desirable in that situation to maintain a good impression. This is important because it shows that people are influenced by what they think or believe is socially desirable rather than what people actually feel. People are shy about expressing certain ideas and may go on to spread ideas they don't necessarily believe in.
In this course, Urban and Rural settings are considered cultural contexts. Which Babies (from the course film) shared rural background experiences growing up?
Ponijao & Bayar
Power
Power refers to the capability of your study to detect an effect (which in study designed so that it is usually a cross-cultural difference) to the extent that such an effect really exists. Power reflects the quality of the design of your study
Acculturation
Process by which people migrate and learn a culture that is different from their original (heritage) culture
Which of the following is a difference between between-groups and within-groups experimental designs?
Random assignment is not necessary for within-groups designs
Rates of bullying & frequency 5+ symptoms: country with the highest rates for boys and girls. (chapter 3)
Rates for Boys -Highest: Lithuania (41.4%); Lowest: Sweden (6.3%); USA: (16%) Rates for Girls - Highest: Lithuania (38.2%); Lowest: Sweden (5.1%); USA (11.3%) The 5 symptoms are (1) headaches (2) anxiety (3) pain (4&5) ???
Neocortex ratio
Ratio of neocortex (the outermost layer of the brain) mass compared to total brain mass. Higher neocortex mass may lead to greater problem solving and intelligence.
Relational vs. categorical categorization: differences between China and the U.S. (chapter 5)
Relational categorization involves suggesting an object-context or subject-object relationship. Categorical categorization involves suggesting shared features or category membership. Both china and the US focus on categorical categorization.
In your initial study, you noticed that your participants tended to say they strongly agreed with of the items on your questionnaire. When doing a follow-up study, how would you tell whether your original participants suffered from acquiescence bias?
Reverse-score half the items.
General Psychology
Richard Shweder's argues that general psychology assumes that the mind operates under a set of natural and universal laws that are independent from content or context
Which of the following people should NOT be expected to have good health outcomes?
Ronaldo, who is low SES and makes less than $10,000 a year, but lives in a high-SES neighborhood
Is shyness a desirable trait in the US and China? (chapter 4)
Shyness is more of a desirable trait in China than the US. In China, shyness is viewed as mature and well-behaved, high self-esteem, and more liked than assertive children. In the US, it is not desirable and predicts anxiety and loneliness and are less liked by peers.
____ is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and dispositions that enable them to participate as more or less effective members of their community.
Socialization
Who is credited with laying out the theoretical foundations for cultural psychology?
Solomon Asch
after measuring the neocortex ratio of two species, it was determined that Species A has a ratio of .25, whereas Species B has a ratio of .20. Based on the evidence discussed in the textbook, which of the following can one most likely conclude about these two species
Species B lives in a smaller social group than Species A
A team of scientists observes that a new species (Species X) tends not to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool; instead, they are very adept at figuring out on their own how to best use the tool. Conversely, another new species (Species Y) does tend to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool, paying attention to the behavioral strategies of the model. Based on this observation, what trajectory should we expect their respective cultural development to be like?
Species X will likely not have cumulative culture and Species Y will likely have cumulative culture
A team of scientists observes that a new species (Species X) tends not to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool; instead, they are very adept at figuring out on their own how to best use the tool. conversely, another new species (Species Y) does tend to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool, paying attention to the behavioral strategies of the model. based on this observation, what trajectory should we expect their respective cultural development to be like
Species X will likely not have cumulative culture and Species Y will likely have cumulative culture
A team of scientists observes that a new species (Species X) tends not to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool; instead, species members are very adept at figuring out on their own how to best use the tool. Conversely, another new species (Species Y) does tend to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool, paying attention to the behavioral strategies of the model. Based on this observation, what trajectory should we expect each species's respective cultural development to be like?
Species X will likely not have cumulative culture and Species Y will likely have cumulative culture.
Why is studying cultural psychology important?
Studying cultural psychology can give psychologists a more complete understanding of how the human mind works.
Cultural Priming
Technique involved in the activation of cultural ideas within participants. Works by making certain ideas more accessible to participants, and to the extent that those idea are associated with cultural meaning systems
Acquiescence Bias
Tendency to agree with most statements. If people in some cultures have a pre disposition to see the truth in more statements than those in another culture, this will lead to cultural differences in responses, independent from the content of the items. Ex. A holistic person might see some truth in any statements.
what is a proximal cause for why a small group of Spaniards was able to conquer the Incans?
The Spaniards had better weapons than the Incans
What is a proximal cause for why a small group of Spaniards was able to conquer the Incan empire
The Spaniards had better weapons than the Incans.
According to Jared Diamond, why were the germs brought by the Spaniards so much deadlier to the Incans than the Incan germs were to the Spaniards?
The Spaniards had lived in close proximity to domesticated animals for much longer than the Incans.
Generalizability
The ability of the findings to be generalized to populations other than the samples, especially when it's done on WEIRD people.
What does the acronym WEIRD stand for, and what are at least two problems with relying on samples from WEIRD societies in psychology?
The acronym WEIRD stands for W:western, E:educated, I:industrialized, R:rich, D:democratic. One problem with WEIRD samples would be that human behaviors may vary among different situations while using or observing different groups of people and/or subjects.
Incremental theory of self
The belief that abilities are malleable and are capable of being changed, with efforts.
Statistical Power
The capability of the study to detect a statistically significant effect. For example, often you need a larger sample group for greater statistical power.
American and Chinese children were recruited for a study. All children were either thirteen years old or five years old. They were first told that a child was happy every day the past week; then they were asked to predict the likelihood that the child would be happy tomorrow. To analyze the data, researchers matched 13-year-old American children's responses to those of the 13-year-old Chinese children. The same was done with the 5-year-old children's responses. Which of the following would be most likely to occur with this analysis?
The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children is much greater for the 13-year-olds than for the 5-year-olds.
What are some similarities and differences between the evolution of physical characteristics versus the evolution of ideas? What factors are involved in the spreading and persistence of ideas?
The evolution of physical characteristics has to do with certain genes and certain characteristics became more attractive due to natural selection. For both physical characteristics and ideas, the ones that are most beneficial for that time and place tend to survive the longest and pass on through the generations. Ideas tend to turn into social norms especially if they persist for a long period of time. Both ideas and physical characteristics can have a selective advantage. Physical characteristics, or genes can only be passed from parent to offspring and the evolution of genes is extremely slow. Ideas can evolve and change must faster. Ideas can be transferred not just to offspring but also to many people instantly. Ideas can also fail or disappear at a much faster rate. An idea is spread but each individual re-creates that idea that they just learned or imitated. Language and imitation are the ways to spread ideas. People are most likely to believe and spread ideas with those they are close with and interact with regularly. Information or an idea that is useful or an idea that has a shared emotional reaction among people are most likely to be spread due to the adaptive advantage and the ability to feel connected with others. Ideas that are most likely to persist in future generations are ones that contain a few minimally counterintuitive ideas. This means an idea that may be surprising but not too outlandish. Many religious emerge from these types of ideas. Because they are surprising they are easier are more likely to be remembered.
Natural selection
The evolutionary process that occurs when three particular conditions are present: (1) individual members of a species vary on certain traits; (2) those varying traits are associated with different survival rates; and (3) those traits have a hereditary basis.
Deprivation effect
The expectation that in cultures where there is depravity of something, that people would express valuing it more
Bicultural identity integration
The extent to which people see their two cultural identities as compatible or in opposition. For example, some people like to blend their cultures, while others see them as opposing forces.
Subjective well-being
The feeling of how satisfied one is with one's life.
Accessibility Universal
The first and highest level of universality, which states that a given cognitive tool exists across cultures, is used to solve the same problem across cultures, and is accessible to the same degree across cultures. An example would e social facilitation- the tendency for individuals to do better at well-learned tasks and worse at poorly learned ones, when in the presence of others.
Non-univeresal
The fourth, and lowest level of universality, which states that a given cognitive tool does not exist in all cultures and can be considered a cultural invention.An example is the abacus reasoning which is a calculation in parts of the Middle east and Asia.
Respect for hierarchy
The fourth/last principle is in which postpubescent boys are conferred social status by allowing them to not have to sleep with parents or young children
list the functions of cultural research (chapter 1)
The functions of cultural research are (1) Identifying culture-specific values, cognitive categories, or forms of behavior, (2) Understanding the relationship between ecological and psychological variables, (3) Identifying human universals, (4) Testing the generality of psychological models or theories, and (5) Studying the effect of cultural change.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States.
Culture of Honor
The idea that "herders" (people who have easily movable resources ex: cattle and pigs) have to "maintain their honor" and build a reputation, in order to scare away thieves, and do so by responding with violence to any threat.
Ratchet effect
The idea that cultural information can continue to grow, without losing prior knowledge/culture.
Russian cultural historical school
The idea that people interact with their environment through the tools and ideas that have been passed to them through history.
Emulative learning
The learning is focused on the environmental events that are involved- how the use of one object could potentially effect changes in the state of the environment- reproduce a behavior without knowing goals.
Müller-Lyer illusion
The line on the left looks longer than the line on the right. People who are raised in cultures where they are not exposed to carpentered corners are not susceptible to this illusion.
Lee Hom and Eason are 25-year-old Hong Kong natives who have recently moved to Canada after having lived in Hong Kong all their lives. Based on research into a sensitive period for cultural adjustment, which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada?
The longer they stay in Canada, the less they identify with being Canadian
Independent variable
The manipulated variable. Usually culture is the independent variable in an experiment.
Between-group manipulation
The manipulations in which different groups of participants receive different levels of the independent variable. Requires random assignments
Dependent variable
The more variance in the independent variable, the more likely that an effect will be detected in the dependent variable.
Evoked culture
The notion that all people have certain biologically encoded behaviors that occur under certain conditions.
Evoked Culture
The notion that all people, regardless of where they are from, have certain biologically encoded behavioral repertoires that are potentially accessible to them, and that these repertoires are engaged when the appropriate situational conditions arise
Evoked Culture
The notion that all people, regardless of where they are from, have certain biologically encoded behavioral repertoires that are potentially accessible to them, and that these repertoires are engaged when the appropriate situational conditions arise Ex: Family values
Transmitted Culture
The notion that people learn about particular culture practices through social learning or by modeling the behavior of others who live near them
Transmitted Culture
The notion that people learn about particular culture practices through social learning or by modeling the behavior of others who live near them Ex: Language and dialect
The Blurgs, an alien family from Neptune, want to build a new house. This family consists of a father, a mother, a 20-year-old son, a 10-year-old son, and a baby daughter. When deciding on sleeping arrangements, the people of Neptune greatly value respect for hierarchy, as defined by Shweder and colleagues in their study examining cultural differences between the Americans and Indians in sleeping arrangements. Which of the following most accurately reflects this value?
The older brother sleeps in his own room
Noun Bias
The preponderance of nouns relative to verbs and other relational words in young children's vocabularies. The existence is informative with respect to the experiences that young children have.
Ratchet Effect
The process by which cultural information becomes more complex and often more useful over time because an initial idea can be learned from others and then modified and improved by the learners- CD: cultures tend to develop over time, not decline Our environment is filled with cultural info which effects us everyday. If you want to understand people, you need to understand their culture
What is the relationship between historical prevalence of pathogens and culture? (chapter 1)
The relationship between historical prevalence of pathogens and culture are historical cultural norms promoted conformity to deal with increased risk of pathogens. Pathogen presence has been found to be negatively correlated with individualist cultures and positively correlated with collectivist cultures.
Functional Universal
The second level of universality, which states that a given cognitive tool exists across cultures and is used to solve the same problem across cultures, but is more accessible to people from some cultures than others. An example is the amount of energy they put into punishment. Some put a lot of their earnings to punish those who were unfair while others do not as much.
Accessibility Universal
The strongest case for universality can be made when it could be said that a given cognitive tool exists in all cultures, is used to solve the same problem across cultures and is accessible to the same degree across cultures. Process that occurs in all cultures, solves problems, occurs with the same frequency. Basic processes that emerge early in life
Frame switching
The tendency for bicultural people to switch between different cultural selves
noun bias
The tendency for children in North America to learn nouns before they learn other types of words like verbs.
Pluralistic Ignorance
The tendency for people to collectively misinterpret the thought that underlie other people's behaviors
Pluralistic ignorance
The tendency for people to collectively misinterpret the thoughts that underlie other people's behaviors.
Acquiescence bias
The tendency to agree with most statements. It is an issue for cross-cultural comparison
Existential Universal
The third level of universality, which states that a given cognitive tool exists across cultures, although the tool is not necessarily used to solve the same problems across cultures, nor is it equally accessible across cultures. An example is Westerns experience failure to be demotivating and success to be motivating while East Asians tend to work harder after failures than after successes.
Female chastity anxiety
The third principle (the most important for the Indians) holds that unmarried postpubescent women should always be chaperoning to protect them from engaging in any sexual activity that would be viewed as shameful
What is a problem with using the "back-translation" method?
The translation may sound very unnatural and may contain idioms that are unintelligible.
Explain the two facets of socially desirable responding, and their relationships with individualism and collectivism. (chapter 2)
The two facets of socially desirable responding are (1) Self-Deceptive Enhancement (SDE), which is the tendency to see oneself in a positive light, have inflated self-descriptions, and is found to be linked with narcissism. This is more prevalent in individualism. The second facet is (2) Impression Management (IM), which is the process of maintaining a favorable or desirable image to the world. It is linked to faking and its goal is to impress the researcher. This is more prevalent in collectivism.
Dependent variable
The variable that you measure. For example, the differences between cultures.
Lee Hom and Eason are 25-year-old Hong Kong natives who have recently moved to Canada after having lived in Hong Kong all their lives. Based on research into a sensitive period for cultural adjustment, which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada?
There is no relationship between how long they stay in Canada and how much they identify with being Canadian.
Cultures have been changing and evolving in recent decades in what ways?
They are becoming increasingly individualistic
Jack and Jill are two parents who place great emphasis on the value of the sacred couple. They also have a postpubescent son, a prepubescent daughter, and a toddler son. What sleeping arrangement are they most likely going to have?
They would sleep in the same room, separate from their children
Soujourners
Those who intend to only stay temporarily
Migrants
Those who move from a heritage culture to a host culture
Edgerton's (1971) research on East African tribes living in the same geographical location when answering this question.
Tribal affiliation trumped ecological pressures in predicting attitudes of a community. Transmitted culture can play a more powerful role in cultural variation than evoked culture.
Regret (types & similarities/differences across cultures) (chapter 5)
Types of regret include counterfactual thinking; hypothetical beliefs about the past that could have happened to avoid or change a negative outcome. Regrets of inaction are more prevalent in individualist cultures since they are autonomous agents, they'd wish they could do more. In collectivist cultures, regret over action is more prevalent because the individuals' responsibilities are prioritized over internal attributes. But in recent studies, the emotion of regret appears to be universal and regret over inaction was more prevalent across multiple cultures.
Melting pot model
US, where each ethnic group's distinct characteristics are melted away as they learn to assimilate to the dominant culture.
Unpacking
Unpacking cultural findings means identifying the underlying variables that give rise to the cultural difference
Which of the following statements is true about parent-child interactions across cultures?
Urban European mothers spend less time in physical contact with their infants, as compared with rural mothers
according to research using the Sex Role Inventory, which of the following does NOT agree with the research findings
Uruguay, a country south of the equator, has more egalitarian gender values than Eritrea, a country north of the equator
You want to study how large people's faces are in Cultures X and Y. To do this, you simply ask people, "On a scale of 1 (small) to 10 (large), how large is your face?" To your surprise, most people in Culture X think they have small faces, even though their faces are much larger than those in Culture Y. Conversely, most people in Culture Y think they have large faces. How can you address this problem of trying to assess cultural differences in how large people's faces are?
Use concrete as opposed to subjective response options
You want to study how large people's faces are in Cultures X and Y. To do this, you simply ask people, "On a scale of 1 (small) to 10 (large), how large is your face?" To your surprise, most people in Culture X think they have small faces, even though their faces are much larger than those in Culture Y. Conversely, most people in Culture Y think they have large faces. How can you address this problem of trying to assess cultural differences in how large people's faces are?
Use concrete as opposed to subjective response options.
Situation sampling
Utilizes the fact that cultures do not affect us in the abstract, they affect us in particular, concrete ways, If we can see how people respond to situations that are regularly experience by people in another culture, we can get a viewpoint into how cultures shape our way of thinking. You get participants form at least two cultures who are asked to describe a number of situations that they have experienced in which something specific has happened. (ex. self esteem either increased or decreased). Second step, different groups of participants are asked to participate in the study, You use the list of the situations from before and then they are asked to imagine how hey would have felt if they had been in those situations themselves. This allow shut to get ideas of how they would respond if they were participating in another groups culture.
transmission of culture (3 ways)
VERTICAL (parent to offspring) HORIZONTAL (mutual; kids play w e/o) OBLIQUE (institution to young ppl eg. uni to students)
Objective self awareness
We are conscious of how we are being seen and evaluated by others
Psychology is WEIRD
Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic
WEIRD societies
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
What does the acronym "WEIRD" stand for?
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
Natural selection
When a trait gives you an advantage, and it helps you to survive and mate, and does the same for your offspring.
Research on the rise of individualism shows that books published in the United States over the past 200 years have shown an increase in words such as
XXX "individualism," "collectivism," and "division."
Which of the following correctly compares cultural evolution and biological evolution?
XXX Biological evolution chooses what trait has a selective advantage to pass on; cultural evolution does not.
Which of the following provides evidence of culture in nonhuman animals?
XXX Chimpanzees show good emulative learning compared with humans, and each subsequent generation of chimpanzees shows better emulative learning than the previous generation.
Some people would describe cultural psychology as the study of how "culture and mind make each other up." What does this statement mean?
XXX Culture and the mind are very similar concepts.
Which of the following children demonstrates mentalizing?
XXX a child who assumes that everyone knows everything she knows
A failure to replicate a psychological phenomenon
XXX is much more likely when the study and the replication have a high degree of statistical power.
Steven is a new English-speaking cultural psychologist who only uses questionnaires. He wants to establish methodological equivalence when studying cultural differences in happiness between rural Nigerians and urban South Koreans. To do that, he will likely
XXX reverse-code half of the items on his questionnaires.
In Culture A, people are known to be talkative. In Culture B, they are known to be very quiet. Yet when Reggie gives out questionnaires, he finds that those from Culture A are more likely than those from Culture B to agree with the statement. "I don't talk that much." What is a plausible explanation for this?
XXX social desirability bias
Is culture among chimpanzees cumulative?
XXX yes, because chimpanzees have excellent working memory
Xiao, a 7-year-old Chinese child, and Jess, a 7-year-old American child, are each listening to an audio tape in their individual rooms. At one point, the audio on both tapes gets covered by static. Xiao and Jess are asked to guess what was said. Which of the following is the likeliest to happen?
Xiao guesses that the inaudible part refers to a verb; Jess guesses that the inaudible part refers to a noun
autonomy ideal
a belief that young children who are needy and vulnerable should learn to be self-reliant and take care of themselves
According to the definition offered in the textbook, which of the following would NOT be a good example of culture?
a child creates a piece of art she has never seen before while, at the same time, listening to her sister sing songs
what child(re) below demonstrate(s) the existence of theory of mind
a child who hides his toys so his mother won't find them
meme
a cultural "gene". a unit. an idea. something a human does that gets passed down to another
which of the following depicts an evoked culture
a culture uses the possession of meat as a status symbol due to the abundance of vegetation but the scarcity of animals and fish in the area
According to the secularization theory, which of the following findings seem the likeliest?
a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality
pluralistic ignorance
a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding
Koro is manifested by
a female patient who is deathly afraid that her nipples are shrinking into her body.
essentialized gender
a gender identity that is believed to reflect an underlying and unchanging nature
five factor model of personality
a model of five core traits underlying human personality, including the traits of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
independent view of self
a model of the self in which identity is thought to come from inner attributes that reflect a unique essence of the idividual and that remin stable across situations and across the lifespan
interdependent view of self
a model of the self in which individuals are perceived not as separate and distinct entities but as participants in a larger social unit where identity is contingent upon key relationships with ingroup members
sensitive period
a period of time in an organisms development that allows for relatively easy acquisition of a set of skills (new language)
neuroticism
a personality trait that indicates how emotionally unstable and unpredictable an individual is
conscientiousness
a personality trait that indicates how responsible and dependable an individual is
agreeableness
a personality trait that indicates how warm or pleasant an individual is
openness to experience
a personality trait that reflects a person's intelligence and curiosity about the world
existential universal
a psychological phenomenon is said to exist in multiple cultures, although the phenomenon is not necessarily used to solve the same problem, nor is it equally accessible across cultures
Cultural Psychology
a psychological science that is able to study how specific cultural experiences shape and express universal biological potentials
objective self-awareness
a state of mind in which individuals consider how they appear to others and are conscious of being evaluated
subjective self-awareness
a state of mind in which individuals consider themselves from the perspective of the subject and demonstrate little awareness of themselves as individuals
All else being equal, which of the following studies will have the most statistical power in a comparison of tight and loose cultures?
a study comparing Canada and North Korea
dynamic social impact theory
a theory suggesting that individuals influence each other through their interactions, which gives rise to clusters of like-minded people separated by geography
entity theory of self
a view of the self in which a person's abilities and traits are largely innate features that the individual cannot change
incremental theory of self
a view of the self in which a person's abilities and traits are malleable and can be improved
Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is true? a) Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting. b) Both lead the child to be psychologically maladjusted. c) Authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting involve similar levels of parental warmth. d) Authoritative parenting makes the child less happy than authoritarian parenting.
a) Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting.
Wan-Ying wants to use the jiào xun type of parenting on her child. What is she NOT likely to do? a) allow her child to play games, while watching him like a hawk b) devote lots of time to nurture her child's musical talents c) show her child that he must bow when speaking to his grandparents d) watch her child closely while he does his homework
a) allow her child to play games, while watching him like a hawk
Adolescent rebellion a) is more pronounced in societies with more role distinctions and opportunities. b) is observed in the vast majority of the world's cultures. c) is especially pronounced in collectivistic societies. d) is universal, although adolescent violence is not
a) is more pronounced in societies with more role distinctions and opportunities
Research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that a) the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older. b) very young infants cannot distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language, whereas older infants can distinguish them. c) from birth, infants slowly accumulate a growing number of phonemes that they can recognize, until they have learned all of the phonemes in their language. d) infants from one language group cannot understand the phonemes used by an unfamiliar language group.
a) the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older.
Cultural Priming
activation of cultural ideas within participants. Priming works by making certain ideas more accessible to participants and depending how meaningful these ideas are to a culture, can investigate what happens when people start to think about certain cultural ideas. When cultural ideas are activated that are more common in another culture people start thinking in ways that are more similar to the thinking of people from other cultures.
Wan-Ying wants to use the jiaox xun type of parenting on her child. what is she NOT likely to do?
allow her child to play games, while watching him like a hawk
Wan-Ying wants to use the jiào xun type of parenting on her child. What is she NOT likely to do?
allow her child to play games, while watching him like a hawk
participants are sitting in their own separate testing rooms and have been asked to write statements about what they think about themselves. after a while, a mirror magically appears on a wall in each room. comparing their self-descriptions before and after the mirror appeared, how much they differ
american participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared, and Japanese participants did not change their views after the mirror appeared
when americans and japanese evaluate themselves in front of a mirror,
americans have more negative views of themselves than they normally do
shweder and colleagues found that indian parents are more likely to sleep in the same room with their children than are american parents. given their studies, which of these is the most compelling explanation for their results
americans place more value on providing parents with exclusive sleeping space
autonomy ideal
americans. says, young children who are vulnerable need to be self-reliant and take care of themselves
which of the following is an example of a proximal cause
an Egyptian pharaoh brought in horse-drawn chariots, which allowed his army to outmaneuver and defeat his enemy in battle
The encephalization quotient (EQ) is defined as
an animal's brain weight relative to the predicted brain weight for a comparable animal of the same body size.
occam's razor
any theory should make as few assumptions as possible, eliminating or "showing off" extraneous assumptions
The kinda of ideas that are best remembered over time are those that
are mostly intuitive, with the occasional counterintuitive idea included
the kinds of ideas that are best remembered over time are those that
are mostly intuitive, with the occasional counterintuitive idea included
The kinds of ideas that are best remembered over time are those that
are mostly intuitive, with the occasional counterintuitive idea included.
Multicultural Approach
attending to and respecting group differences
___ are evaluations of things occurring in on going thoughts about the objects, or stored in memory.
attitudes
In her book, Battle Hymm of the Tiger Mom, Amy Chua details her strict rules for her daughters which includes (among other things): no playdates, no sleepovers, no TV or computer games, no choosing one's own extracurricular activities, and no being in school plays (or complaining about not being in school plays). According to your textbook, which style best captures this type of parenting?
authoritarian parenting
Shawna, a mother from the United Kingdom, is trying to determine which parenting style she should use with her child to maximize the child's school achievement, autonomy, and self-reliance. According to Baumrind's typology as found among Western samples, which parenting style should she use?
authoritative parenting
shawna, a mother from the united kingdom, is trying to determine which parenting style she should use with her child maximize the child's school achievement, autonomy, and self-reliance. according to baumrind's typology as found among western samples, which parenting style should she use
authoritative parenting
The postconventional level of moral development is most closely associated with what code of ethic?
autonomy
ostracism
being excluded. this is when ppl present most rituals (they'll do ti to be a part)
according to Atran and Norenzayan's idea about minimally counterintuitive ideas persisting, which of the following phrases would be the most likely to persist in the reader's memory
blinkning newspaper
The boss of a company in the United States has instituted a new policy requiring all interactions between workers, who are predominantly white Americans, to take a culture-blind approach. This means that the
boss wants the workers to treat each other as individuals, with individual experiences and individual histories.
East Asia is at a similar latitude to a region with many easily domesticated plants and animals. These early conditions benefit East Asian cultures such that they propel these cultures to prosperity in the future, What is this scenario an example of? a) proximal causes b) transmission of cultural tools c) distal causes d) the ratchet effect e) epidemiology of culture
c) distal causes- initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time and often through indirect relations
One difference between Americans and Hindu Indians is that in the United States a) the female identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is essentialized. b) both male and female identities are essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is essentialized, but only among children. c) the male identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the female identity is essentialized. d) both male and female identities are essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians only the female identity is essen-tialized.
c) the male identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the female identity is essentialized
Proximal cause
causes that have direct and immediate relations with their effects
proximal causes
causes that have direct and immediate relations with their effects
why isn't there much cumulative culture among chimpanzees
chimpanzees aren't very good at imitative learning
deprivation effect
contrast between what people actually have or value, versus what they would like to have. (Safety example?)
One advantage of experimental methods over survey methods in cultural psychological research is that
cultural differences in response biases are controlled better with experimental methods than with survey methods
One advantage of experimental methods over survey methods in cultural psychological research is that
cultural differences in response biases are controlled better with experimental methods than with survey methods.
Nonuniversal
cultural inventions (i.e. an abacus)
If you wanted to do a study using a within-groups manipulation to examine whether European Canadians can be made to think like Canadians and East Asians, which of the following would be the MOST relevant and appropriate methodology?
cultural priming
If you wanted to do a study using a within-groups manipulation to examine whether European Canadians can be made to think like Canadians and East Asians, what would be the most relevant and appropriate methodology?
cultural priming!
A key difference between "cultural" psychologists and "general" psychologists is that
cultural psychologists believe that the mind is interdependent with context and content, whereas general psychologists believe that the mind is independent from context and content.
one of the biggest challenges with applying Darwinian principles of natural selection to studying cultural evolution is that
cultural replication is not of sufficiently high fidelity
One of the biggest challenges with applying Darwinian principles of natural selection to studying cultural evolutions is that
cultural replications is not of sufficiently high fidelity
A group of researchers want to learn about the characteristics of home-cooking recipes in Culture X. What is this type of method an example of?
cultural-level measure
rituals can only be looked at through:
culture (ANTH)
A group of researchers wants to learn about the characteristics of home-cooking recipes in Culture X. What is this type of method an example of?
culture-level measuring
People from all cultures use umbrellas, but in some cultures umbrellas are used only to block rainwater, whereas in other cultures umbrellas are used to only block the sun. The use of umbrellas across culture would thus be classified as a(n) a) statistical universal b) nonuniversal c) accessibility universal d) existential universal e) functional universal
d) Existential universal
the textbook describes the relationship between IQ changes across time and television viewing as showing
decreases in verbal intelligence but increases in problem-solving intelligence
The textbook describes the relationship between IQ changes across time and television viewing as showing
decreases in verbal intelligence but increases in problem-solving intelligence.
natural selection and sexual selection are similar in that they both
depend on the number of surviving offspring an individual has
Natural selection and sexual selection are similar in that they both
depend on the number of surviving offspring an individual has.
you meet a new chinese friend, huang. you find that huang is responsible, optomistic, and trustworthy. after having just learned about chinese personality constructs in class, you decided to figure out which construct he scores highly on. which of the following constructs best encompasses the three traits that you know about Huang
dependability
You review all the studies you have done in your career and realize that they all you WEIRD samples. Based on these characteristics of your samples, which of the following challenges in the most applicable to your work?
determining universality
Celebrating birthdays is a functional universal. This means that in two cultures, the purpose of birthdays is _____________ across the cultures and how important birthdays are is _____________ across the cultures.
different; the same
given bosterup's thesis about agricultural methods centuries ago affecting gender attitudes now, what is this type of relationship between agricultural methods and gender attitudes an example of
distal cause
East Asia is at a similar latitude to a region with man easily domesticated plants and animals (the Fertile Crescent). These early conditions benefit East Asian cultures such that agriculture allowed for enough food production and enabled some people to devote their time to non-food producing activities. These activities propel these cultures to prosperity in the future. What is this scenario an example of?
distal causes
East Asia is at a similar latitude to a region with many easily domesticated plants and animals. These early conditions benefit East Asian cultures such that they propelled these cultures to prosperity today. What is this scenario an example of?
distal causes
Question text East Asia is at a similar latitude to a region with many easily domesticated plants and animals. These early conditions benefit East Asian cultures such that they propelled these cultures to prosperity today. What is this scenario an example of?
distal causes
Whereas _____________ describe(s) explanations using factors that occurred a long time ago, _____________ describe(s) explanations using factors that have direct and immediate effects.
distal causes; proximal causes
Whereas the term ________ describes explanations using factors that occurred a long time ago, the term ________ describes explanations using factors that have direct and immediate effects.
distal causes; proximate causes
generalizability
do findings from sample generalize to population?
army recruiters are assigned randomly into specific quarters, where they do a lot of socializing during break time and at night. the political and religious attitudes of the recruits were surveyed before they were assigned sleeping quarters, and then again after several weeks of training. the generals found that recruits' political and religious ideas tended to form clusters based on sleeping quarters. which of the following can explain this situation
dynamic social impact theory
social-cognition approach
e.g.) priming by having ppl circle all the "me/my" type pronouns versus "us/we/our"
If an independent variable has more variance, is it more difficult or easier to detect an effect on the dependent variable?
easier
which of the following does NOT explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children at American schools
east asian mothers spend more time teaching their kids math before their kids start kindergarten
the ecology and sex roles are related in the sense that
egalitarian sex roles are more common where food is plentiful and easily acquired
Ecology and sex roles are related in the sense that
egalitarian sex roles are more common where food is plentiful and easily acquired.
Ecology and sex roles are related in the sense that:
egalitarian sex roles are more common where food is plentiful and easily acquired.
A child observes a model using a new tool to crack open an acorn. The child does not copy exactly what the model does, nor does he understand that the model wanted to crack acorns. The child simply sees that the tool can be used to crack acorns and tries to figure out on his own how to use the tool for that purpose. What is the child exhibiting?
emulative learning
a child observes a model using a new tool to crack open an acorn. the child does not copy exactly what the model does, nor understand that the model wanted to crack acorns and tries to figure out on his own how to use the tool to crack acorns. what is the child exhibiting
emulative learning
Emulative and imitative learning can be contrasted in that
emulative learning does not require imitating a model's behavioral strategies.
Takeshi witnesses a murder, and tells his mother. she understands the gist of the story, and then conveys that to the police. which model of cultural evolution does this best illustrate
epidemiology of ideas
if a child wants to be a great ice hockey player and chooses to learn from Wayne Gretzky as the prestigious model, what aspect(s) of Wayne Gretzky is the child most likely to imitate
everything that wayne Gretzky does, both related and unrelated to hockey
We need both ______ and ______ to survive
evoked and transmitted culture
A key difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture is that
evoked culture is limited to a specific geographical setting, whereas transmitted culture can move across different ecologies
a key difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture is that
evoked culture is limited to a specific geographical setting, whereas transmitted culture can move across different ecologies
A key difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture is that
evoked culture is limited to a specific geographical setting, whereas transmitted culture can move across different ecologies.
according to the social brain hypothesis, which of the following is TRUE
evolution favors those who do well in maintaining social relationships
PHYLOGENY
evolutionary history and development of a species
you grew up learning that nodding your head means "yes," and most people you know do the same; however, recently learned that people in some cultures nod their heads when they mean to say "no." Nodding your head would thus be characterized as a(n)
existential universal
Your study doesn't have enough power. To maximally increase power in your study, which of the following should you do?
get a more sensitive independent variable and a more sensitive dependent variable
You are having trouble publishing results from your latest study, but you remember reading about how people are more easily convinced by neuroscientific evidence. To add neuroscience to your study, you decided to
get fMRI data for new participant (so u have some neurological evidence to add alongside ur data)
What can you do to increase power in your study?
get more sensitive independent and dependent variables
situation-structure approach
give situation to japanese and canadian ppl. then give to NEW set of jpn+cdn ppl and ask them
Xing, a Chinese stockbroker, and Joe, a Canadian stockbroker, are being asked to predict the trend of a stock that has been gaining value for the past three years. Xing likely thinks the stock will _____________, and Joe likely thinks the stock will _____________.
go down; continue to go up
Xing, a chinese stock broker, and Joe, a canadian stock broker, are being asked to predict the trend of a stock that has been gaining value for the past 3 years. Xing likely thinks the stock will ______, and Joe likely thinks the stock will _______.
go down; continue to go up
agriculture revolution
groups increased. became modern humans. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. system needed to trust people- therefore religion and God.modern society now started
Steven is a new English-speaking cultural psychologist who only uses questionnaires. He wants to first establish methodological equivalence when studying cultural differences in "happiness" between rural Nigerians and urban South Koreans. To do that, he must
have all the Nigerians and South Koreans in his sample practice taking questionnaires.
what is 'natural selection' in a cultural way?
having ideas or habits or tendencies ppl do, or tricks, that get passed on (which help survival, reproduce, etc)
Methodological equivalence
having methods perceived in identical ways across different cultures
ambrose has an independent self, and hayden has an interdependent self. which of the following is TRUE about hayden
he activates the same brain regions when thinking about himself and his mother, whereas ambrose doesn't
Yuexi, a chinese mother, wants to use strong parental control with her child. based on the textbook, which of the following would most likely NOT occur as a result
her child feels a lack of family cohesion
parasitic ideas
hijack individual's self-interest (for selfless aim/goals) -religion is a parasitic ideas because ur giving up ur self for the self-less GOOD cause
when completing the Twenty-Statements Test, people from non-western cultures, in contrast with people from western cultures, are likelier to put down which of the following
i am a karate student
you are introduced to a person who is said to have an independent view of self. based on markus and kitayama's model, which of the following would you least expect the person to say
i'm a member of a ballet dance group
minimally counterintuitive ideas
ideas that violate our expectations enough to be considered surprising and unusual but not too outlandish
Unpackaging
identifying underlying variables that create cultural differences Step 1. Find a theoretically viable variable that can explain a cultural difference. Step 2. Confirm cultural difference in proposed underlying or predictor variable. Step 3. Show that underlying variable is related to cultural difference (or outcome variable) in question.
unpacking cultural findings
identifying underlying variables that give rise to cultural differences
According to prestige bias, humans will tend to
imitate another person who has skills and is highly respected, regardless of whether the domain of imitation is relevant to that person's talent.
Over the last 50 years, the average height of the people from the reclusive country of Druidia has been increasing. Based on data profiled in the textbook, which of the following is likeliest to be associated with this increase?
improved diet during infancy and adolescence
one difference between Americans and Hindu Indians is that
in the united states the male identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the female identity is essentialized
why do motivations for self-consistency appear weaker among east asians than among westerners
in the west, self-consistency correlates more strongly with subjective well-being and with being liked by others than it does in east asia
Which of the following is/are accessibility universals?
incest avoidance
the westermarcks, a large american family with growing sons and daughters, need to build a new house, and are particularly concerned about making appropriate sleeping arrangements. based on shweder and colleagues' research, which moral principle will the family consider the most important
incest avoidance
which of the following are accessibility universals
incest avoidance
The most important principle to both Americans and Indians in terms of family sleeping arrangements is
incest avoidance.
according to Steven Johnson, which of the following is a contributor to people's growing intelligence
increased complexity is inherent in modern pop culture
Distal cause
initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time and often through indirect relations
jack was talking to his friend jane about all his positive characteristics. in the middle of the conversation, he took a prescription pill for a sore throat. this pill had an interesting side effect- it altered the way Jack thinks. after taking the pill, he no longer talked about his positive characteristics; instead, he talked about how he needed to improve on his shortcomings, and the disappointment that his mother has about many of his qualities. which of the following most accurately characterizes the side effect of this pill
it gave him more objective self-awareness
Taijin kyoufushou differs from social anxiety disorder in that
it involves some imagined physical symptoms that social anxiety disorder does not.
how does one find an animal's encephalization quotient (EQ)
it is the ratio of an animal's brain weight to the brain weight predicted for a comparable animal with the same body size
Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-level measure?
journal entry
what can be said about sensitive windows for language acquisition
learning a sign language is subject to a similar sensitive window constraint as learning a spoken language
Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with a depressed mood and trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is
less likely to report depressed mood.
Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with depressed mood and trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is
less likely to report depressed mood.
cultural priming
making certain ideas more accessible to people. investigate what happens when people think of these.
Sacred couple
married couples should be given their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual privacy
In the Sambian context, the cultural emphasis on boys to go through rituals such as piercing their noses and thrashing them with sticks suggest that, for the Sambia,
masculinity is something that boys gain from certain behaviors.
one thing that the findings from research by Kashima and colleagues constraining men and women reveals that
men and women score similarly on agency
while helping colleagues analyze data, you realize she turned responses to z-scores. Based on response biases in textbook, for what is she most likely accounting for?
moderacy bias
incremental theories of the self are
more common among east asians than westerners
animals' pre-insticts
naturally avoid predators when born (humans aren't born like this)
Which of the following is not an example of a culture-bound syndrome?
neurasthenia
the finding that the prevalence of parasites in a region correlates positively with the degree that people value physical attractiveness is argues to be evidence for
none of the choices are correct
which of the following is TRUE about cultural change in the United States
none of these statements are true
Ron, an American manager, is most likely to value a creative idea that is ________, and Tomo, a Japanese manager, is most likely to value a creative idea that is ________.
novel; useful
which of the following is TRUE about cultural change in the United States
on average, americans are less likely to belong to formal organizations than they were 40 years ago
according to the ideas as replicators model, which of the following rumors is the WORST replicator
one that is about one's peers, but not about one's parents
LEV VYGOTSKY
only way child learns is thru caregiver & then broad culture in infants life;
OPERATIONALISM (COSI)
operationally define variables
cultural mediation
particular cultural symbols that are particularly meaningful and used between parents and children to transmit cultural meanings
Russian cultural-historical school
people interact with their environment through the tools or human-made ideas that have been passed down to them through history
Reference-group effects in cross-cultural research occur because
people use social comparison to evaluate themselves
adolescent rebellion
period of storm and stress when adolescents act out in front of authority figures, commit acts of delinquency, and emotional stress (not universal tho)
Pluralistic ignorance is likely to lead to
persistence of particular cultural practices
pluralistic ignorance is likely to lead to
persistence of particular cultural practices
Pluralistic ignorance is likely to lead to
persistence of particular cultural practices.
Pidgin languages and creole languages differ in that
pidgin languages lack the grammatical structure found in creole languages.
it is not at all unusual for the officers at police station 54 to observe their colleagues using confrontational interview techniques. even though they do not personally like the technique, many officers believe that the practice is widely approved of by others and expected of them. this is an example of
pluralistic ignorance
Two parents are trying to plan sleeping arrangements for their three children: a 15-year-old daughter, a 3-year-old son, and a 2-year-old daughter. They decide that the 2-year-old would sleep alone, while the 15-year-old and the 3-year-old would sleep in the same room. The parents would sleep separately. According to this arrangement, what principles was violated?
protection of the vulnerable
Two parents are trying to plan sleeping arrangements for their three children: a 15-year-old daughter, a 3-year-old son, and a 2-year-old daughter. They decide that the 2-year-old would sleep alone, while the 15-year-old and the 3-year-old would sleep in the same room. The parents would sleep separately. According to this arrangement, which of the following principles was violated?
protection of the vulnerable
the Parkers are an american family planning for how its family members will be sleeping. the moral value that won't be reflected in their sleeping arrangement is
protection of the vulnerable
two parents are trying to plan sleeping arrangements for their three children: a 15-year-old daughter, a 3-year-old son, and a 2-year-old daughter. they decide that the 2-year-old would sleep alone...
protection of the vulnerable
The Mukherjees are an Indian family planning for how its family members will be sleeping. The moral value that is LEAST likely to be reflected in their sleeping arrangements is
protection of the vulnerable, respect for hierarchy, female chastity anxiety, incest avoidance. all of these are values reflected in Indian sleeping arrangements
The Parkers are an American family planning for how their family members will be sleeping. The moral value that will NOT be reflected in their sleeping arrangements is
protection of the vulnerable.
According to Stevenson and Stigler's study on cultural differences in math performance at school, if American parents wanted their children to do well in math, what aspect of Chinese parenting should they mimic?
provide a desk at home for their children
According to Stevenson and Stigler's study on cultural differences in math performance at school, if American parents wanted their children to do well in math, what aspect of Chinese parenting should they mimic?
provide a desk for their children at home
In a gardening competition, the Martian's steel tools allowed them to easily defeat the Earthlings, who used wooden tools. Which of the following best describes why the Martians defeated the Earthlings?
proximal cause
In a gardening competition, the Martians' steel tools allowed them to easily defeat the Earthlings, who used wooden tools. Which of the following best explains why the Martians defeated the Earthlings?
proximal cause
martians use steel gardening tools, whereas earthlings use wooden gardening tools. in a gardening competition, the martians easily defeated the earthlings. which of the following best describes why the martians defeated the earthlings
proximal cause
Functional universal
psychological phenomena that exist in multiple cultures, are used to solve the same problems across cultures, yet are more accessible to people from some cultures than others
Homer sharpens a rock and uses it to shave. Schick adds a handle to the rock for better grip. gillette then changes the rock to a titanium blade for durability. the progression of improvements made to the shaving utensil is an example of
ratchet effect
Eric's medical results show that there is an infection in his pancreas. What is his American doctor most likely to do in response to these results?
recommend antibiotics or surgery
Pierre visited his doctor because he had been feeling sick for some time. Given what we learned about medical practices around the world, we might expect that his French doctor would
recommend vitamins and rest.
you work for an international charity foundation and are in charge of seeking donations from Americans and Poles. based on cialdini's research, which of the following would you use to secure the most donations from the two populations
remind americans of their past donations, but remind poles of their peers' donations
Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time. Given her emotional situation, which of the following is she most likely to do to make herself feel better?
remind herself of her connections with others
situation sampling allows:
researchers to see how people in different cultures would respond if they were in the other groups' cultural worlds.
dynamic social impact theory can explain why
residents of one community have more conservative political attitudes than residents of a nearby community
After examining the surveys you collected from people in Culture A, you find that people tend to answer "yes" to all the questions, regardless of the content. How do you deal with this problem in the future so this does not recur?
reverse-code half of the items
After examining the surveys you collected from people in Culture A, you find that people tend to answer "yes" to all the questions, regardless of the content. How do you deal with this problem in the future so this doesn't recur?
reverse-code half of the items
are infants more likely to imitate instrumental or ritual behaviours?
ritual
what formed modern humans?
rituals (they're a sign of LOYALTY)
Bulk and Wills
say culture and social learning is unique and really strong in humans because we learned these through cultural acquisition
Food-diversity hypothesis
says when we come across a food source/mate, we have 2 fundamental motives that drive our behaviours. 1. exploit the source & continue to exploit it (go to berry bush) 2. explore (leave bush and explore to elsewhere)
on planet X, you observe that a primate-like species is undergoing rapid evolution, with their brains having grown significantly in volume. based on the textbook's discussion about a similar process that took place in human evolution, what physiological changes to this alien species would you NOT expect to accompany this growth in brain volume? assume that body size has not changed
shorter fingers and limbs
transmitted culture
social learning and modelling those around you! This is a way we gain cultural variation. This is how we gain our CULTURE.
individualistic cultures
societies that prize independence, competition, and personal success
Kroeber & Kluckholn, 1952
sociologists by training: patterns/cultural behavior is acquired and transmitted by symbols, ideas, and especially their attached values
Gregory has been diagnosed with depression by his psychiatrists; however, he does not really report experiencing negative affect. He primarily experiences stomach and sleep problems. Which of the following most accurately characterizes Gregory's experience?
somatization
distal cause
something you implemented and don't see the effect of until later (sometimes generations)
Sensitive Period
span of organism's life when it can gain a new skill relatively easily. Usually during the first 10-12 years of life.
how can you solve a problem of moderacy in your results?
split the results to high VS low (as opposed to 1-4 scale or something)
After examining surveys that you collected from culture X, you notice that everyone's responses clustered at both ends of the scale. How do you correct this?
split the scores into high versus low
Authoritarian Parenting
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
From a health standpoint, retirees who move from New York City to the beaches of Florida will
suffer fewer heart problems than Floridians who move to New York City.
Delilah was just in a graveyard and was extremely frightened by the fact that she felt she saw the ghost of her mother. She was so frightened that she felt like her soul was dislodged from her body. What is her experience an example of?
susto
acquiescence biases
tendency to AGREE with most statements. to counteract this, you reverse-score items.
acquiscience bias
tendency to agree or tendency to disagree (on questionnaires). Problem for cross-culture research SOLUTION: half positively phrased items and half negatively phrased
moderacy
tendency to vote 'neutrally'; (people's responses tend to gather toward the center of your scale)
among three newly discovered species of primates, Species A's diet is based fully on fruits, Species B's diet is based fully on food the requires extractive foraging methods, and Species C's diet is highly social. Which species should have the largest encephalization quotient (EQ)
the answer cannot be determined with the available information
The Westermarcks, a large American family with growing sons and daughters, need to build a new house, and are particularly concerned about making appropriate sleeping arrangements. Based on Shweder and colleagues' research, which moral principle will the family consider the most important?
the autonomy ideal
Which of the following is an example of pluralistic ignorance?
the binge drinking habits among underage college students
you and a small handful of people have split off from a large and technologically advanced society to settle on another island. according to hornet's mathematical model, what will most likely happen to the development of cultural technology in your splinter group
the cultural technology of your group will likely devolve due to a lack of skilled models
The tendency for people living in conditions with a real threat of starvation to report valuing food more than those living in conditions where food is abundant is an example of
the deprivation effect
The tendency for people living in conditions with a real threat of starvation to report valuing food more than those living in conditions where food is abundant is an example of
the deprivation effect.
american and chinese children were recruited for a study. all children were either 13 years old or 5 years old. they were first told that a child is always happy...
the difference in predicted likelihood between chinese and american children is much greater for the 13-year-olds than for the 5-year-olds
the considerable cultural differences between the Nuer and Dinka of southern Sudan indicates that
the effects of transmitted culture are substantial
Which of the following is one problem especially associated with studies about WEIRD
the have low generalization
a group of Japanese and North Americans are in a restaurant late at night. some people ordered for themselves, an some people ordered for friends who had not arrived yet. because the restaurant was about to close, it ran out of everything they ordered. instead, they had to choose between the only two dishes that remained, both of which were deemed to be average dishes by everyone. which of the following is most likely to result from this scenario
the japanese would end up liking the "average dish" they picked more than the "average dish" that they didn't pick when ordering for others, whereas north americans would feel this way when making the choice for themselves
research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that
the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older
Research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that
the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older.
yuan, a chinese mother, and Alexis, a Euro-Canadian mother, both decide to read their children's diaries. how might the memories of Yuan's child differ from the memories of Alexis's child
the memories of yuan's child have more third-person imagery in which she is the center of attention than the memories of Alexis's child
which of the following is TRUE of the relationship specifically between human brains and group size, according to Dunbar
the neocortex ratio in humans gives them the capacity to keep track of about 150 relationships
culture
the norms and standards if a particular group. There are universals between cultures; but also unique things.
Transmitted culture
the notion that people learn about particular cultural practices through social learning or by modeling the behavior of others who live near them
The Blurgs, an alien family from Neptune, want to build a new house. this family consists of a father, a mother, an older brother, a younger brother, and a baby sister...
the older brother sleeps in his own room
Sensitive Period
the period of time that is optimal for the development of particular capacities, or behaviors, and in which the individual is particularly sensitive to environmental influences that would foster these attributes
according to Atran and Norenzayan, which of the following is more likely to come commonly known
the rainbow mouse ate the quick berry
which of the following is an example of pluralistic ignorance
the rise of Nazi power in Germany
The Singhs, an Indian family, are trying to decide on room arrangements for a new house that they are building. Which of the following moral principles is likely to be the LEAST important for this family?
the sacred couple
the Singhs, and Indian family, are trying to decide on room arrangements for a new house that they are building. which of the following moral principles is likely to be the least important for the family
the sacred couple
according to jared diamond, why were the germs brought by the spaniards so much deadlier to the Incans than the Incan germs were to the Spaniards
the spaniards had lived in close proximity to domesticated animals for much longer than the Incans
Lee Hom and Eason are 25-year-old Hong Kong natives who have recently moved to Canada after having lived in Hong Kong all their lives. according to cheung, chudek, and Heine, which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada
there is no relationship between how long they stay in Canada and how much they identify with being Canadian
Nisbett and Cohen argue that the U.S. South has historically been more violent than the North because
there were more herders in the South than in the North
According to a culture of honor account, the U.S. South has historically been more violent than the North because
there were more herders in the South than in the North.
According to a culture of honor account, the U.S. South has historically been more violent than the North because
there were more herders in the South than the North
which of the following statements is TRUE regarding chimpanzees living in the wild
they do not show conclusive evidence theory of mind
Which of the following is one problem especially associated with studies using WEIRD samples?
they have very low generalizability
Minimally counterintuitive ideas tend to persist within a culture because
they tend to be remembered more than intuitive ideas.
what theory is best supported for why primates evolved such large brains
they tend to live in large social groups, which requires intelligence to function effectively
A strength of Nisbett and Cohen's research program into the impact of a culture of honor on regional differences in violence be-tween the U.S. South and North is that
they used multiple measures
A strength of Nisbett and Cohen's research program into the impact of a culture of honor on regional differences in violence between the U.S. South and U.S. North is that
they used multiple methods across their studies.
a 2.5-year old human child, a chimpanzee, and an orangutan are presented with the same problem-solving task - they must figure out how to use a tool to reach up to the top of a cabinet and nudge a wooden block that will knock over a banana. based on hermann and colleagues' findings, which of the three participants will outperform the others
they will all perform equally well
your friend recently entered a few chess competitions, but lost them all really badly. if he has an entity theory of self, what is he most likely to do.
think he has bad chess "genes"
True/false: according to Ainsworth, those infants that have a secure attachment, their mothers are more sensitive and responsive
true
Hofstede's value dimension of ____ refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by the unknown or ambiguous situations, and have developed beliefs, institutions, or rituals to evade them
uncertainty avoidance
reverse-score
when half items are positive and half are negative
essentialized gender
which gender has less flexible ways of being expressed in socially approved ways For example, Americans tend to view the male identity to be more essentialized than the female, less changeable
reference-group effect
who you're comparing to makes a difference in what you consider to be a lot or a little bit of something e.g.) "I'm tall- compared to japanese but not canadians"
comparisons of men and women from East Asian and the United States reveal that
women and men are similar in most factors underlying individualism and collectivism
Cat A teaches Cat B, who lives in the same alley, to hold a mouse in a certain way so that the mouse can be more easily eaten. This way of holding mice then gets passed on to other cats in different alleys. Based on the definitions of culture used in the textbook, can this example be said to be culture?
yes, because the information was passed on by social learning between Cats A and B
protection of the vulnerable
young children who are needy and vulnerable should not be left alone at night
the more pathogens, the more of what kind of culture?
collectivity (cz ur collect togethr and stay away from outsiders)
culture level analyses
news/media. (read newspaper to find out)
Which of the following statements would be the least important to someone who is very conservative?
"The only thing I know to do is to obey what my father says."
Shweder and colleagues found that Indian parents are more likely to sleep in the same room with their children than are American parents. Given their studies, which of these is the most compelling explanation for their results?
Americans place more value on providing parents with exclusive sleeping space.
company culture
Big field! rumba studies on it... ppl more loyal and work better when they are together in an actual office. they do RITUALS which bring them closer (OS for example)
Permissive parenting
Characterised by parents being very involves with their children, with much expressed parental warmth and responsiveness, but placing few limits and controls on the children's behaviors.
Subjective self awareness
Concerns are with the world outside of ourselves, and we are largely unaware of ourselves
Hindsight bias? What is it? Universal? (chapter 5)
Hindsight bias is a universal phenomena where people adjust their memory for something after being told the true outcome.
While traveling in China, a businessman contemplated whether to circumvent China's Great Firewall to access censored websites such as Facebook and YouTube. Which of the following is NOT something that he would invoke in making the decision, based on Kohlberg's model of moral development?
I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because the only law I abide by is that which was created by God.
experimental design
Manipulation of independent variable, observation of dependent variable, and random assignment
Suicide rates
None of these statements is true.
According to research on political identity and morality, which of the following is TRUE?
People from most political identities value the ethic of community the least.
In the movie Babies, which child has the most bodily contact during the first months?
Ponijao
Co-sleeping
Practice of sleeping together
Multicultural approach
Respecting and attending to different groups cultural beliefs. (Not ignoring them)
The most widespread theory of disease among traditional cultures is that disease is caused by
aggressive spirits, such as ghosts.
Cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that
americans are more satisfied with their math marks than are east asians
why are reference group effects used in cross-cultural research?
because people use social comparisons to evaluate themselves
East Asia is at a similar latitude to a region with many easily domesticated plants and animals. These early conditions benefit East Asian cultures such that they propelled these cultures to prosperity today. What is this scenario an example of?
evoked culture (check terms list)(due to where you live, resources you have, types of plants, because of where you live, you may have differences in our culture is evoked) (transmitted values and norms passed on through cultures and through people)
Xing, a Chinese stock broker, and Joe, a Canadian stock broker, are being asked to predict the trend of a stock that has been gaining value for the past 3 years, Xing likely thinks the stock will____, and Joe likely thinks the stock will____.
go down; continue to go up
Ethnocentrism
judging people from other cultures by the standards of one's own culture.
A 7-year-old East Asian child is likely to have all of the following EXCEPT a(n)
lack of family cohesion from strong parental control
proximal cause
leads to the EFFECT, very quickly! something u implemented really quick and immediately saw the effect of
permissive parenting
let them do anything, no care. not good
At Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when she
refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
A period of time in an organism's development that allows for the relatively easy acquisition of a skill is known as a
sensitive period.
according to Henrich's mathematical model, why would complex cultural knowledge deteriorate, as was the case in 18th-century Tasmania
shrinkage in the population leads to a lack of skilled models for people to copy
Research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that
the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older
what shapes our culture?
the physical environment shapes our culture
female chastity anxiety
unmarried post-pubescent women should always be chaperoned to protect them from engaging in any sexual activity that would be viewed as shameful
Interpretation
validity. am i measuring what I'm supposed to be? is this consistent?
Which of the following is an example of a gene having an opposite effect across cultures?
A gene variant exists in one culture to decrease allergic reactions to pollen, while the same gene variant exists in another culture to increase allergic reactions to pollen.
You live in a culture in which people grow their own food and rarely have to buy food from others. One day, a researcher from the United States asks you to play the Dictator Game with a stranger. You are given $50 and you must decide how much to give to the stranger. Based on all the information given in this question, which of the following amounts are you NOT likely to give?
$25
The textbook discusses that the likelihood of developing schizophrenia has clear genetic factors. So according to the textbook, if Maria has schizophrenia, what are the chances that her twin sister, Anca, will also have schizophrenia?
50%
According to Rozin and colleagues, what are people most likely to say if asked how many peanuts people want to eat?
A specific number of containers or packages
Which of the following people have brain fag syndrome?
After intensely cramming for an exam for a full week, Person E feels like she cannot see as well, and feels like her head and neck are burning.
In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans, the researchers did NOT find that
All of these statements are true.
Which of the following is the best example of the "salmon bias"?
An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to her home country to live out her last days.
Which of the following statements regarding height is FALSE?
As a country's wealth inequality increases, the average height of the country's population also increases.
When comparing Minako, a Japanese, with Erica, an American, which of the following will likely be true?
Compared to Erica, Minako will not be treated as negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety to her compatriots.
Yasmeen is an Indian professor and Jasmine is an American professor. They teach the same class at the same school by alternating the weeks when they lecture, and they also share the same office during office hours. Both teachers are in their shared office listening to students plead their case to get some extra points for their essay. Under which of the following circumstances would Yasmeen be more willing to give extra points than would Jasmine?
If the student's claim was "I need these few extra points to get the position I'm looking for in this animation firm"
Lloyd is politically very conservative, scores highly on the "loyalty to ingroup" moral institution, and greatly respects hierarchy. Thus, there would be a good cultural fit between Lloyd and a culture that is characterized by
Gemeinschaft.
According to the textbook, which of the following is a challenge that faces the evolutionist perspective of cultural diversity?
How does one objectively find a way by which to evaluate psychological phenomena?
As discussed in the textbook, which of the following questions does NOT represent a difficulty with defining what constitutes a psychological disorder?
How is the particular condition in question being treated—medically or psychotherapeutically?
You work for a North American company and are about to send your negotiator to East Asia. What advice do you give him or her to ensure the best outcome?
I would advise my negotiator to be of strong morals and guide others in a high moral way to ensure being a good role model and leader. Being a good leader and team-orientated would show them that you are willing to work hard as a group to get things done.
The relation between income and health can be summarized as follows:
Income is largely unrelated to health once you control for dietary practices.
Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community?
Jack disobeys his father's commands.
According to the "epidemiological paradox," which of the following people is likeliest to have the best health outcomes?
Juan, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico 2 years ago
Lara is of low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry is of low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means less than $10,000 per year.) Which of the two will likely have a longer life expectancy?
Lara
Lara has a low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry has a low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means a maximum of $30,000 per year.) Which of the two people will likely have a longer life expectancy?
Lara will have a longer life expectancy.
According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome?
Latiri, who lives with her family in a nondeveloped society
Which of the following is an example of the "epidemiological paradox"?
Marisol, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico a year ago, is healthier than her uncle, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico 10 years ago.
Benny and Matthew are good friends. Benny is Jewish and Matthew is Protestant. Given this information, which of the following should one expect to be true regarding the two friends?
Matthew is more likely than Benny to believe that people can stop themselves from thinking about playing baseball.
When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is TRUE?
Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not.
You are a therapist who is hoping to treat a patient by asking him to understand his own past, accept that his past is a part of him, and to learn to feel gratitude and guilt toward those around him. What type of treatment is this?
Naikan therapy
Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that
None of these statements is correct.
Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that the fact that -obesity rates are unrelated to a country's gross domestic product (GDP). -cultural differences in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fat in diets. -people from "heavier" cultures tend to have more children than those from "lighter" cultures. -obesity is largely the result of genetics. -None of these statements is correct.
None of these statements is correct.
Research reveals that the relation between socioeconomic status and health can largely be the result of differences in
None of these statements is true.
Based on research about morality among Hindu Indians and Americans, which of the following would you expect to occur?
Rahul, an Indian, feels that attending a friend's birthday celebration is a moral issue and should be legitimately regulated.
Stephen and Jon are both diagnosed with a form of anxiety disorder. The difference between them is that Stephen's primary symptoms are feeling anxious, mood fluctuations, and other mental issues. Jon's symptoms, on the other hand, are discomfort in the chest, headaches, and diarrhea. Which of the following best explains the differences in the symptoms that the two are suffering?
Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.
Which of the following about schizophrenia is TRUE?
The course of schizophrenia is better for people in industrially advanced societies than it is in less developed ones.
A researcher wants to study hikikomori in Japan, France, Russia, and Canada. She starts with the Japanese criteria and translates them into French, Russian, and English. What is the main problem with this approach?
The hikikomori category may not have the same meaning outside Japan.
Which of the following regarding the research on political identity and morality is TRUE?
The more liberal one is, the less one is concerned about loyalty to the ingroup.
Dr. House is a medical doctor in the United States. He is giving a seminar on health-related behaviors both to doctors from other countries, as well as ordinary American citizens. Which group is most likely to agree with Dr. House?
The ordinary American citizens will agree with him.
A certain country has been experiencing huge gains in its economy. Based on research covered in this textbook about the economic effects, which of the following is the most likely consequence of these gains?
The people in that country will get taller, on average.
A key distinction between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is that
bulimia is a culture-bound syndrome.
You come from a family that hates immigrants. If you gave them an anonymous questionnaire on attitudes toward immigration and you averaged their responses together, what would you find?
Their scores would yield a small and unhappy Chernoff figure.
Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence?
Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients.
You try to portray people's attitudes about dogs using a Chernoff figure. After averaging all their responses, you find that the Chernoff figure for your sample has a very small face with very small and unhappy features. What does this figure represent?
Your sample has negative attitudes toward dogs.
The "healthy migrant hypothesis" is conceptually most similar to which of the following?
WEIRD people phenomenon
The relation between income and health can be summarized as
absolute income predicts health outcomes for low levels of income, whereas income relative to those around one predicts health outcomes for high levels of income.
One group of people has developed special lungs to breathe underwater, while another group has not; but with training, everyone can develop those special lungs to breathe underwater. What is this an example of?
acquired biological variation
At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when he
chooses to do a good deed because he is likely to be recognized by doing so.
Cross-cultural investigations of Kohlberg's model reveal that
conventional moral reasoning is found among at least some adults in every society that has been investigated.
Aaron believes that it would be acceptable for someone to have sex with a chicken if it were consistent with cultural norms. This is an example of
conventional moral reasoning.
The fact that people from some cultures lack an enzyme to allow them to digest milk reflects that
cultural practices can affect human evolution.
Based on the studies reported in the textbook on depression among Chinese, if Huang Bo is diagnosed with neurasthenia in China, how can one alternatively conceive of his diagnosis?
depression with somatization
The fact that the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches different parts of the world has led to the evolution of differences in skin color is an example of which of the following?
distal cause
If a work team succeeds, everyone will be given a bonus prize that will be split evenly. If a worker believes in ________, he or she will likely ________.
equity; engage in social loafing
Confucian scholars in 17th-century Korea were concerned about Catholic converts teaching Koreans to not respect their ancestors, thus ignoring their obligations as dictated by the laws of nature. This way of thinking indicates concerns borne out of:
ethic of divinity
Which of the following is not part of Shweder's model of moral reasoning?
ethic of justice
Clarice believes that people in all cultures follow a progression whereby they must first develop preconventional thinking before attaining conventional thinking, which then allows them to develop postconventional thinking. However, she believes that people in some cultures progress further than those in other cultures. What is this an example of?
evolutionism
Anorexia nervosa is best considered a
existential universal.
Clarice is a patient in a hospital, and the doctors are hoping to give her good health outcomes while she stays in the hospital. Which one of the following options is an example of something that has been shown to lead to positive health outcomes?
giving her control of visitation hours
Your sister just got a new job. Her role is to be a surrogate sister for a teenage boy who has not unlocked himself from his room for a year. Ultimately, her job is to try to get the boy to get out of the house. What condition does this boy have?
hikikomori
On Planet X, some areas receive a lot of ultraviolet radiation. What skin color would you expect Planet X's people to have if they live in those areas?
light unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin D
Diagnoses of social anxiety disorder are
lower among East Asians than among North Americans.
Comparisons of the moral reasoning of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens) find that
lower-SES Americans and lower-SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the actions as immoral.
Lesotho lives in a nation with many islands. He is about to travel to another island to meet his girlfriend; but in his haste, he forgot to pray to the local gods. After his trip, he falls terribly ill and feels very tired. These symptoms compel his village doctor to diagnose him with
malgri.
The fact that people who move to New York City are at increased risk of heart disease is an example of which of the following?
proximal cause
One foreign country has four aboriginal tribes. The Kohlrabis live in the rainforest, culturally quite distant from the mainstream culture. The Brackens live along the coast, and have very few connections to their traditional past. The Horabs live in the prairies, culturally very similar to the mainstream culture. The Lithes live in the mountains, and have greatly maintained connections to their traditional past. Based on Chandler and colleagues' research on Canadian First Nation youths, which tribe would one expect to be associated with higher youth suicides?
the Horabs
The moral reasoning of people of orthodox religious sects tend to fit the best with
the ethic of divinity.