PSYC 100: Unit 1 Materials
To assess a possible link between time spent studying and GPA, researchers either had students study 10 hours per week or 20 hours per week and then review students' GPA at the end of the semester. In this example, what is the dependent variable?
10 hours or 20 hours per week?
In what year did B. F. Skinner develop his operant conditioning chamber (also known as the "Skinner box")?
1930
Which of the following is a characteristic of people who have typically been overrepresented in psychology research?
All of the above
Identify the true and false statements about the biological-neuroscience perspective.
All psychological processes are also biological. Measuring blood flow to brain regions can show us how mental processes work. Studying dysfunctions of the brain helps us understand its normal functions.
While researchers must support animal welfare, animal rights supporters believe animals' rights are not being upheld because animals cannot provide informed consent and do not benefit from the research in which they are participating. These rights are provided to humans. Providing informed consent and ensuring participants are not bearing the burden of research are associated with what two ethical principles?
Autonomy and Beneficence?
Which of the following scenarios are examples of studying effectively, according to psychological science?
Caden uses a calendar app to note when assignments are due and schedule time to study each week. Nate and his friends meet weekly to explain the concepts in their political science course to each other. Alexa always completes the online quizzes for her astronomy course.
Which of the following is the best example of confirmation bias when it comes to political beliefs?
Chris, who likes a particular presidential candidate, only reads news articles that depict that candidate in a favorable light.
Which of the following actions are examples of the process called critical thinking—the purposeful, reasoned, and goal-directed process of exploring a situation or problem?
Claims about biological processes have to be supported by careful measurement and observation. questioning whether supposed effects of music on the development of infants' brains have been studied empirically thinking about whether you're reading an opinion piece or an informational article written by an unbiased expert using factual evidence to decide whether a food is good for you
Which two psychological perspectives complement one another in understanding how human behavior changes and stays the same across situations?
Clinical and Developmental
Place the phases of the human life cycle, as described by the developmental perspective, in chronological order.
Conception Birth infancy toddlerhood childhood adolescence young adulthood middle age old age
Which of the following research methods measures the relation between two (or more) variables without demonstrating causality?
Correlational research?
What psychologist was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics for discovering biases in the way that humans reason?
Daniel Kahneman
What perspective is someone most likely taking if they are interested in understanding what toys best facilitate age-appropriate skills for children?
Developmental
Following her conversation with her professor, Emily decides to change her behavior. Label each change with the relevant psychological perspective.
Emily meets with a therapist who teaches her how to manage her anxiety and insomnia. Clinical Emily realizes that the stress she feels may fade as she grows beyond her early twenties. developmental Emily gets in the habit of reframing the pressure to succeed in her class as an exciting challenge. cognitive Instead of doing homework while hanging out with her roommates at her apartment, Emily begins working with a study group. social
A developmental psychologist is conducting a study on children's interest in attending college. Which of the following variables could a researcher measure but not manipulate?
Grade Point Average
If researcher uses random assignment as part of their research design, the study will likely have high:
Internal validity?
Jayden is a 21-year-old American college student who is on a study-abroad program in Tokyo. While the experience was thrilling at first, over the last few weeks he has fallen into a depression. He finds that he has trouble understanding many Japanese customs, and he's having trouble remembering the material in his classes. To make matters worse, he feels like he's awkward at parties, and he deeply misses his girlfriend, DeAnna. However, he feels like he should be open to new experiences and is trying his best to explore the city. Label each explanation of Jayden's situation with the most relevant psychological perspective.
Jayden is at an age at which many people feel unsure about what they're doing, as opposed to later on in life. developmental Therapy and medication could be effective methods for treating Jayden's depression. clinical Despite his depression and loneliness, Jayden remains open to new experiences. personality Jayden is much less outgoing at parties in Tokyo than at home because he doesn't have many friends in Tokyo. social A recent change in the blood flow to a certain brain region partially explains Jayden's depression. biological-neuroscience
Jayden is a 21-year-old American college student who is on a study-abroad program in Tokyo. While the experience was thrilling at first, over the last few weeks he has fallen into a depression. He finds that he has trouble understanding many Japanese customs, and he's having trouble remembering the material in his classes. To make matters worse, he feels like he's awkward at parties, and he deeply misses his girlfriend, DeAnna. However, he feels like he should be open to new experiences and is trying his best to explore the city. Label each explanation of Jayden's situation with the most relevant psychological perspective.
Jayden misses DeAnna so much in part because all humans have evolved to need a successful relationship with a mate. evolutionary Jayden has trouble remembering his course material because when he's sitting in class, he can't stop thinking he'll fail. cognitive The disorientation he feels when interacting with Japanese customs is in part responsible for Jayden's depression. cultural Jayden feels cheerful when video-chatting with DeAnna, but he feels sad as soon as the call is over. emotional
Label the page of notes according to the Cornell note-taking method.
Just search up a picture of the diagram for the notes
Which psychoanalyst published a feminist critique of Freudian theory?
Karen Horney
In a study on phobias, a researcher hooks people up to a skin conductance device to record their stress levels while they view photos. Some participants see photos of spiders, some see snakes, and some see puppies. The type of photo is
Manipulated
Researchers have participants solve anagrams. Some participants solve difficult anagrams, some solve easy anagrams, and some solve medium-difficulty anagrams. Anagram difficulty is
Manipulated
The researcher dyes some people's hair black and other people's hair blond. Hair color is
Manipulated
The researcher has participants operate a driving simulator. She assigns some participants to drive while talking on a hands-free phone and others to drive while talking to a "passenger" sitting nearby. Whether drivers talked on a phone or to a passenger is
Manipulated
A researcher asks participants how difficult they found a set of math problems to be. Their difficulty ratings are
Measured
In a study on phobias, a researcher hooks people up to a skin conductance device to record their stress levels while they view photos of spiders. The skin conductance stress levels are
Measured
Researchers place volunteers in an fMRI machine, which detects brain activity in the occipital cortex (the back of the brain). The brain activity in the occipital cortex is
Measured
The researcher stands at an intersection and records whether or not drivers are using cell phones. Driver behavior is
Measured
Oscar decides to adopt a growth mindset after learning about it in his psychology course. While it takes some time for it to stick, he gradually starts making progress. Identify Oscar's thoughts and behaviors as either representing or not representing his new mindset.
Oscar decides to improve his performance at work by making at least 20 sales calls a week. Oscar forgives his sister for not answering his texts after she says she will be more responsive in the future. "If I put in the work, I can get As in my classes for once."
Which of the following explains why conclusions provided by psychological science are better than those reached by people's intuition or personal experience?
Psychological science systematically tests ideas using controlled methods and multiple people.
Which one of the following statements about psychology is true?
Psychology is relevant to every part of the human experience.
Which of the following situations are examples of psychological concepts?
Rick knows that he should study for his history midterm, but he can't stop playing his new game. Vikram is starting to take medication to treat his schizophrenia. Laura is mad that Ayesha has been ignoring her on social media all weekend. Andria remembers having an allergic reaction in a restaurant as a child, but her parents say it never happened.
Which researcher published classic studies on obedience?
Stanley Milgram
A researcher wants to know whether study time is related to student GPA. To test this, they ask students in Dr. Zhou's class to study for 10 hours per week all semester and students in Dr. Tahseen's class to study for 20 hours per week all semester. At the end of the semester, data on students' GPAs are collected. In this study, the confound is:
Study time?
Zach is thinking about dropping his introductory psychology course because he claims that the whole subject is merely common sense. Which of the following tendencies is he demonstrating?
The overconfidence effect
Which of the following relationships between a sample and a population of interest would allow us to have confidence in the results of a survey?
The people in the sample closely resemble the people in the population.
If data collected in a study do not confirm a hypothesis, which of the following is likely to happen?
The researchers will change the theory a little bit, and test the revised theory in a new study.
The Theory-Data Cycle
Theory, Hypothesis, Design, Collect Data, Compare
Freddie is puzzled by his roommate Marco's newfound obsession with astrology. Marco refuses to leave their dorm before looking up his horoscope each morning, and he believes that studying astrology can help him predict his future successes and failures. Which of the following statements could Freddie use as effective arguments about why Marco should take astrology less seriously?
There is no scientific evidence that astrology can predict what will happen to you. Astrology is not founded on empirical research. Astrology is a pseudoscience.
Psychological perspectives can be combined to achieve a deeper understanding of mind and behavior.
True
What is someone taking the biological perspective most likely to study?
What context is most likely to affect Kayne West's behavior?
Who wrote the influential book Principles of Psychology?
William James
Watch the video on how Claire applies critical thinking to an article she reads, then answer the question that follows. The next day, Claire reads a second article that also claims that exercise can improve memory. If Claire is using critical thinking, which of the following aspects of the article would seem to support this claim?
citations of several scientific studies including a large, diversified group of participants citations from authors who are distinguished faculty at major universities a description of how memory was tested using a carefully designed questionnaire
Match each psychological perspective to the correct description.
examines how people change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally as they age. developmental seeks to understand aspects of behavior that are relatively stable over time and situation. personality focuses on the causes and treatments of psychological disorders, with the goal of improving human well-being, daily functioning, and social relationships. clinical considers the way in which immediate social contexts influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. social
Match each psychological perspective to the correct description.
examines how the human capacity to feel, express, and perceive emotions plays an important role in decision making, behavior, and social relationships. Emotional studies the mental processes that underlie perception, thought, learning, memory, language, and creativity. Cognitive identifies aspects of behavior that are the result of evolutionary adaptations. Evolutionary investigates how cultural context affects people's thoughts and preferences. Cultural studies the biological underpinnings of how we think, act, and behave. biological-neuroscience
Positive psychology is a _________ movement within psychology. According to positive psychologists, the three main components of happiness are ______ Positive psychology also focuses on keeping people _________
fairly recent positive emotion, engagement with life, and a sense of meaning healthy
Match each psychological perspective to the most relevant research topic.
how people's feelings might differ when watching a sad movie compared to reading a sad story. Emotional whether taking a driving test with one passenger versus three causes a difference in performance. Social how language acquisition patterns change between the ages of 12 and 18. Developmental
A researcher decides to measure the variable of how self-focused people are by counting the number of times a person says "I" or "me" in a 10-minute recorded conversation. This specification of how this variable will be measured is known as which of the following?
operational definition An operational definition is how a researcher specifies the process for determining the levels or values of each variable. For this variable, the researcher counts the number of times "I" and "me" are said.
What were the two main branches of psychology during the early development of the field?
the scientific and clinical branches
