psyc 185 exam 4: Brain Injury
what is BIAA?
"An acquired brain injury (ABI) is an injury to the brain that has occurred after birth and is not hereditary, congenital, degenerative. The injury commonly results in a change in neuronal activity which affects the physical integrity, the metabolic activity, or the functional ability of the cell. The term does not refer to brain injuries induced by birth trauma."
- The U.S. spends an estimated $_____ on the lifetime costs of TBI annually?
$60 billion
As a physical consequence, What are some examples of combinations of sensory deficits can have a major functional impact?
(e.g., impaired vision with balance problems)
Essay: What are Cognitive examples of lifelong consequences that result from a TBI?
- Executive functioning -Plan, initiate, direct, & monitor activities - Initiation impairments - Speech and language impairments - Lack of awareness of deficits - Disorientation - Impaired safety awareness - Distractibility
Essay Q: What are the 3 lifelong consequences that result from a TBI?
- Physical - Cognitive -Behavioral & Emotional
Essay: What are Behavioral & emotional examples of lifelong consequences that result from a TBI?
- Self-injury - Aggression and property destruction - Ability to respond to requests - Depression and emotional swings - Decreased frustration tolerance - Impulsivity and hyperactivity - Inappropriate sexual behavior - Hoarding - Paranoia
What is post hospital services?
- Skilled nursing facilities >> sub acute - post acute rehabilitaion
What is hospital based services?
- acute hospital care - acute rehabilitation
What are the 3 types of system of care for those with a TBI?
- hospital based services - post hospital services - outpatient services
What are some examples of dangerous Behavioral and Emotional Consequences?
- impulsive behavior in combination with inappropriate sexual behavior
What are health risk factors of a TBI?
- lead to increased risk of other health problems - Alcohol abuse (1.8x 1-3 yrs post-injury) - Epilepsy (11x) - depression (1.5x) - Alzheimer's disease (2.3x - 4.5x)
Brain injury may disproportionately affect which groups of people ?
-87% of incarcerated individuals (prison or jail) -Military personnel are also at risk
What are causes of a TBI?
-Falls -Motor vehicle crashes -Struck by/against -Shaken baby syndrome - Child abuse -Domestic violence -Gunshot wounds -Sports injuries -Workplace injuries -Military actions
Why are brain injuries referred to as a "silent epidemic"?
-Problems that result are often not visible (e.g., memory problems) - Public awareness is limited
What are causes of ABI?
-TBI -Tumors -Blood clots - strokes -Seizures -Toxic exposures (e.g., substance abuse, lead) -Infections (e.g., meningitis) -Metabolic disorders (e.g., insulin shock, liver disease) -Neurotoxic poisoning (e.g., carbon monoxide poisoning) -Lack of oxygen to the brain (e.g., hypoxia, anoxia)
Why is TBI underestimated in diagnoses?
-Treatment in other settings, military facilities not included (+200,000) -Incorrect diagnosis - Those who do not seek care
Essay: What are Physical examples of lifelong consequences that result from a TBI?
-Variations body temperature -Incontinence -Headaches/seizures -Paralysis/pareisis - Balance/coordination problems - Ataxia - Spasticity/flaccidity - Dysphagia - Decreased endurance - Vision problems - Photophobia/sonophobia - Hearing impairment - Chronic pain - Insomnia
What is the highest rates in which age group?
0-4, 15-19, 5-9, and 75 or older
how many americans sustain a TBI each year?
1.7 milliion
Approximately ______% of the population are living with long-term disability
2%
what is the risk of sustaining another TBI after one TBI?
2-3x greater
TBI ranks ____ when combined with a stroke
2nd -Unclear why it remains the"silent epidemic"
what is the risk of sustaining another TBI after two TBI?
8x greater
Disability Prevalence (BIAA)
Comparison of prevalence rates of TBI to other disabilities that cause long-term disability, TBI ranks third
What does the ABI definition includes?
Includes internal insults to the brain as well as those produced by trauma of external force (TBI)
Epidemiology for brain injury?
It can happen to a child or adult of any age, race, gender, religion, or socioeconomic status
what does CDC report as the epidemiology for males and females?
Males (59%) > Females (41%)
What type of impairment is considered the most disabling consequence (cognitive consequence)
Memory impairment - Memory problems can affect a person's ability to learn, retain, and use new information
What are the two additional distinctions of a TBI?
Open vs. closed head injuries
what is NHIF (1986)?
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an insult to the brain, not of a degenerative or congenital nature but caused by an external physical force, that may produce a diminished or altered state of consciousness,which results in an impairment of cognitive abilities and/or physical functioning. It can also result in the disturbance of behavioral or emotional functioning. These impairments may be either temporary or permanent and cause partial or total functional disability or psychosocial maladjustment."
What are the most prominent Cognitive problem?
memory loss (reported most often)
What are some changes following a TBI?
can affect how a person feels, thinks, acts, and relates to others
The ABI definition is more ____?
comprehensive
Behavioral and Emotional Consequences can have a major impact on what type of living?
independent -Impede on rehabilitative goals
As a physical consequence, Impairments may be?
localized or generalized
As a physical consequence Sensorimotor impairments vary depending on what?
location & severity of injury
What is an open head injury?
skull has been penetrated and the brain is exposed
What is a closed head injury?
skull is intact but the brain has been impacted -internal can have internal bleeding & swelling
What is outpatient services?
supported living
What is coup (primary impact) & countrecoup (secondary impact).
when impact in the front of the brain moves back & hits back of brain. -ex: hit w/ baseball bat (impact in the front) -causes blurry vision from hitting back (hits occipital lobe.
what is struck against for a TBI ?
your moving and you run into something that is still. (ex: skiing & hits a tree)
what is struck by for a TBI ?
your standing still & something in motion hits you