PSYC 101 Final Study Guide

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs?

Love and belongingness

Which of the following techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow to create a brain scan?

Magnetic resonance imaging

T or F Freud stirred controversy by arguing that sexual impulses are a central factor in personality development—that we all experience psychosexual development, the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during the stages of development.

True

The __________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

hypothalamus

Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) _________.

learning goal

T or F One suffering from mania may have grand delusional schemes, speak rapidly, and show a rapid flight of ideas

True

Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

aggression

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the __________ is first triggered by perception of a stressor.

alarm reaction

T or F Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

False

T or F Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed.

False

T or F John B. Watson developed the social-cognitive perspective, arguing for the influence of social factors over cognition.

False

Which of the following are some of the differences between life changes and daily hassles?

Many life changes are positive and occur less frequently.

__________ is produced largely by neurons in the brain stem and acts both as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone.

Norepinephrine

T or F Research shows that eating disorders are more common when the family environment is negative, with possible history of child abuse or neglect, or exposure to high parental expectations.

True

Since the 1960's, most people suffering from extreme psychological disorders ___________.

live in the community

In the experiment on social influence conducted by Solomon Asch, the discomfort faced by the participants in the study was caused by __________.

the pressure to conform

T or F Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function.

true

T or F In a research setting when people exhibited pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful. This is an example of the facial-feedback hypothesis.

true

T or F In the context of stressors, Albert Ellis referred to situations such as losing a job as an activating event.

true

T or F Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril.

true

Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron does not allow sodium to pass through the neuronal membrane and as a result, is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire?

A refractory period.

Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists?

Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.

__________ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.

Epinephrine

_______ is the founder of Behaviorism.

John B. Watson

Which of the following is true of collectivists?

They are more likely to conform to group judgments.

Which of the following is true of corticosteroids?

They combat allergic reactions.

T or F Client-centered therapists believe in viewing the world through a client's frame of reference.

True

The _________ of conversion disorders holds that people with conversion disorder are susceptible to being hypnotized.

biopsychosocial perspective

According to the __________, the ancient Greeks believed that the gods punished humans by causing madness.

demonological model

T or F Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.

false

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:

humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal.

Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails suggests that:

neural events may be involved in memory.

In the context of classical conditioning, ________ helps organisms adapt to situations that recur from time to time.

spontaneous recovery

T or F In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention (i.e. What did I eat for breakfast this morning? or What is my cell phone number?), is called preconscious material.

true

T or F Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.

true

T or F Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.

False

T or F With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed.

False

Which of the following is not a characteristic of middle adulthood?

Sense of smell declines.

At the start of the exam Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the ticking clock on the wall. What is this an example of?

Sensory adaptation

A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?

accommodation

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called _______.

placebos

During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the ________.

sex organs start to differentiate

When a neural impulse reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, the vesicles release varying amounts of neurotransmitters into the __________.

synaptic cleft

In boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the testes to increase the output of __________, which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair.

testosterone

If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

thalamus

B. F. Skinner proposed

that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome.

T or F Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma.

true

T or F In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

true

T or F The difference between sensation and perception is that sensation, or the stimulation of our senses, is an automated process resulting from sources of energy (light and sound) or the presence of chemicals (as in taste and smell), while perception is an active process in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world.

true

T or F You had not heard the song that you and your previous boyfriend used to listen to in years. Upon hearing it again you were surprised by all of the mixed emotions that you were experiencing. This is an example of spontaneous recovery.

true

High-frequency brain waves are associated with _____.

wakefulness

T or F Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.

false

T or F The thalamus is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in the storage of memories and does not become mature until we are about two years old.

false

Which of the following is a similarity between adolescence and emerging adulthood?

Both are ages of feeling in-between.

T or F A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span.

False

T or F A sample consists of multiple populations.

False

T or F Attitude formation is a fully mechanical process.

False

T or F Because psychologists have engaged in thousands of studies on intelligence, they unequivocally agree on the definition of intelligence.

False

T or F Genetic components do not contribute to an individual's sensitivity to basic tastes.

False

T or F In the context of altruism, people who are apathetic are more likely to help people in need.

False

T or F One reason for the fundamental attribution error is that in the West, people tend to infer traits from social roles and obligations.

False

T or F Research shows that cultural issues do not play a significant role in an individual's psychology.

False

The American Psychological Association (2017) has found that Americans are most likely to do one of the following to cope with stress?

Music and exercise.

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?

The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Concerning dissociative identity disorders, which of the following is inaccurate about their identities?

The identities must not be aware of the others.

T or F A composite of studies of the relationship between IQ scores and heredity suggests that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to IQ scores.

True

T or F According to the American Lung Association, the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer.

True

T or F All prejudices involve stereotyping but not all stereotypes lead to prejudices.

True

T or F Sacs called synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals contain neurotransmitters.

True

T or F Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep.

True

Michael fails to present his science project on time. He informs his teacher that it was because his younger brother had destroyed it while playing. However, when his friend James fails to submit his project, Michael quickly assumes that James was too lazy to do his project. In the context of social perception, Michael is demonstrating the__________.

actor-observer effect

Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.

extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

Lisa, a high school student, is suspicious of her classmates. She does not trust them and keeps a distance from everyone at school. Lisa is most likely suffering from __________.

paranoid personality disorder

Stephanie decided not to cheat on the exam because she was afraid of the consequences. This is characteristic of which stage of moral reasoning?

preconventional

Newborns use the __________ to avoid painful stimuli.

withdrawal reflex

T or F Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units.

True

_________ are more likely to commit suicide than _________.

College students; non-college students

T or F When a client avoids talking about a difficult topic in therapy, such as an abusive relationship with a parent, saying, "I don't want to discuss it," this is known as transference.

False

Which of the following is true of functionalism?

It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations.

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following is true of the fight-or-flight reaction?

It stems from a period in human prehistory when many stressors were life threatening.

Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?

It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.

From the behavioral perspective, which of the following statements is true of aggression?

Strong, agile organisms are likely to be reinforced for aggressive behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of attribution theory?

We are biased toward making dispositional attributions when we explain other people's behavior.

Although academically gifted, Chloe never had the desire to be the best in her classes. She would most likely be considered to exhibit __________.

a Type B behavior pattern

Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimens are potentially characteristics of _________.

bulimia nervosa

On a(n) __________ level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism.

cognitive

In cognitive-dissonance theory, _________ is the tendency of people to seek explanations for their own behavior in such a way that unpleasant undertakings seem worth it.

effort justification

According to the different kinds of support for coping with stress, __________ involves listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance.

emotional concern

T or F According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.

false

A(n) __________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.

memory trace

People with __________ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night.

sleep apnea

Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____.

sleep terrors

T or F If you have an internal locus of control, it means you feel you have control over the direction of your life.

true

T or F Newborn children do not know that it is necessary to eat to survive. They turn their head toward stimuli that prod or stroke the cheek, chin, or corner of the mouth. This is termed rooting.

true

T or F Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and thirst.

true

T or F Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat.

true

T or F Research suggests that people who have reported greater feelings of happiness and well-being are likely to score more highly than other people on scales that measure emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion.

true

Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?

Nembutal

T or F PCP, or phencyclidine, is an opioid whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure.

false

The _______ is the part of the nervous system that is involved with sensory and motor neurons which transmit messages about sights, sounds, smells, temperature, and body positions to the central nervous system.

somatic nervous system

Jane is a 10-year-old girl with a mental age (MA) of 12. Jane's intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is __________. MA/CA x 100 =

120

__________is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

Altruism

Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight. Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?

Anorexia nervosa

Which of the following statements is true of aggression?

Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals.

T or F Unhealthy stress is referred to as eustress.

False

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage.

T or F Anxiety is an appropriate response to a real threat, but it can be abnormal when it is excessive.

True

_____ is the fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived.

Weber's constant

In every experiment, the ______ is what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not.

dependent variable

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?

humanistic theorists

Which of the following brain structures is associated with instinctive aggressive reactions in nonhumans?

hypothalamus

Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating __________.

infinite creativity

Kim has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with __________.

major depressive disorder

After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay at home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a(n) __________.

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

When Darren first started working in the poultry plant, he found the smell from the chickens to be overwhelming. However, he gradually became accustomed to the smell, and now it no longer bothers him. This scenario illustrates an instance of _____.

negative adaptation

Jill was surprised at how much her therapist challenged her beliefs concerning her social anxiety. Her therapist kept having her make counter-arguments against many of the thoughts she had that pertained to her anxiety. Jill's therapist is practicing what approach?

rational emotive behavior therapy

T or F Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

true

According to Lauren (2018) and Layton and Smith (2017) which of the following factors is not a reason as to why prejudiced people select their targets?

Lack of familiarity.

__________ is also termed as modeling.

Observational learning

__________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.

Specific phobias

T or F The body's response to different stressors shows certain similarities whether the stressor is a bacterial invasion, perceived danger, or a major life change is known as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

True

Sam wants to be a clinical psychologist. He has been accepted at two different graduate schools. Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education. However, he is finding it difficult to choose between the two. According to Neal E. Miller, this type of conflict is known as a(n):

approach-approach conflict.

During Bobbi's therapy session, she noticed that her therapist was frequently mentioning rewards and consequences. Her therapist most likely practices what type of therapy?

behavior therapy

Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary exhibits __________.

both positive and negative symptoms

David was experiencing a lot of stress because he was experiencing some pain in his right foot, the weather was poor, and he owed money to a friend. These types of stress are considered ___________.

daily hassles

What type of attributional style claims that people who are kind are just "nice" people all around?

dispositional attributions

Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through __________.

extrinsic rewards

T or F According to the general adaptation syndrome, in the resistance stage, levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity are higher than in the alarm reaction stage.

false

T or F Asch's research was focused on studying obedience.

false

T or F Irrational beliefs can lessen an individual's emotional reaction to loss and enhance coping ability.

false

The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study found that __________ were more similar than fraternal twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension.

monozygotic twins

The most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during __________.

prenatal development

The __________ activates the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

sympathetic nervous system

A research experiment was conducted on people's attitude toward a particular section of the society. After the experiment, the participants were requested to donate a small amount for the research organization. When they agreed and donated, they were followed with more requests for bigger donations. This is an example of ____________.

the foot-in-the-door technique

T or F Debbie failed her first Chemistry exam. Because she was very stressed and tired, her mind jumped to the beliefs that she was a "terrible student" and "a failure"; she became certain she would fail the class and perhaps fail at school altogether. Debbie catastrophized failing her exam.

true

T or F Maslow's hierarchy of needs is defined as the ordering of needs from most basic (physiological needs such as hunger and thirst) to most elaborate and sophisticated (self-actualization).

true

Hal is experiencing a state of cognitive dissonance, which of the following scenarios will not help to reduce it?

A change in consequences.

T or F According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, consummate love is romantic love plus infatuation.

False

T or F According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

False

T or F According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.

False

T or F Early in the 20th century, Gestalt psychologists noted certain consistencies in the way we integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes. This group of rules is referred to as the laws of similarity.

False

T or F In divergent thinking, thought is limited to present facts; the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution, whereas, in convergent thinking, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

False

T or F Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.

False

T or F The behaviorists Watson and Skinner emphasized the notions of personal freedom, choice, and self-direction.

False

T or F The elaboration likelihood model has three different factors that can change our attitudes.

False

Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

Overeating

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.

__________ is the process by which test scores from various population groups, are obtained and organized so that test results can be compared to those with similar demographic profiles.

Standardization

T or F As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.

True

T or F Behavior therapists see the effectiveness of behavior therapy as deriving from specific, learning-based procedures.

True

T or F By the end of the first trimester of fetal development during pregnancy, formation of all the major organ systems is complete.

True

T or F Cognitive therapy focuses on changing the beliefs, attitudes, and automatic types of thinking that create and compound people's problems.

True

T or F From the behavioral perspective, organisms that are reinforced for aggressive behavior are more likely to behave aggressively in situations similar to those in which reinforcement occurs.

True

T or F In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy.

True

T or F Intergroup contact heightens awareness of individual variation, and this knowledge can lead us to abandon stereotypical thinking.

True

T or F Psychotherapy is a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that applies psychological principles to affect the client's thoughts, feelings, or behavior in an effort to help the client overcome psychological disorders, adjust to problems in living, or develop as an individual.

True

T or F Strong attitudes are more likely to determine behavior than weak attitudes.

True

T or F Women under stress are more likely to care for their children and seek social contact and support from others. Taylor termed this the "tend-and-befriend" response.

True

Many couples who repeatedly break up and reunite recall each other fondly when apart and swear that they could make the relationship work if they got together again. But after they do spend time together, they again wonder, "How could I ever have believed that this so-and-so would change?" This best exemplifies the _________.

approach-avoidance conflict

Unlike Type A people, Type B people ___________.

are less ambitious and less impatient

In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?

aversive conditioning

The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the __________.

bystander effect

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _________ means deciding to enhance and maintain the relationship.

commitment

A(n) _______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables.

correlation coefficient

T or F Consider a child who is burned by touching a hot stove. The sight of the stove may evoke fear, and because hearing the word stove may evoke a mental image of the stove, just hearing the word may evoke fear. The child shows discrimination towards the hot stove.

false

T or F A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule.

false

T or F Dreams are most likely to be vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep.

false

T or F In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world.

false

T or F Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.

false

T or F People with body dysmorphic disorder have dual personalities.

false

T or F People with lower Self-efficacy expectations have biological as well as psychological reasons for remaining calmer and are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events.

false

T or F Psychodynamic and client-centered therapies appear to be most effective with well-educated, verbal, strongly motivated clients who report problems with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.

false

T or F The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test.

false

T or F The hypothalamus is involved in the formation of verbal memories.

false

T or F The psychology of motivation concerns the whys and hows of behavior.

false

T or F When problems assault us, irrational beliefs help diminish their effect.

false

T or F When we think of the eye as the camera to the world, the photosensitive surface is called the lens, which contains photoreceptors called rods and cones.

false

Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ________.

fixed-interval schedule

When you first wake up in the morning and turn your lights on, the _______________ changes shape to keep out some of the light so it does not damage the eye.

iris

Seligman (1996) suggested that when things go wrong, we sometimes develop inappropriate attributional styles towards the causes of failure. Which of the following was not proposed by him?

negative or positive

A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house might be robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from __________.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

The __________ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland."

pituitary gland

Since 15 percent of a university is comprised of Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a __________.

stratified sample

Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist uses virtual therapy to expose Katherine to different dogs and asks her to stay relaxed. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist?

systematic desensitization

T or F The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers focused on the self-concept and self-esteem, or self-regard.

true

Prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the _____, while Michael salivating would be labeled the _____.

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

T or F It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs.

False

T or F Neurons carry messages from the axon terminals through the axon to the dendrites.

False

Which psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?

Forensic psychologists

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?

It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.

In the context of pain, which of the following statements is true?

Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed.

What is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists?

They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

T or F Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.

True

T or F Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement.

True

T or F Prior to six months of age, infants realize that objects removed from sight still exist and try to find them. They show object permanence, which makes it possible to play peekaboo.

True

T or F Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud.

True

T or F Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

True

T or F When children reared by adoptive parents are more similar to their natural parents in a particular trait, strong evidence exists for a genetic role in the development of that trait.

True

Brandon had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake. In this scenario, Brandon's mother used __________ to cure his fear.

counterconditioning

In the context of memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as __________.

interference theory