PSYC 100 CH. 5 QUIZ

Continued gambling behavior is best explained in terms of which process of learning? Question options: Classical conditioning Social learning Partial reinforcement Observational learning

Partial reinforcement

Beth wants to learn to play the piano. Beth will learn this skill most efficiently if she spends most of her time Question options: observing others who play. visualizing the keyboard. practicing the instrument. classically conditioning herself.

practicing the instrument.

Because John broke his curfew, his parents told him that he could not use the car for a month. This is an example of Question options: reinforcement. punishment I. negative reinforcement. punishment II/penalty.

punishment II/penalty.

Which of the following is an example of habituation? Question options: A cat learns that the sound of the electric can opener means that she will be fed soon. A child learns how to turn on the television by watching his father. An infant gradually stops paying attention to a continuous buzzing noise. A dog learns not to chew on his owner's slippers after he is scolded.

An infant gradually stops paying attention to a continuous buzzing noise.

Art has doting parents who praise him every time he sits down and studies. Ben has parents who praise him every now and then when he studies. A learning theorist would predict that if both sets of parents stopped giving encouragement for studying, ______________ would continue studying the longest because behaviors rewarded on a ______________ schedule persist longer. Question options: Art; partial Art; continuous Ben; partial Ben; continuous

Ben; partial

Chris does not like it when his infant son, Jacob, cries. Chris finds that if he makes goofy faces while Jacob is crying, Jacob will stop. Which learning principle best explains why Chris is more likely in the future to make goofy faces to make Jacob stop crying? Question options: Positive reinforcement Classical conditioning Negative reinforcement Stimulus generalization

Classical conditioning

Systematic desensitization, which is used to treat phobias, is based on which learning paradigm? Question options: Operant conditioning Classical conditioning Social learning Instrumental learning

Classical conditioning

Fred was tired of hearing two-year-old Pebbles cry whenever she did not get her way. Fred decided to ignore Pebbles anytime she had a crying outburst. Over the course of several weeks, the frequency of outbursts decreased and eventually ceased. What operant conditioning process was Fred utilizing? Question options: Shaping Negative reinforcement Second order Extinction

Extinction

Ignoring the attention-getting behavior of hyperactive children can be a useful tactic for classroom teachers, since often the frequency of the misbehavior will decrease and even stop. What operant conditioning process is illustrated in this example? Question options: Negative reinforcement Shaping Stimulus discrimination Extinction

Extinction

When Joel asks his Intro Psych class a question, he calls on only those students whose hands are raised. Guff, another Intro Psych instructor, requires everyone in his class to answer every question by holding up a card with their written responses. Assuming that Joel and Guff are equally competent instructors who cover the same material, which class should perform better on the upcoming midterm exam? Question options: Joel's class Guff's class Joel's class on multiple-choice questions and Guff's class on essay questions They should perform equally.

Guff's class

When Joe drinks alcohol at a party he has a great time, but he also feels awful the next day. What principle of learning explains Joe's continued drinking? Question options: Alcoholism may be inherited. Intermittent reinforcement is more powerful than continuous reinforcement. Immediate consequences are more powerful than delayed consequences. Positive reinforcement is more powerful than negative reinforcement.

Immediate consequences are more powerful than delayed consequences.

Just before being attacked by a mugger while jogging through Central Park, David had been listening to a saxophone player, watching a mime artist, and smelling the newly mown grass. Which of these stimuli is most likely to become a conditioned stimulus for fear? Question options: Watching the mime artist Smelling the newly mown grass Listening to the saxophone player It depends on where David's attention was focused

It depends on where David's attention was focused

Juwan says to his mother, "I'm hungry. May I please have a cookie?" His mother gives him a cookie. In the preceding example, what is the operant? Question options: Juwan asking for a cookie Juwan's mother giving him a cookie The cookie Juwan

Juwan asking for a cookie

Which of the following is the best example of vicarious conditioning? Question options: Laura quits smoking after watching her friend, a smoker, die of cancer. A chimpanzee stacks boxes and climbs them to reach a piece of fruit. Wayne learns to play poker by watching his brother. A rat learns that he will be rewarded every time he presses a lever.

Laura quits smoking after watching her friend, a smoker, die of cancer.

Which of the following is not an element of treatment programs based on operant conditioning and aimed at altering problematic behavior? Question options: Establishing goal behaviors Choosing reinforcers and punishers Developing a systematic plan for applying reinforcers and punishers Learning to associate conditioned stimuli with unconditioned stimuli

Learning to associate conditioned stimuli with unconditioned stimuli

One day while Ted was cleaning his aquarium, he noticed the heater was still plugged in. He reached down with a wet hand and tried to unplug the cord. As a result, Ted received quite a shock. After that experience, Ted has never attempted to unplug an electrical cord with a wet hand. The effect the shock had on Ted's behavior is known as Question options: negative reinforcement. punishment. positive reinforcement. shaping.

Punishment

Pete is a very aggressive child who watches a lot of violent programs on television. Research has found a statistically significant positive correlation between watching television and behaving aggressively. Based on this correlational evidence, which of the following statements is true about Pete's aggression? Question options: Watching violent programs on television caused Pete to behave aggressively. Pete has always been aggressive, and so he prefers to watch violent shows. If Pete's parents refused to let him watch violent shows, Pete would stop behaving aggressively. Several factors could be influencing both Pete's aggression and his preference for violent shows.

Several factors could be influencing both Pete's aggression and his preference for violent shows.

Anne wants her pet chimp to learn to clap, so she decides to reward the chimp whenever it successfully claps. The problem is that the chimp never claps spontaneously, and thus never receives the reward. What technique should Anne use to best resolve this problem? Question options: Shaping Stimulus generalization Increase reinforcement Use negative reinforcement

Shaping

Hai-ri is trying to decide whether to allow her children to watch violent television programs. They enjoy seeing detective shows, but Hai-ri worries that seeing people hurt will make her children more likely to use violence themselves. According to your text, which of the following should you tell Hai-ri? Question options: Experiments prove that watching television violence causes violent behavior. Correlational studies prove that watching television violence causes violent behavior. Television violence may be one cause of violent behavior. Television violence is probably not the cause of violent behavior.

Television violence may be one cause of violent behavior.

On the first day of school, Ben did not understand why a bell sounded at 11:00 a.m. Eventually, Ben came to realize that the bell signaled that it was time for lunch. Now Ben starts salivating in anticipation of lunch whenever he hears the 11:00 bell. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? Question options: Lunch Salivation The bell School

The bell

When Tim asks his Intro Psych class a question, and none of the students answer, Tim typically answers the question himself. Tom, another Intro Psych instructor, requires everyone in his class to answer every question by writing on cards that he collects. Assuming that Tim and Tom are equally competent instructors who cover the same material, which class should perform better on the upcoming midterm exam? Question options: Tim's class Tom's class Tim's class on multiple-choice questions and Tom's class on essay questions They should perform equally.

Tom's class

During the extinction process, the ______________ is consistently omitted and the ______________ gradually disappears. Question options: UCS; CR UCR; CR CS; CR UCS; UCR

UCS; CR

Russell's mom wants him to study for two hours each night, so she gives him treats during the evening. Sometimes she gives him the treats after ten minutes, sometimes after thirty minutes. On the average, Russell is given a treat every twenty minutes. Which reinforcement schedule is Russell's mom utilizing? Question options: Fixed-ratio Variable-ratio Fixed-interval Variable-interval

Variable-interval

Which of the following is true about the relationship between violence and watching violent TV? Question options: Watching violent TV and violence are positively correlated. Watching violent TV leads to violent behavior. Violent behaviors lead to increased time spent watching violent TV. All of the above.

Watching violent TV and violence are positively correlated.

Bart notices that his father, Homer, is usually in an agreeable mood after his mother, Marge, fixes him pork chops. However, Homer is quite grumpy after a meal of three-eyed fish. Bart has learned that it is much in his favor to ask Homer permission to do fun things on pork chop night, and to avoid asking such questions when three-eyed fish is served. Bart is using the type of meal served as Question options: a discriminative stimulus. a secondary reinforcer. vicarious conditioning. negative reinforcement.

a discriminative stimulus.

When Maggie asks her mom to buy candy at the grocery store, her mother refuses. Maggie then throws a temper tantrum, and to quiet her, her mother buys the candy. Now, Maggie throws a tantrum every time she enters the store and doesn't stop until she receives candy. For Maggie, candy is Question options: a positive reinforcer. a negative reinforcer. punishment. a discriminative stimulus.

a positive reinforcer.

Learning is best defined as Question options: a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience. the natural changes that unfold in a fixed sequence, relatively independent of the environment. an awareness of the outside world and of your mental processes, thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. the process of converting environmental energy into neural activity.

a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

Gretchen absolutely loves going to school. Her teacher uses really fun teaching methods, such as small group problemsolving tasks, discussion of short essays written in class, and short review sessions of the previous half hour of class. Gretchen's teacher is obviously taking a(n) ______________ learning approach. Question options: insight latent vicarious active

active

Kamie is taking a physics course in which the instructor frequently asks the students to form into small groups and solve problems together. Kamie feels that she is learning more in her physics course than she is in her lecture-based courses. Kamie's physics course is utilizing Question options: skill learning. active learning. insight learning. instructional development.

active learning.

Joe Montana knows that after every football game he will feel achy and have a pain in his shoulder unless he takes four aspirin. Now Joe takes four aspirin immediately after each game, before he starts to feel sore; therefore, Joe has experienced ______________ conditioning. Question options: avoidance escape classical latent

avoidance

Whenever Lisa's aunts visit, they kiss her on the cheek. Lisa hates this and eventually learns that they will not kiss her if she is coughing. Now whenever her aunts enter her home, she pretends to cough. This is an example of Question options: avoidance conditioning. escape conditioning. latent learning. punishment.

avoidance conditioning.

In operant conditioning, a(n) _________ is associated with a(n) __________. Question options: unconditioned response; conditioned response behavior; consequence conditioned response; unconditioned response behavior; cause

behavior; consequence

Regina loves chocolate, but one day she got sick while eating a chocolate bar and listening to a new CD. After this incident Regina still enjoys listening to her new CD, but she no longer enjoys chocolate. This example best illustrates Question options: biopreparedness. escape conditioning. stimulus discrimination. second-order conditioning.

biopreparedness.

Carolyn argues that prejudice exists in our society because we tend to place people in different categories based on their ethnicity, and then we treat everyone in a given category in a similar manner. Carolyn believes that prejudice is the result of Question options: stimulus generalization, but not stimulus discrimination. stimulus discrimination, but not stimulus generalization. both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination. neither stimulus generalization nor stimulus discrimination.

both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.

Ivan Pavlov is recognized as having provided the first demonstration of Question options: classical conditioning. observational learning. operant conditioning. insight learning.

classical conditioning.

Homer is a frequent shopper at the Quik-E-Mart. Unfortunately, Homer was just rendered blind in a freak accident. Nevertheless, Homer is still able to locate his favorite donuts within the Quik- E-Mart because of his _________ of the store. Question options: cognitive map latent learning habituation insight

cognitive map

When Winston was a puppy, he never used to react to the sound of a can opener. Now that Winston is older, he salivates in anticipation of food whenever he hears a can opener. The salivation that occurs after hearing the can opener is a(n) Question options: unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response. conditioned response.

conditioned response.

As Andy was growing up, he learned that if the toilet flushed while he was in the shower, he would receive a blast of extremely hot water. Now, whenever he hears the toilet flush, he quickly turns the shower off. The sound of the toilet flushing is the Question options: unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response. conditioned response.

conditioned stimulus.

Baby Joey was playing with his favorite toy rattle when his mom dropped an armful of pots and pans behind him. The loud noise made him startle and cry. Now whenever he sees his favorite toy rattle he cries. Here the rattle is the Question options: unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response. conditioned response.

conditioned stimulus.

The first time Elizabeth went to her local mall, she had a difficult time finding her way around, but after several visits, she finds it very easy to get where she is going. Elizabeth has Question options: insight into the layout of the mall. experienced observational learning. developed a cognitive map of the mall. experienced social learning.

developed a cognitive map of the mall.

A store clerk has learned that if she smiles, customers will buy more. She has also learned that such increased purchases only occur when she smiles at male customers. Thus, the store clerk learns to smile only at men. In this example, men have become a(n) Question options: discriminative stimulus. reinforcer. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus.

discriminative stimulus.

Michael Bolton is singing and the people of the world decide to settle their differences to get him to stop. This is an example of Question options: positive reinforcer. shaping. escape conditioning. avoidance conditioning.

escape conditioning.

June and Ward want their children, Wally and the Beaver, to clean up their room. They decide to use the technique of negative reinforcement. This means that they should Question options: spank the children whenever they make a mess in their room. excuse the children from a daily chore they dislike whenever they clean up their room. give the children ice cream treats if they clean up their room. explain to the children the benefits of cleanliness.

excuse the children from a daily chore they dislike whenever they clean up their room.

Jessica wants to punish her son, Sirla, for picking her flowers. If Jessica wants the punishment to be effective, she should Question options: wait until Sirla's father returns and have him punish Sirla. spank Sirla so that he comes to fear her. explain to Sirla the reason for punishment (that he can smell the flowers, but not pick them). first have Sirla confess to picking the flowers and then spank him.

explain to Sirla the reason for punishment (that he can smell the flowers, but not pick them).

Teaching assistants are paid a puny sum of money once a month, whether they work hard or not. This type of payment plan demonstrates a ______________ reinforcement schedule. Question options: fixed-ratio fixed-interval variable-ratio variable-interval

fixed-interval

Sally is a manager of a house-cleaning company and is paid with a monthly salary. Paul, who works for Sally, gets paid by the number of houses he cleans. Paul gets paid on a ___________ schedule, and Sally gets paid on a ___________ schedule. Question options: fixed-interval; variable interval variable interval; variable interval variable ratio; fixed ratio fixed-ratio; fixed-interval

fixed-ratio; fixed-interval

Classical conditioning works best when the conditioned stimulus ___________ the unconditioned stimulus. Question options: precedes occurs at the same time as follows is presented a long time before or after

follows

If a group of kids is allowed to watch more hours of violent television programs than usual, they most likely will Question options: be much less aggressive immediately afterward. be slightly less aggressive later on the playground. imitate many of the violent actions they witness. imitate only the violent actions that were rewarded on television.

imitate many of the violent actions they witness.

Skill learning depends mainly on Question options: insight and observational learning. operant conditioning and reconditioning. classical conditioning. imitation, following instructions, and practice.

imitation, following instructions, and practice.

Daniel is working on his calculus homework. He stares at one of the problems for a long time without any progress. Suddenly, the solution comes to him! Daniel's sudden grasp of the solution is an example of Question options: latent learning. insight. observational learning. subgoal analysis.

insight.

Cindy has taken the bus to and from school for the past three weeks. Today, however, she misses the bus and has to walk. Cindy has never had to walk to school before, but she makes it to school without a single wrong turn. This demonstrates Question options: insight. latent learning. observational learning. vicarious conditioning.

latent learning.

Sarah always rode in the car as her mother drove to the library, not paying attention to the route. However, when Sarah got her driver's license, she did not need directions to the library because she knew how to drive there already. This is an example of Question options: insight. operant conditioning. shaping. latent learning.

latent learning.

While she was growing up, Lindsay was repeatedly told that she couldn't understand math concepts and would never be any good at math. By the time Lindsay reached high school math classes, she didn't put any effort into the classes because she didn't think any amount of effort would help her to do well at math. This is an example of Question options: classical conditioning. second-order conditioning. learned helplessness. stimulus discrimination.

learned helplessness.

You find that no matter how much or how little you study for your Spanish course, it never makes any difference in your grade. As a result, you no longer bother to study for Spanish. This is an example of Question options: learned helplessness. programmed instruction. avoidance conditioning. escape conditioning.

learned helplessness.

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience is known as Question options: maturation. instinct. learning. consciousness.

learning.

Keleka's parents often deal with her misbehavior by not allowing her to watch her favorite TV program, Speed Racer. Marnie's parents deal with Marnie's misbehavior by spanking her. Keleka's parents are using ______________ and Marnie's parents are using ______________. Question options: punishment; negative reinforcement escape conditioning; avoidance conditioning negative reinforcement; punishment punishment; punishment

negative reinforcement; punishment

Tonika's neighbor often plays loud annoying music. When Tonika pounds on the wall, the music stops. The type of reinforcement that Tonika receives for pounding on the wall is ______________ reinforcement, and this is an example of ______________ conditioning. Question options: negative; avoidance negative; escape positive; avoidance positive; escape

negative; escape

Kelly was watching her mother get ready for work by putting on makeup and fixing her hair. Then Kelly's mother left the room and told Kelly to get ready for school. Kelly began to imitate her mother by smearing makeup on her face and fluffing her hair. This is an example of Question options: vicarious learning. observational learning. operant conditioning. mock learning.

observational learning.

Miko, a baby monkey, learns to wash her sweet potatoes to remove grit after seeing her mother do so. This is an example of Question options: heritability. active learning. observational learning. transfer-appropriate learning.

observational learning.

Taste aversion is an unusual case of classical conditioning because it Question options: requires both a UCS and a CS. always occurs without stimulus generalization. occurs even if there is a large delay between the CS and the UCS. most easily develops in response to visual stimuli.

occurs even if there is a large delay between the CS and the UCS.

Pookie the dog quickly learns that when she scratches at the door, her owner will allow her to go outside to play. This is an example of ______________ conditioning. Question options: operant second-order avoidance classical

operant

Every time Baby Pebbles says "Mama" or "Daddy" she is given a cookie. This is an example of Question options: operant conditioning. classical conditioning. fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

operant conditioning.

A(n) ______________ is a response that has some effect on the world; a(n) ______________ increases the probability that a behavior will occur again. Question options: reinforcer; operant operant; reinforcer negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

operant; reinforcer

Frankie is a cat who likes to climb on curtains. Frankie's owner is tired of his curtains being ruined by the cat so he decides to stop this behavior by squirting Frankie with a water gun every time the cat goes near the curtains. This is an example of Question options: shaping. punishment. negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement.

punishment.

Dr. Evil presents the sound of a buzzer to his pet rabbit, and he follows it with the delivery of a small electric shock. After repeated pairings of the buzzer and shock, the rabbit learns to fear the sound of buzzers. Dr. Evil then proceeds to extinguish the rabbit's fear of buzzers. Now suppose that, after extinction, Dr. Evil decides to present the buzzer and shock to the rabbit once again. After only a few pairings, the rabbit will demonstrate ____________ and fear the buzzer again. Question options: stimulus discrimination spontaneous recovery stimulus generalization reconditioning

reconditioning

After a conditioned response is extinguished, it can be relearned through additional CS-UCS pairings in a process known as Question options: reconditioning. stimulus generalization. spontaneous recovery. second-order conditioning. Ans: D Page: 164 LO: 3; F

reconditioning.

According to Solomon's opponent-process theory, extended heroin use creates a conditioned bodily response that ______________ the "high" that the user experiences. Question options: intensifies prolongs reduces causes

reduces

After repeated pairings of a buzzer and food, a dog is classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of the buzzer. If a light now flashes prior to the sounding of the buzzer (and subsequent delivery of food), the dog may start salivating in response to the light in a process known as Question options: reconditioning. stimulus generalization. second-order conditioning. spontaneous recovery.

second-order conditioning.

Mike is unsure of how to reward his son Greg for getting good grades. "Should I buy him a baseball glove? A Lava Lamp? Hmmm, maybe a Pet Rock?" he thought. Mike's wife, Carol, suggested, "Why don't you give Greg some money? It's a nice ______________ that he could use to get any of those things." Question options: primary reinforcer conditioned stimulus discriminative stimulus secondary reinforcer

secondary reinforcer

Tyrell wants to teach his two daughters, Sarah and Mia, to practice their golf swing every day. Each time after Sarah finishes practicing, he gives her five dollars, and each time after Mia finishes practicing, he gives her a handful of candy. Sarah is receiving a ___________ reinforcer and Mia is receiving a ___________ reinforcer. Question options: secondary; secondary primary; primary secondary; primary primary; secondary

secondary; primary

In order to get her roommate to start cleaning her side of the room, Kathy starts complimenting her on the smallest efforts she makes to keep her side tidy. Kathy then withholds complimenting her roommate until she does more extensive cleaning tasks. This type of strategy is known as Question options: shaping. stimulus generalization. primary reinforcement. stimulus discrimination.

shaping.

When Doogie first began yodeling, his voice teacher praised him constantly. Now his teacher demands progressively better performances before she praises him. This is an example of Question options: higher-order conditioning. discrimination. latent learning. shaping.

shaping.

The police blocked off the road that Carole usually uses to get home from work, so Carole used the next quickest route. Carole easily used the different route because Question options: she had developed a cognitive map. she had been negatively reinforced. driving on the new road had become a conditioned response. the new road was an unconditioned stimulus.

she had developed a cognitive map.

Grasping how to perform a complex action sequence such as driving a car, pitching a baseball, or playing the harmonica is referred to as Question options: skill learning. classical conditioning. insight. operant conditioning.

skill learning.

Bill and Ben are about to have breakfast. Their mother asks Bill, "What would you like for breakfast?" Bill answers, "I would like some damn porridge." She slaps him, then turns to Ben and asks, "And what would you like?" Ben answers, "I don't really care, as long as it isn't any of that damn porridge!" Ben's misunderstanding highlights the importance of Question options: immediate and sufficiently severe punishments. children learning through imitation. appropriate responses being identified and positively reinforced. specifying why punishment is being administered.

specifying why punishment is being administered.

Pavlov trained his dog, Sparky, to salivate when he heard a bell. Before leaving on his Jamaican vacation, Pavlov extinguished the salivation response. When Pavlov returned two weeks later, he accidentally knocked the bell off the table, causing it to ring. He noticed that Sparky was salivating in response to the ringing bell. This example best illustrates Question options: reconditioning. stimulus generalization. spontaneous recovery. higher-order conditioning.

spontaneous recovery.

Bubba got sick after eating contaminated cantaloupe. Now, he won't eat any type of melon. Bubba is demonstrating Question options: reconditioning. second-order conditioning. stimulus generalization. spontaneous recovery.

stimulus generalization

A child who has a conditioned fear response toward Santa Claus reacts with fear toward any gentleman with a white (or gray) beard. This phenomenon is known as Question options: acquisition. discrimination. stimulus generalization. reconditioning.

stimulus generalization.

Veronica is deathly afraid of pink highlighters. To overcome her highlighter phobia, Veronica saw a therapist who extinguished her fear of highlighters and conditioned her to learn a new relaxing response to highlighters. The therapist's technique is known as Question options: systematic desensitization. instrumental conditioning. reconditioning. operant conditioning.

systematic desensitization.

The principles of classical conditioning have proven useful for all of the following except Question options: treating phobias. explaining how taste aversions develop. teaching animals how to perform tricks. creating tests to identify those who are at high risk for Alzheimer's disease.

teaching animals how to perform tricks.

Although punishment has several drawbacks, it is most effective when Question options: it occurs a couple days after the behavior. the punisher identifies more appropriate behavior. the punisher is very angry while punishing. the behavior is intermittently punished.

the punisher identifies more appropriate behavior.

Learned helplessness involves learning that Question options: one has inferior mental abilities. punishment will follow certain behaviors. some habits are difficult to change. there is no relationship between one's behaviors and their consequences.

there is no relationship between one's behaviors and their consequences.

When an organism uses insight, it Question options: forms associations between actions and consequences. watches the actions of others. learns that two stimuli usually tend to occur together. thinks through possibilities, then reaches a sudden understanding.

thinks through possibilities, then reaches a sudden understanding.

If a tone is sounded each time a puff of air is delivered to your eye, the tone alone will eventually cause you to blink. In this example, the ______________ is the conditioned stimulus and the blink response to the______________ is the conditioned response. Question options: puff of air; puff of air puff of air; tone tone; puff of air tone; tone

tone; tone

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, the meat powder was the Question options: conditioned stimulus. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned response. unconditioned response.

unconditioned stimulus.

John likes to watch the Champaign Champions play football. As he watched the game Sunday, he saw Ernest score a touchdown. After scoring, Ernest spiked the ball and raised his fist in the air, and the crowd rewarded him by cheering louder. Later, when playing football with friends, John spikes the ball and raises his fist in the air after scoring. This is an example of Question options: positive reinforcement. classical conditioning. insight. vicarious conditioning.

vicarious conditioning.

When the class clown cracks a joke during reading, the teacher punishes him by sending him to the principal's office. Carla, a fellow classmate, decides not to tell her joke in class after this. Carla's decision is an example of Question options: latent learning. vicarious learning. insight. negative reinforcement.

vicarious learning.