PSYC 101 Exam 1 pt.3
studying daily behaviors
- EAR (electronically activated recorder) - other methods - studying daily physiology -studying online behavior -smartphone psychology
situational specificity
- The emphasis on behavior as varying according to the situation, as opposed to the emphasis by trait theorists on consistency in behavior across situations - do these generalize to other conditions?
sampling bias
- a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample - choosing whatever group of people you want to do your test on
EAR (electronically activated recorder)
- can study people as they behave when interacting with other people (vs. in a lab setting) - people carry a recorder and report to it
ethical problems of experimental research
- certain questions that can be problematic
sampling daily experiences
- location: where are you now? - social environment: who are you with? -experience: "how're you feeling? - activity: "what are you currently doing?"
internal validity
- results show a relationship between the independent variables and confounding variables have been eliminated in a controlled environment -the degree to which a cause-effect relationship between two variables has been determined, on the degree to which a study allows unambiguous casual inferences
practical problems of experimental research
- some experiments aren't adaptable to change ex. can't adapt race or gender or study certain mental disorders, you can't assign people to disorders
Studying daily physiology
- studying heart rate ex. if studying anxiety, studying heart rate, studying people before a big speech
other methods of studying daily behavior
- time lapse photography - visually seeing how you change -observing people in personal and private places - just watching instead of having them record - garbage
internal validity
-The degree to which a cause-effect relationship between two variables has been unambiguously established. - results show a relationship between the independent variables and confounding variables have been eliminated in a controlled environment-the degree to which a cause-effect relationship between two variables has been determined, on the degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences
ecological validity
-The degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life. -The extent to which a study is realistic or representative of real life. The degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life. ex. helping someone in the hallway
Smartphone psychology
-store vast amounts of real world data -track physical and social context
research methods for studying daily life
1. Sampling daily experiences 2. experience sampling 3. ecological momentary assessment 4. daily reconstruction method (DRM)
Daily Diary method
A methodology where participants complete a questionnaire about their thoughts, feelings, and behavior of the day at the end of the day.
Day reconstruction method (DRM)
A methodology where participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day retrospectively upon a systematic reconstruction on the following day.
Daily Reconstruction Method (DRM)
A methodology where participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day retrospectively upon a systematic reconstruction on the following day. - participants report experiences of a given day by systematically reconstructing a day ex. retell all that you did yesterday in order
experience sampling method
A methodology where participants report on their momentary thoughts, feelings, and behaviors at different points in time over the course of a day.
Electronically activated recorder (EAR)
A methodology where participants wear a small, portable audio recorder that intermittently records snippets of ambient sounds around them.
white coat hypertension
A phenomenon in which patients exhibit elevated blood pressure in the hospital or doctor's office but not in their everyday lives.
Linguistic inquiry and word count
A quantitative text analysis methodology that automatically extracts grammatical and psychological information from a text by counting word frequencies.
Full-cycle psychology
A scientific approach whereby researchers start with an observational field study to identify an effect in the real world, follow up with laboratory experimentation to verify the effect and isolate the causal mechanisms, and return to field research to corroborate their experimental findings.
The degree to which the effect, or findings, have been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life and daily routines.
Ecological validity
For Lindsey's dissertation, she has e-mails sent out to people 4 times a day for 4 weeks. In these e-mails, she asks about current emotional experiences and activities. What method is she using?
Experience sampling
____ refers to the degree to which causal inferences can be made in the study; ____ refers to the degree that the study's findings can be applied to the larger population.
Internal validity; external validity
Researchers that study the online behavior of people focus on their:
Virtual language behavior
Dru is reading about the different types of research. If he reads, "This type of research has the primary advantage of allowing a scientist to determine cause and effect relationships," what kind of research method is he studying?
a laboratory experiment
The on-going measurement of one's biological functions that occurs as they go about their daily lives is called ______ assessment.
ambulatory
There have long been criticisms of the science of psychology regarding the difficulty of measuring internal phenomena such as feelings. This is one reason why ______measures are so important: they are more widely accepted by skeptics.
ambulatory
There have long been criticisms of the science of psychology regarding the difficulty of measuring internal phenomena such as feelings. This is one reason why ______ measures are so important: they are more widely accepted by skeptics.
ambulatory physiological
If you wanted to study a person's online behavior using their posts and contributions to a social networking website like Facebook, what would be the best way to analyze that activity?
analyze the content of the language used in their posts
Many students do quite well on practice quizzes or textbook exercises; however, on exam day they become anxious when their professor walks into the classroom. This phenomenon is very similar to ______ in research.
coat hypertension
laboratory experiment
conducted in a lab, a highly controlled environment
To study cheating habits, Dr. Martin creates a study that asks participants to take an exam in a room where there is an open textbook on a desk, while being watched and videotaped. Because this study doesn't mirror everyday life, it would be particularly low in which quality?
ecological validity
Scientists have developed the ability to monitor many different types of physiological activity as people go about their daily lives and activities. Which of the following is not one of those types of ambulatory measures?
electrooculogram
Limitations of experimental research
ethical, practical/logical, realistic
ecological momentary assessment
evaluation of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that arise in the moment in situations in which they occur in everyday life
Armando is participating in a one-week study examining the relationship between emotional states and eating behavior. Every time he eats something, he has to pull out a digital notebook and record how he is feeling at that exact moment. What kind of research method is being used in this study?
experience-sampling method
Dr. Tylka is conducting research about the risk of developing eating disorders in adolescent boys. She concludes that her findings apply not only to the sample of high school boys she studied, but to other males in other settings and contexts. In this regard, Dr. Tylka is stating that her findings have high __________ validity.
external
The degree to which a study ensures that potential findings apply to settings and samples other than the ones being studied refers to
external validity
research in the real world
finding balance between internal and external validty
The ability to arrive at broad conclusions based on smaller ones is known as __________. It requires that the sample under investigation be representative of the larger population from which it was drawn
generalizability
The ability to arrive at broad conclusions based on smaller ones is known as __________. It requires that the sample under investigation be representative of the larger population from which it was drawn.
generalizability
Imagine that researchers were interested in learning about public support for gay marriage. If the researchers analyzed Facebook posts regarding the acceptance or rejection of homosexuality (via opinions in status updates, article posts, or groups they officially like), they would be:
studying online behavior
Each night before she goes to bed, Youngha's smartphone prompts her to log into a specific website and to answer several questions about her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. She does this every day for one month as part of a research study she has volunteered for. Which method is the researcher employing?
the daily diary method
What is traditionally considered to be the "gold standard" in psychology research?
the laboratory experiment
Imagine that you are part of a study that measures heart rate and breathing throughout the day. Your heart rate and breathing only change when you exercise or are very excited. However, every time you visit the researcher to get your equipment updated, your heart rate and breathing spike. This phenomenon is referred to as:
white coat hypertension
Ambulatory assessment
An overarching term to describe methodologies that assess the behavior, physiology, experience, and environments of humans in naturalistic settings.
ecological momentary assessment
An overarching term to describe methodologies that repeatedly sample participants' real-world experiences, behavior, and physiology in real time.
Dr. Gonzalez conducts research that allows her to draw conclusions about a small group of people: the participants in her study. She now wonders whether these conclusions will apply to the larger population from which her sample was drawn. Which of the following questions is most relevant to Dr. Gonzalez's current situation?
Do my conclusions generalize into the real world?
____ validity is the degree to which a study ensures that potential findings apply to settings and samples other than the ones being studied
External validity
______ is the degree to which a study ensures that potential findings apply to settings and samples other than the ones being studied.
External validity
It is important to design research experiments that are associated with real-world situations in order to ______ findings to a larger population.
Generalize
generalize
Generalizing, in science, refers to the ability to arrive at broad conclusions based on a smaller sample of observations. For these conclusions to be true the sample should accurately represent the larger population from which it is drawn.
Dr. Hart is interested in the role of relationships in preventing heart disease. As her patients come into her office in Bluebell, Alabama, she asks them two questions: Are you a in a relationship? Have you experienced any heart problems in the last 8 years? Based on her findings, she concludes that relationships cause cardiovascular (heart) problems. One issue with her methodology is that the results are not generalizable. What does this mean?
Her results may not be true for the entire population.
What type of research highlights causality, allowing the cause to be separated from the effect?
Laboratory experiments
experience sampling
People answer some questions, for example, about their mood or physical symptoms, every day for several weeks or longer. People are usually contacted electronically ("beeped") one or more times a day at random intervals to complete the measures. Although experience sampling uses self-report as the data source, it differs from more traditional self-report methods in being able to detect patterns of behavior over time.
external validity
The degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings.
ecological validity
The degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life. ex. helping someone in the hallway
ecological validity
The extent to which a study is realistic or representative of real life.
Dr. Sharma wants to study the extent to which stress is related to suicidal ideation in people who suffer from depression. She gathers information about the level of stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts a set of participants experience the day after they attend the funeral of a loved one. Because this study is assessing people under conditions that are not typical of everyday life, it is lacking in __________ validity.
ecological
Researchers have used several creative methods for studying behaviors and personality characteristics in both direct and unobtrusive methods over the years. Which of the following is not one of those methods?
hiring professional drivers to follow participants as they travel across the city throughout the day
threats to internal validity
history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, mortality, selection bias -situational specificity -sampling bias
In a research study, ______ validity addresses the degree to which that study can lead to unambiguous causal inference
internal
The degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences has ________.
internal validity
realistic problems of experimental research
it does not apply to certain variables ex. is this study even applicable?
What is the primary advantage of the day reconstruction method (DRM) in psychology research?
it eliminates the burden of collecting data repeatedly over the course of a given day
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the use of an electronically activated recorder, or EAR, in a research study?
it provides a series of sound bites that, when put together, can give an acoustic diary of the participant's day
After the terrorist attacks in New York City on September 11, 2001, Cohn, Mehl, and Pennebaker (2004) examined blogs of users of a specific website. Through their use of ______, they determined that their participants expressed more negative emotions and were more cognitively and socially engaged for two weeks. After that period of time, these levels returned to baseline.
linguistic analyses
In a study of 16 million Facebook users researchers found that posting "I voted" was associated with increased voting in their networks. Where research methods are concerned this is an example of ______.
observable behavior.
A relatively recent invention in technology is likely to become an important part of data collection in psychology research. What is it?
smartphones
The development of _________ has provided a new level of advantage for gathering information from research participants at specific times, often randomly selected, throughout a given day.
smartphones
As a researcher, you decide that you are very interested in peoples' everyday behavior (i.e., daily social interactions and activities). Therefore, you decide to use an electronically activated recorder, or EAR device, to capture the acoustic diary of participants' days as they naturally unfold. In this scenario, you are:
studying daily behavior
As a researcher, you decide that you are very interested in peoples' everyday behavior. Therefore, you decide to use an Electronically Activated Recorder, or EAR device, to capture the acoustic diary of participants' days as they naturally unfold. In this scenario, you are:
studying daily behavior
Imagine that researchers were interested in learning about public support for gay marriage. If the researchers analyzed Facebook posts regarding the acceptance or rejection of homosexuality (via opinions in status updates, article posts, or groups they officially like), they would be
studying online behavior