PSY383 Final Exam

Researchers have examined whether patients who believe they can control their illness are ____________.

better off than those who do not see their illness as under control

The increase and decrease of physiological activity that accompanies stress and contributes to the development of coronary heart disease is known as ________________.

biological reactivity

The perception and evaluation of one's physical functioning and appearance is referred to as _______________.

body image

A reason to study quality of life among chronically ill is that it ___________________.

can guide interventions designed to improve quality of life

Which immunity is more likely to be compromised in a depressed individual?

cellular immunity

Structured, stimulating environment

challenges the stroke patient's capabilities

Individual therapy is often guided by ____________, targeting specific problems, such fatigue, mood-related disorders, functional impairments, or stress.

cognitive behavioral therapy

A focus on other people in relationships is known as ___________________.

communion

Developing a realistic sense of one's illness, the restrictions it imposes, and the regimen that is required is an important process of _______________________.

coping with chronic illness

_______________ involves inhibiting pain in one part of the body by stimulating or mildly irritating another area.

counterirritation

______________ is a defense mechanism by which people avoid the implications of an illness.

denial

A common reaction to chronic illness is _______________.

depression

Sexual functioning in disturbed marital relationships after a diagnosis of cancer can be indirectly affected by __________.

depression

The fourth stage in Kubler-Ross's model is _____________ and it may be viewed as the stage where a patient comes to term with lack of control to stay the course of his or her illness.

depression

Sometimes, children suffering from chronic illness are exposed to isolating and frightening procedures in order to treat their conditions. These factors can cause ________________.

distress for both parents and children

Hypertension is most commonly treated through _______________.

drugs

The cumulative effects of biological reactivity damages the endothelial cells that line the coronary vessels; this process ______________.

enables lipids to deposit plaque, increasing inflammation and leading to the development of lesions

Some chronically ill patients, after diagnosis, have trouble reestablishing normal social relations as they may __________.

experience others' rejection or pity

What is the duration of short-term stressors?

few minutes

With regard to the blaming of another person for one's disorder, a healthier response would be ___________________.

forgiveness

Social pain, which is the feeling of rejection or loss, relies on the same pain-related neurocircuitry that physical pain relies on. This suggests there are ___________.

meaningful similarities in the way that social and physical pain are experienced

Identifying people with ____________________ can help physicians predict heart attacks.

metabolic syndrome

The body responds to short-term stressors by up-regulating ____________ and down-regulating _____________.

natural immunity; specific immunity

According to Koton, Tanne, Bornstein, and Green (2004), what are the acute triggers for stroke?

negative emotions, sudden change in posture in response to a startling event

Due to the diversity of problems that chronic diseases pose, people who are flexible copers may cope better than people who engage in a(n) _______________.

predominant coping style

An independent risk factor for death among diabetic patients is _________________.

psychological distress

Children and adolescents who assume more responsibilities than normal for their age group due to having a chronically ill family member may _________________.

react by rebelling or acting out

Psychologists refer to the _________________ as a stable set of beliefs about one's personal qualities and attributes.

self-concept

For safe-sex practices, interventions also focus on building ______________.

self-efficacy

Unmitigated communion is exhibited by a ________________.

self-sacrificing individual

Psychological techniques are more effective for managing ______________.

slow-rising pains, which can be anticipated and prepared for than for sudden, intense, or unexpected pains

In the context of self, ____________ can provide chronically ill patients with badly needed information, help, and emotional support.

social resources, such as family and friends

Acute stress involving emotional pressure, extreme excitement, and sudden bursts of activity can precipitate ______________.

sudden clinical events such as angina, a heart attack, or death

The breakdown in the emotional support system of the chronically ill has implications for all aspects of life, and perhaps for this reason, ______________ is the most common fear of chronically ill patients.

the fear of being abandoned by others

A high rate of extramarital sex and gonorrhea along with lack of condom use facilitated the spread of AIDS among ____________.

the heterosexual population

Depression in patients increases with __________________.

the severity of an illness and with pain and disability

If depressive symptoms are attributed to illness or treatment, _________________.

their significance may be less apparent causing depression to go untreated

The fear of not being able to reduce one's suffering __________.

arouses more anxiety than the prospect of losing a limb or even death

Some chronically ill patients face job discrimination, and because of these potential problems, job difficulties that the patient may encounter should be ____________.

assessed early in the recovery process

What is the leading killer of women in the United States?

Coronary heart disease

______________ is a general term that refers to illnesses caused by atherosclerosis, the narrowing of the coronary arteries, the vessels that supply blood to the heart.

Coronary heart disease

What is characterized by suspiciousness, resentment, frequent anger, antagonism, and distrust of others?

Cynical hostility

Child's perception of death: Up to age 5

Death is a great sleep, and the dead person is still around but in an altered state.

Child's perception of death: Between ages 5 and 9

Death is personified into a shadowy figure, such as a ghost or the devil.

Child's perception of death: Age 9 or 10

Death is universal and inevitable, and the person who dies will not return.

True/False: With regard to caregiving, men more commonly become caregivers than women.

False.

_____________ refers to a personality predisposition to cope actively with psychosocial stressors.

John Henryism

_______________ substantially increases a woman's risk of coronary heart disease.

Menopause

____________ teaches people to be highly aware and focused on the present moment, accepting and acknowledging thoughts and feelings without becoming distracted or distressed by stress.

Mindfulness meditation

Name the types of cancer where problems related to sexual functioning is especially common.

Prostate cancer and gynecologic cancer

Systolic blood pressure

The greatest force developed during contraction of the heart's ventricles.

Diastolic blood pressure

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed.

Which of the following will predict adherence to chronic disease regimens? [ ] High expectations for controlling one's health and self-efficacy [ ] Unfamiliarity of the effectiveness of a treatment regimen [ ] Knowledge of one's treatment regimen [ ] Pressure from physicians to follow the treatment regimen

[x] High expectations for controlling one's health and self-efficacy [ ] Unfamiliarity of the effectiveness of a treatment regimen [x] Knowledge of one's treatment regimen [ ] Pressure from physicians to follow the treatment regimen

Order the following causes of death in adolescents as per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2012 study. Place the first cause in the top position and the fourth cause in the bottom position. [ ] Automobile accidents [ ] Cancer [ ] Suicide [ ] Homicide

[ 1 ] Automobile accidents [ 2 ] Homicide [ 3 ] Suicide [ 4 ] Cancer

Identify behavioral problems that children with chronic illnesses exhibit. [ ] Children fail to develop maladaptive coping styles. [ ] Children may get stressed due to their condition and thus aggravate their illness. [ ] Children may feel cheated because their peers are healthy. [ ] Children exhibit regressive behavior such as bed-wetting.

[ ] Children fail to develop maladaptive coping styles. [x] Children may get stressed due to their condition and thus aggravate their illness. [x] Children may feel cheated because their peers are healthy. [x] Children exhibit regressive behavior such as bed-wetting.

In the context of stress, identify the true statements about coronary heart disease (CHD). [ ] Geographically stable individuals have a higher incidence of CHD than do migrants. [ ] Social instability is linked to higher rates of CHD. [ ] Urban and industrialized countries have a lower incidence of CHD than do underdeveloped countries. [ ] People who are occupationally or socially mobile have a higher frequency of CHD than do people who are less mobile.

[ ] Geographically stable individuals have a higher incidence of CHD than do migrants. [x] Social instability is linked to higher rates of CHD. [ ] Urban and industrialized countries have a lower incidence of CHD than do underdeveloped countries. [x] People who are occupationally or socially mobile have a higher frequency of CHD than do people who are less mobile.

Identify the adverse effects of depression on the immune system. [ ] Reduced inflammatory response [ ] Disturbances in sleep [ ] Excessive antibody production [ ] Delayed wound healing

[ ] Reduced inflammatory response [x] Disturbances in sleep [ ] Excessive antibody production [x] Delayed wound healing

Identify the statements that show the medical significance of pain. [ ] The presence of pain aids recovery from medical procedures. [ ] Pain is a symptom that will lead a person to seek treatment. [ ] Complaints of pain often accompany mental and physical disorders. [ ] The presence of both pain and mental or physical disorders complicates diagnosis and treatment.

[ ] The presence of pain aids recovery from medical procedures. [x] Pain is a symptom that will lead a person to seek treatment. [x] Complaints of pain often accompany mental and physical disorders. [x] The presence of both pain and mental or physical disorders complicates diagnosis and treatment.

Why is cancer hard to study? [ ] The symptoms for all cancers develop late. [ ] Cancer cells have short life cycles. [ ] The causes, symptoms, and treatment for each cancer vary. [ ] Precipitating or co-occurring risk factors are difficult to study.

[ ] The symptoms for all cancers develop late. [ ] Cancer cells have short life cycles. [x] The causes, symptoms, and treatment for each cancer vary. [x] Precipitating or co-occurring risk factors are difficult to study.

Identify the methods to combat the issue of job discrimination in chronically ill patients. [ ] Retraining programs. [ ] Clarification on the effectiveness of the treatment regimens. [ ] Advice on how to avoid discrimination. [ ] Job counseling.

[x] Retraining programs. [ ] Clarification on the effectiveness of the treatment regimens. [x] Advice on how to avoid discrimination. [x] Job counseling.

Identify the goals of physical rehabilitation. [ ] To learn how to use one's body as much as possible. [ ] To learn alternative treatment regimens. [ ] To learn a necessary treatment regimen. [ ] To learn new physical management skills. [ ] To learn how to control energy expenditure. [ ] To learn how to sense changes in the environment to make appropriate physical accommodations.

[x] To learn how to use one's body as much as possible. [ ] To learn alternative treatment regimens. [x] To learn a necessary treatment regimen. [x] To learn new physical management skills. [x] To learn how to control energy expenditure. [x] To learn how to sense changes in the environment to make appropriate physical accommodations.

Identify the high-risk groups for whom sexual negotiation skills are especially important. [ ] women [ ] adolescents [ ] men [ ] minorities

[x] women [x] adolescents [ ] men [x] minorities

In the context of self, ________________ is an important source of self-esteem and the self-concept.

achievement through vocational and avocational activities

Changes in body image are important as body image influences how __________ and poor body image ________________.

adherent a person is to a course of treatment; increases risk for depression and anxiety

According to a research study, people who disclose their HIV+ status have significantly higher levels of _______________.

helper T cells

Cognitive remedial training

helps restore intellectual functioning

Some of the risk factors that my lead to coronary heart disease include elevated levels of inflammation, _________________.

high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes

In the initial stage of pain management programs, after an evaluation with respect to patients' pain and pain behavior, an assessment is made of the functional status that explores ____________.

how patients have coped with the pain in the past as it helps establish treatment goals

A negative emotion like anger has been implicated in ____________.

hypertension

The ability to continue physically intimate relations can improve relationship satisfaction among the chronically ill and ___________.

improve emotional functioning

Social support for pain can ______________.

inadvertently act as a reinforcement of pain behaviors, which then become part of the pain problem

Psychotherapy

includes treatment for depression

They symptoms of anxiety may also be mistaken for symptoms of an underlying disease and thus ______________.

interfere with the assessment of a disease and its treatment

Movement therapy

involves training in specific skills development

Short-term stressors elicit immune responses that ____________.

lead to a rapid increase in certain immune cells and an enhanced response to vaccination

Most cancers have _______________ growth cycles.

long

Blaming others for one's disorder is ______________ when patients believe their disorder is due to stress from family or work.

maladaptive

Acquaintances, friends, and relatives may have problems adjusting to a patient's altered condition as ____________________.

many people hold negative stereotypes about certain groups of chronically ill patients

While some researchers have found that self-blame can lead to guilt, self-recrimination, or depression, it is also perceived that self-blame ______________.

may represent an effort to assume control over the disorder

Teaching families about the nature of a chronic illness experienced by one family member can be helpful _______________.

not only to family functioning but to the patient's course of illness as well

Children can adjust better to their chronic illness if they are encouraged to engage in self-care as much as possible, and ______________.

only realistic restrictions are placed on their lives

Due to its temporary nature, counterirritation is used appropriately as _______________.

part of a general regimen for chronic pain

The coping methods which chronically ill patients emphasize are ____________.

passive coping strategies such as positive focus and escape/ avoidant strategies

Quality-of-life assessments gauge the extent to which a ____________________.

patient's normal activities have been compromised by disease and treatment

People with chronic disease often manage to achieve a high quality of life by ______________.

perceiving control over what happens to them