PSYC 150 Chapter 2

Examination of the lives of alcohol-dependent individuals reveals that alcohol dependence Blank______.

often exists within a dysfunctional family

In the context of the effect of drugs, the word Blank______ means poisonous, deadly, or dangerous.

toxic

According to the early medical models, when is the dependence on a drug said to be cured?

when a user no longer had withdrawal symptoms

A consistent set of symptoms that appears after discontinuing use of a drug is known as a(n) Blank______.

withdrawal symptoms

About one-fourth of those convicted of drug crimes reported that they had sold drugs to Blank______.

get money for their own drug use

Identify a true statement about drug-related crimes.

Crimes may be carried out for the purpose of obtaining money to purchase illicit drugs.

In the 1960s, scientists held that only Blank______ produced true addiction.

heroin

Match the reasons for the federal government creating restrictive regulations for the sale and use of some psychoactive drugs with their descriptions.

toxicity - Some drug sellers were considered to be endangering the public health and victimizing individuals by selling dangerous chemicals, often without putting appropriate labels or warnings on them. addiction - Some drug sellers were seen as victimizing individuals and endangering their health by selling them habit-forming drugs, often without putting appropriate labels or warnings on them. crime - crime Drop zone Drug users came to be seen as a threat to public safety, resulting in widespread attitude that drug-crazed individuals would often break the law in violent, horrible ways. correct Toggle Button Unavailable. Drug users came to be seen as a threat to public safety, resulting in widespread attitude that drug-crazed individuals would often break the law in violent, horrible ways.

Drug use might cause criminal behavior when a person is Blank______.

under the influence of a drug

Identify an accurate statement about attributing cause of dependence to a substance.

A substance itself cannot be seen as the entire cause of a dependence problem.

Identify the diseases that are at an increased risk of transmission due to needle-sharing activities of intravenous drug users.

AIDS Hepatitis

Which of the following is an example of behavioral toxicity the accompanies alcohol consumption?

Alcohol intake causes disorientation and makes normal activities, such as driving a car or swimming, dangerous.

(Use one word per blank.) The idea that substance use disorder is like a disease takes a broad, __________ perspective that dependence might be related to dysfunctions of biology, personality, social interactions, or a combination of these factors.

Biopsychosocial

______ dependence of a user on a drug is indicated by frequent use of the drug, craving for the drug, and a tendency to relapse after quitting its use. Multiple choice question.

Psychological

______ dependence on drugs is increasingly accepted as the real driving force behind repeated drug use.

Psychological

______ dependence on a drug implies that a user's body has become adapted to the drug's presence.

Physical

______ dependence on a drug is defined by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome in the user.

Physical

______ dependence on a drug is defined by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome in the user. Multiple choice question.

Physical

Identify a true statement about the initial experiments carried out in the 1960s on self-administration of morphine by monkeys.

The monkeys were allowed to experience the initial stages of withdrawal.

Identify an example of a withdrawal syndrome.

a heroin user who experiences diarrhea when he or she stops using

Identify the main concerns that motivated the federal government to pass laws that placed restrictive regulations on the sale and use of psychoactive drugs.

addiction toxicity crime

Identify a substance that is most commonly linked with criminal or violent behavior.

alcohol

In the context of alcohol use, match the types of toxicity with their examples.

behavioral toxicity - a person being unable to drive a car properly under the influence of alcohol. physiological toxicity - a person experiencing severe confusion and sudden lapses in and out of consciousness and/or seizures.

How does a regular drug user overcome his or her body's tolerance toward a particular drug to experience the desired effect of the drug?

by increasing the dose of the drug

In the context of substance dependence being a family disorder, Blank______ facilitates further substance use by that user.

codependence of family members on the user

Peele and others argued that substance use disorders should not be classified as diseases because they Blank______.

do not have many of the characteristics of classic medical diseases

The basis for laws concerning drug use and drug users was the belief that Blank______.

drug use causes crime

The notion that _________ forms the basis of arguments in favor of passing laws to regulate drug use and drug users.

drug use changes a user's personality in a lasting way

To prove that all compulsive behaviors have some common physiological or biochemical action in the brain theorists have Blank______.

focused on studying dopamine, an important neurotransmitter in the brain

Identify a route of drug administration that puts users primarily at a higher risk of contracting dangerous viral diseases like HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. Multiple choice question.

injection

In the experiments conducted in the 1960s, monkeys and rats were connected to an apparatus so that pressing a lever would inject morphine into their body through Blank______.

intravenous tubes

A criticism of the research work focused on explaining dependence through dopamine levels is that this model Blank______.

is too simple

According to the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), alcohol use disorder Blank______.

needed to be recognized and treated as a primary problem

Psychological dependence can be defined in terms of Blank______.

observable behaviors

According to early medical models, dependence was characterized by the Blank______.

presence of withdrawal symptoms

The animal research in the 1960s that led to the positive reinforcement model implied that Blank______ is critical to the development of frequent patterns of drug-using behavior.

psychological dependence

Match the types of substance dependence with the prevalent medical notions about them in the 1960s.

psychological dependence - It was all in a user's head. physiological - It was subject to physiological and biochemical analysis.

Before adopting a disease model for dependency based on the experiences of the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), psychiatrists had commonly assumed that alcohol use disorder was Blank______.

secondary to another disorder

A ________ - _________, scale measures a person's preference for variety, risk, and various physical sensations.

sensation-seeking

According to the scientific data collected on the potential of a substance to cause dependence, it can be concluded that Blank______.

some substances are more addictive than others

According to research conducted on personality types that typically tend to be involved in drug-taking behavior, Blank______.

there is a relationship between a user's personality and drug-taking behavior

The phenomenon, seen with many drugs, in which repeated exposure to the same dose of the drug results in a lesser effect is known as Blank______. Multiple choice question.

tolerance

Drugs are said to be Blank______ when they produce effects that interfere with normal functioning in such a way as to produce dangerous or potentially dangerous consequences. Multiple choice question.

toxic