PSY360 - Exam 2 Review

Asch (1956) found that the size of a group of individuals is related to the likelihood that any one of them will demonstrate conformity to the group. The optimal number of in group members, above which conformity did not significantly increase, was

3 or 4

In comparison to obedience and compliance, conformity

​involves less direct pressure from others.

​Which of the following would most likely be described as a collective?

​passengers on a plane

Lo Sass and colleagues (2011) studied pay disquiet between men and women and found that new female physicians in New York state averaged about ____ less pay than their male counterparts.

$17,000

Charles is a Red Sox fan who does not think highly of Yankees fans. Which statement that Charles made in the past week is most consistent with the concept of outgroup homogeneity?

"Obnoxious, rude, and prone to throwing batteries... if you've seen one Yankees fan, you've seen them all."

Many participants in the social influence study conducted by ____ gave public responses that they privately knew to be inaccurate.

Asch

Which statement regarding LaPeer's (1934) study of attitudes is false?

Even though respondents who were asked self-report questions claimed that they would not be racially prejudiced, their behavior showed clear discrimination.

An attitude is implicit if you

are unaware of it.

Which of the following was the central focus of Muzzier Sheriff's (1936) study on conformity?

autokinetic effect

Sally is a staunch Democrat. She has been arguing with Jim, who is a staunch Republican. In the course of their discussion, Sally is able to withstand the arguments Jim offers for his position, but just barely. She realizes afterward that her own counterarguments to his were pretty weak. Subsequent to this realization, Sally's attitude will

become less certain.

Informational influence occurs primarily because people

believe that others are correct in their judgments, especially when they agree.

Dr. Charles does not feel that African American students are as academically qualified as other students. He does not give them as much of his attention, is less willing to make appointments to give them help, and spends less time reading and making comments on their papers. Dr. Charles is engaging in ____ toward his African American students.

discrimination

People who are high in intelligence and/or self-esteem tend to be ____ vulnerable to persuasion when compared to people low in intelligence and/or self-esteem.

equally

​A person who experiences social facilitation effects because he is worried about being judged is illustrating the ____ hypothesis.

evaluation apprehension

The process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing is called

evaluative conditioning.

​A role in a group that is focused on providing emotional support and maintaining group morale is considered

expressive

Social categorization is advantageous because it

frees up cognitive resources

​Groups differ from collectives in that

groups have more direct interaction with one another than collectives.

​Research concerning the relationship between group cohesiveness and performance suggests that

groups that perform well may develop stronger cohesiveness.

Which experimental procedure would a researcher investigating stereotype threat be least likely to use?

having African Americans complete an athletic task

As group size increases, conformity will

increase as long as each additional member of the group is perceived as an independent source of influence.

Which of the following is not considered one of the three forms of social influence discussed in this chapter?

independence

The conformity seen in Sheriff's (1936) study was most likely the result of

informational influence.

The feeling of ambivalence can be described as an attitude that is

mixed in terms of positive versus negative emotions.

The belief that "they're all the same" best epitomizes the

outgroup homogeneity effect

​Ringelmann's research in the 1880s demonstrated that

people exert less effort in simple group tasks than they would if working alone.

A meta stereotype refers to a

person's thoughts about the stereotypes outgroup members might hold about their own group

Bonnie feels very negatively toward lawyers. Whenever she meets a person who is a lawyer, she immediately feels a strong dislike for them the moment she finds out what they do for a living. This is an example of

prejudice

​According to the model of ____, when the presence of others is physiologically arousing, a person's performance tends to ____ on a task that is difficult.

social facilitation; decline

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy, and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club. Bridgette is exhibiting _____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting _____

stereotyping; discrimination

According to research by Formula and Petty (2002), an attitude can be ____ by a persuasive message or argument ____ it.

strengthened; against

Research on the attitudes of twins suggests

the attitudes of identical twins are more similar than the attitudes of fraternal twins.

The process by which a person carefully about a communication and is influenced by the strength of its arguments is called

the central route to persuasion.

​Esteban's work group has been assigned a new project by management. Before deciding how much effort to exert on this new assignment, Esteban considers how important the group goals are to him and whether his input will help the group reach its goals. Esteban's thinking is most consistent with

the collective effort model.

​Research by Zajonc's et al. (1969) in which cockroaches run in simple or complex mazes alone, in pairs, or with an audience provides support for which explanation of social facilitation?

the mere presence theory

Jay participates in an experiment where he and three other participants are asked to judge the quality of a series of sculptures. Jay is least likely to exhibit informational influence if

there is a clear and unambiguous response for each sculpture.

We can conclude that participants in Sheriff's study exhibited private conformity rather than public conformity because

they continued to use their group estimates when retested alone one year later

Attitudes are best understood as

varying in strength along both positive and negative dimensions.

The ABCs of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition. Place three major concepts in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition.

​prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping

​Karen is in a work group in which everyone is excited about the job. They are bringing high-speed Internet to low-income neighborhoods, and every single coworker she has feels the task is exciting, inspirational, and world-changing. Karen's work group has high ____ cohesion.

​task