PSYC 203 Chapter 3: Clinical Assessment, diagnosis, and Treatment
A client diagnosed with schizophrenia has begun to exhibit new symptoms, often saying, "They tell me I'm crazy, so I must be crazy." This MOST likely is an example of: A) self-fulfilling prophecy. B) therapist bias. C) learned helplessness. D) nomothetic disturbance.
A
A client reports having infrequent, but extremely disturbing, tactile hallucinations. What is the MOST useful way to gather information about this person? A) client self-monitoring B) naturalistic observations C) structured observations D) a neuropsychological battery
A
In DSM-5, gambling disorder is considered a(n): A) addictive disorder. B) impulse control disorder. C) neurocognitive disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
A
A clinician has developed a new assessment tool. Clients write stories about their problems, and then two different judges independently evaluate the stories in terms of how logically they are written. Which UNIQUE reliability consideration applies to this type of assessment? A) interrater reliability B) observer reliability C) face reliability D) test-retest reliability
A
A cluster of symptoms that go together and define a mental disorder is called a: A) syndrome. B) classification system. C) DSM axis. D) treatment approach.
A
A new assessment tool does a good job of differentiating those people who later will be depressed and those people who will not be depressed. It also produces results similar to those of other tools for measuring depression. Therefore, the new assessment tool has: A) good predictive validity and good content validity. B) good predictive validity but poor content validity. C) poor predictive validity and poor content validity. D) poor predictive validity and good content validity.
A
A new test for anxiety shows consistent levels of anxiety across time for people, but very few people have taken the test and accurate norms do not exist. The test has: A) high reliability but inadequate standardization. B) high reliability and adequate standardization. C) low reliability and inadequate standardization. D) low reliability but adequate standardization.
A
A participant observer experiencing overload would MOST likely say, "I simply can't: A) write down all the important things I'm seeing." B) concentrate on my observations anymore." C) be impartial anymore." D) be sure the person I'm observing is acting like she usually would."
A
A prisoner eligible for parole is required to take a polygraph test. Although the prisoner tells the truth in response to one question, the polygraph operator records the response as a lie. According to recent research, this kind of error is: A) common; approximately 10 to 25 percent of true statements are interpreted as lies. B) unusual; less than 10 percent of true statements are interpreted as lies. C) rare; less than 3 percent of true statements are interpreted as lies. D) very rare; less than 1 percent of true statements are interpreted as lies.
A
According to the text, intelligence must be measured indirectly. What might be a reason for this? A) Intelligence is an inferred quality. B) Direct visualization of the physical processes is not possible. C) What is defined as intelligence is constantly changing. D) It is too expensive to directly measure intelligence.
A
Because people who exhibit mania have very elevated moods, a new test for mania includes questions about how happy a person feels and how often he or she laughs. This test has: A) high face validity. B) low face validity. C) no face validity. D) masked face validity.
A
Compared with projective tests, personality inventories generally have: A) greater reliability and greater validity. B) greater reliability and poorer validity. C) poorer reliability but greater validity. D) poorer reliability and poorer validity.
A
Compared with projective tests, personality inventories: A) have greater test-retest reliability. B) are less standardized. C) have lower reliability. D) are more difficult to administer and evaluate.
A
Compared with the original DSM, which was published in 1952, DSM-5 has: A) more than five times as many diagnostic categories. B) approximately twice as many diagnostic categories. C) slightly more diagnostic categories. D) slightly fewer diagnostic categories.
A
DSM-5 is the first edition of the DSM that requires clinicians to provide: A) both categorical information and dimensional information. B) only categorical information. C) only dimensional information. D) neither categorical information nor dimensional information.
A
Graduate school personnel review applying students' test scores, college grades, and relevant experience to determine who will be granted admission. This is similar to a clinician engaging in: A) assessment. B) diagnosis. C) treatment. D) classification.
A
If a clinician wanted to know more detailed information about a person's functioning in a specific area, the clinician would use a: A) response inventory. B) Thematic Apperception Test. C) measure of reliability. D) validity assessment.
A
Minsoo loves to eat sugary food. When he is alone, he eats all the sweets he wants. However, when someone is watching, Minsoo eats fewer sweets. This tendency to decrease a behavior while being observed is an example of: A) reactivity. B) observer bias. C) observer drift. D) poor reliability.
A
One reason why it is challenging for clinicians to determine whether a treatment for a psychological disorder is effective is that: A) it is difficult to measure improvement. B) many clinicians do not use evidence-based treatments. C) multiple treatment approaches may be used at the same time. D) use of medication masks the underlying cause of the disorder.
A
Research studies evaluating how effective individual therapies are at treating particular disorders have commonly reported: A) significant differences among therapies. B) minor differences among therapies. C) no differences among therapies. D) no differences among therapies and placebo treatment.
A
Studies show that errors in diagnosis MOST commonly involve information gathered: A) early in the assessment process and in a hospital setting. B) late in the assessment process and in a hospital setting. C) early in the assessment process and in a private office setting. D) late in the assessment process and in a private office setting.
A
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) designed a new neuroscience-focused classification tool as an alternative to DSM-5. This tool is called the: A) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). B) Beck Depression Inventory. C) International Classification of Diseases (ICD). D) Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test.
A
The assessment instrument MOST likely to be used to detect subtle brain abnormalities is the: A) neuropsychological test. B) intelligence test. C) psychophysiological test. D) projective test.
A
The therapy found to be most effective for treating schizophrenia is: A) drug therapy. B) Gestalt therapy. C) electroconvulsive therapy. D) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
A
The three MOST common factors that contribute to a positive treatment outcome are client factors, therapist factors, and: A) the client-therapist relationship. B) evidence-based treatment. C) family involvement. D) treatment support.
A
The uniformity myth is based on the false belief that: A) all therapies are equal. B) all research studies are of high quality. C) there is a single presentation for every psychological disorder. D) common strategies underlie all successful treatment approaches.
A
To study the general effectiveness of treatment, Smith and Glass and their colleagues performed a(n): A) meta-analysis of many studies. B) analysis of their clinical cases. C) survey of many clients who had received therapy. D) controlled study that involved random assignment of subjects to treatment conditions.
A
Under a psychologist's instruction, Grace's mother records the number of times Grace hits her brother at home, and what happens immediately before the hitting. In this situation, Grace's mother is: A) acting as a participant observer. B) demonstrating observer bias. C) conducting structured observations. D) engaging in self-monitoring behavior.
A
Using the criteria listed in DSM-5, Dr. Ross and Dr.Carman agree that Chloe is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder. This is an example of: A) reliability. B) generalizability. C) external validity. D) internal validity.
A
What is the movement that has tried to find the common factors and strategies that "good" therapists use? A) the rapprochement movement B) the idiosyncratics movement C) the uniformity movement D) the particularity movement
A
What kind of response inventory asks individuals to provide detailed information about their typical thoughts and assumptions? A) a cognitive inventory B) a behavioral inventory C) an affective inventory D) a social skill inventory
A
When clinicians assign a diagnosis, they are saying that the pattern of dysfunction is basically the same as one that has been displayed by many other people. This is MOST important because it means: A) the clinician can better predict which treatments will be effective. B) the client can feel assured that he or she is not alone in having this condition. C) the clinician must specify a diagnosis to be paid by health insurance providers. D) the clinician can stop progression of the disease or disorder.
A
Which is NOT a concern associated with DSM-5? A) lack of input from clinical advisors B) weak field research C) gender bias D) racial bias
A
Which is NOT one of the three categories of clinical assessment techniques used by mental health professionals? A) interventions B) tests C) observations D) clinical interviews
A
Which of the following is a concern about the reliability and validity of the DSM-5 diagnoses? A) categories that reflect gender or racial bias B) categories based on too much field research C) categories with overly restrictive descriptions D) categories too few in number for the field
A
Which of the following is a difference between the original MMPI and the MMPI-2? A) The MMPI-2 was tested on a more diverse group of people. B) The MMPI produces results that are not comparable to the results of the MMPI-2. C) The MMPI-2 is meant to be a response inventory. D) The MMPI produces only one score.
A
Which statement is the BEST response about a scientific opinion on the use of polygraphic evidence? A) Although they are used widely, polygraph results are not particularly reliable. B) The APA endorses their use. C) On average, 50 out of 100 truths are categorized as lies. D) Most courts admit evidence from polygraphs in criminal trials.
A
While treating a client, a clinician asks "Do you know where you are?" and "What is your name?" The clinician is probably conducting a(n): A) mental status exam. B) behavioral interview. C) sociocultural interview. D) intelligence test. Enter the appropriate word(s)to complete the statement.
A
A client complains of a phobia. Two lines of questioning by the clinician concern the specific object of the phobia (first line)and what the person does when confronted with that object (second line). This clinician's orientation is MOST likely: A) biological. B) cognitive-behavioral. C) humanistic. D) sociocultural.
B
A client is hooked up to an apparatus that measures galvanic skin response and blood pressure, after which the client verbally answers a series of questions. This is a(n): A) projective test. B) psychophysiological test. C) neuropsychological test. D) affective response inventory.
B
A clinician asks a client to interpret inkblots for a personality assessment. A possible reason for the clinician to do this is to: A) identify any underlying physiological conditions. B) learn about unconscious conflicts in the client. C) obtain detailed information about specific dysfunctional behaviors. D) obtain detailed information about specific dysfunctional cognitions.
B
A clinician follows predetermined steps while administering a clinical assessment tool,then measures the results against a norm.This is an example of: A) reliability. B) standardization. C) validity. D) screening.
B
A clinician uses the Rorschach test to focus on the actual images that a person describes. The clinician is emphasizing: A) style. B) theme. C) color. D) latency to respond.
B
A clinician's knowledge that a person about to be interviewed has already been diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder could lead to: A) reactivity. B) observer bias. C) observer drift. D) cross-situational invalidity.
B
A new test for anxiety is initially given to individuals who are waiting to take introductory psychology final exams. Their scores are used as the norm. It is later determined that the new test lacks adequate standardization. What is the MOST likely reason for that, based on this information? A) The test was initially administered to students, but in practice, it was administered to nonstudents as well. B) Students about to take an exam would likely be experiencing higher than normal anxiety. C) The initial test was administered before the students took their exams rather than after the exams. D) All of the students' initial scores were used in determining the norms for scoring the live tests.
B
A person taking a polygraph test is suspected of lying when measures of physiological variables such as heart rate and perspiration are: A) higher for control questions than for test questions. B) higher for test questions than for control questions. C) evenly high for test questions and control questions. D) unchanging for test questions and control questions.
B
A present-day clinician uses terms like dementia and mental retardation for diagnostic categories. That clinician is using terms: A) common to both DSM-5 and previous forms of the DSM. B) not used in DSM-5 but used in previous forms of the DSM. C) used in DSM-5 but not used in previous forms of the DSM. D) not used in either DSM-5 or in previous forms of the DSM.
B
A procedure that DSM-5 developers relied on to improve validity was: A) conducting field trials for existing criteria and categories. B) conducting extensive research reviews. C) consulting with insurance providers. D) decreasing the number of diagnostic categories and criteria.
B
A psychiatrist says, "I'm a strong believer in a combined approach to therapy. In fact, I frequently participate in combined approaches, although I don't practice psychotherapy." Based on this statement, this psychiatrist's specialty is MOST likely: A) eclecticism. B) psychopharmacology. C) rapprochement. D) cognitive-behavioral.
B
A student who is quiet in class might be the life of the party on the weekend. Clinical observation of that student in class would lack: A) observer bias. B) validity. C) reactivity. D) an analog.
B
A test is constructed to identify people who will develop schizophrenia. Of the 100 people the test identifies,93 show signs that they will develop schizophrenia within five years. The test may be said to have high: A) internal reliability. B) predictive validity. C) concurrent validity. D) test-retest reliability.
B
After a client shares his or her DSM diagnosis with others, people may treat the client differently, and the client may act accordingly. Many theorists would attribute this to the development of: A) generalized anxiety. B) a self-fulfilling prophecy. C) a somatic symptom disorder, as opposed to a psychiatric disorder. D) a crisis of faith.
B
Assessment tools such as a depression severity rating scale are used to provide which kind of information for making a diagnosis? A) categorical B) dimensional C) psychosocial D) sociocultural
B
DSM-5 is the classification system for abnormal behaviors that is: A) used by the World Health Organization. B) most widely used in the United States. C) used for medical disorders. D) used exclusively for children.
B
During a session with a client, Dr. Dorsett asks a client to talk about himself. When the client begins to speak, Dr. Dorsett asks a follow-up question based on an interesting point the client made. There are few constraints on the conversation. Dr. Dorsett has just: A) used free association. B) conducted an unstructured interview. C) completed a response inventory. D) employed a projective test.
B
During a session, Willow is given several sheets of paper. The questions describe a variety of situations to gauge how she thinks and what she would do in different situations. Willow must then go through and check "True," "False," or "Cannot say" for each question. Willow is MOST likely taking a: A) projective test. B) personality inventory. C) neuropsychological test. D) sentence-completion test.
B
During a session, a client views several photos that depict people in different social scenarios. As the client views the pictures, the clinician asks the client to fabricate a story to explain what is happening in each picture. The patient is taking: A) the Rorschach test. B) the Thematic Apperception Test. C) the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). D) an intelligence test.
B
Ethan is consumed with concern that his house will burn down. Before he leaves, he makes sure that all his appliances are unplugged. He often has to go back home and check to make sure he did not leave any plugged in. Which MMPI-2 scale would he MOST likely score high on? A) schizophrenia scale B) psychasthenia scale C) social introversion scale D) psychopathic deviate scale
B
Studies report that most therapists are MOST likely to learn about the latest information on the treatment of psychological disorders from: A) reading research articles. B) talking with professional colleagues. C) conducting their own research. D) writing grants.
B
If a clinician is particularly interested in a client's family medical history, that clinician's orientation is MOST likely: A) cognitive-behavioral. B) biological. C) sociocultural. D) psychodynamic.
B
In evaluating lie-detection methods, researchers have noted that magnetic resonance imaging: A) is not useful in detecting lies. B) is better than polygraphs at detecting lies. C) does not produce false-positive readings. D) provides consistent rates of detection in multiple studies.
B
It is thought that which technique will provide additional assessment information about numerous psychological disorders? A) projective testing B) brain scanning C) polygraph testing D) cell regeneration
B
Studies of diagnostic conclusions made by clinicians show that clinicians: A) do not emphasize information gathered early in the assessment process. B) pay too much attention to certain sources of information. C) ask for consultations in approximately half of their cases. D) take overt measures to prevent their biases from playing a role in their decisions.
B
Studies that seek to avoid the uniformity myth focus on the: A) effectiveness of treatment in general. B) effectiveness of specific treatment approaches. C) differences in clinical presentation of a specific disorder. D) differences in clinicians' experiences in implementing treatments.
B
Support for the use of evidence-based forms of psychotherapy: A) has declined in recent years. B) has increased in recent years. C) has been stable for many years. D) increased a few years ago but is now declining.
B
Surveys of highly successful therapists have reported that these therapists consistently try to promote self-mastery in their clients. From this finding, one can conclude that the technique of promoting self-mastery: A) should be incorporated into all treatment approaches for all disorders. B) may help promote successful therapy outcomes in clients. C) should be included in the treatment for specific disorders. D) is a significant contributor to client improvement.
B
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (presently DSM-5) was developed by the: A) American Psychoanalytic Association. B) American Psychiatric Association. C) American Psychological Association. D) American Phrenological Association.
B
The MOST legitimate criticism of intelligence tests concerns their: A) validity. B) cultural fairness. C) reliability. D) standardization.
B
The assumption behind the use of projective tests as assessment tools is that: A) they allow for comparison of a client's behavior against a norm. B) the responses come from the client's unconscious. C) they stimulate abnormal behaviors that the clinician can observe. D) patient responses to specific stimuli will uncover specific disorders.
B
The general score derived from intelligence tests is termed a(n)intelligence: A) drift. B) quotient. C) correlation. D) probability.
B
The process of evaluating a person's progress after he or she has been in treatment is called a: A) nomothetic approach. B) clinical assessment. C) behavioral diagnosis. D) functional analysis.
B
The validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Test is BEST described as: A) highly valid. B) better than that of projective tests. C) about the same as that of projective tests. D) highly invalid.
B
To obtain the clearest and most accurate picture of the physical anatomy of the brain to aid in the diagnosis of a psychological disorder, the method of choice would be a(n): A) MMPI-2. B) fMRI. C) EEG. D) PET scan.
B
Use of projective tests has decreased in the past few decades because projective tests often have: A) interrater reliability that is too high. B) poor validity. C) rigid scoring standards. D) bias against majority groups.
B
What do you call a person who primarily prescribes medication but does not conduct psychotherapy? A) a pharmacist B) a psychopharmacologist C) a clinical psychologist D) a family practice nurse
B
What kind of inventory asks about how one would act with others in a variety of situations? A) a cognitive inventory B) a social skills inventory C) a functional inventory D) an affective inventory
B
Which action would a clinician who is using naturalistic observation be MOST likely to take? A) observe parent-child interactions in an office setting B) observe parent-child interactions in the family's home C) have a parent self-monitor family interactions in an office setting D) have a parent self-monitor family interactions at home
B
Which category of clinical tests tends to have the BEST standardization, reliability, and validity? A) projective tests B) intelligence tests C) response inventories D) personality inventories
B
Which is NOT a question that therapy outcome studies seek to answer? A) Is therapy in general effective? B) Which therapies are effective for all clients? C) Are particular therapies generally effective? D) Are particular therapies effective for particular problems?
B
Which of the following tests is a personality inventory? A) TAT B) MMPI-2 C) Rorschach D) Draw-a-Person
B
Which statement BEST describes why treatment outcomes vary in clients? A) Success of treatment is largely dependent on the client's expectations regarding therapy. B) Many factors, both on the client side and on the clinician side, can affect therapy outcomes. C) A large number of clinicians do not use standardized rating scales to monitor client progress during therapy. D) Clients commonly try to self-medicate and manage their symptoms on their own rather than adhering to prescribed therapies.
B
Which statement about clinical interviews is TRUE? A) Research shows that most clients speak objectively about their own behavior. B) Clinicians' biases can influence how they interpret the information obtained from clinical interviews. C) Clinicians agree that the clinical interview is the most useful clinical assessment tool. D) Clients share more details with clinicians who are viewed as cool and distant.
B
Which statement is the BEST conclusion about the various assessment techniques? A) There is one standard assessment battery used by all clinicians in every situation. B) Respect for assessment is on the rise. C) Clinicians have abandoned the use of assessment. D) Assessment is used at the beginning of therapy but not thereafter.
B
Which test is NOT a projective test? A) Rorschach test B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) C) Draw-a-Person test D) Thematic Apperception Test
B
You know, it really doesn't matter: One kind of psychotherapy is generally just about as good as any other. Someone who agrees with this statement is: A) making an accurate statement about what we know about psychotherapy. B) falling victim to the uniformity myth. C) accurately reflecting the findings of most meta-analyses. D) failing to notice therapeutic rapprochement.
B
"Let's just do away with diagnoses," says a clinician." All we do is make things worse." That clinician's viewpoint is: A) shared by a strong majority of those working in the area of abnormality. B) shared by almost no one working in the area of abnormality. C) shared by some of those working in the area of abnormality. D) represented in DSM-5, which does not require a specific diagnosis.
C
A 13-year-old makes notable errors in accuracy on the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test. This finding suggests: A) drift. B) psychasthenia. C) organic brain impairment. D) attention-deficit disorder.
C
A campus newspaper publishes an Exam Anxiety test that newspaper staffers put together one evening just before their publishing deadline. Despite its hasty construction, the test MOST likely has: A) standardization. B) predictive validity. C) face validity. D) concurrent validity.
C
A clinical psychologist says that she selects the best treatment for a client based on the current recommendations outlined in research studies. This clinical psychologist believes in using: A) intuitively based treatment. B) culture-constrained treatment. C) evidence-based treatment. D) meta-analytical treatment.
C
A clinical psychologist who is asked how he decides on the best treatment says "Simple: I make sure to read the most recent research studies in therapy and follow their advice." This clinical psychologist is: A) typical; almost all therapists read about and use the most current forms of therapy. B) common; most therapists read about and use the most current forms of therapy. C) unusual; most therapists base therapy decisions on something other than what they can read in research journals. D) rare; almost all therapists make treatment decisions based on what is available on Web sites.
C
A clinician can include three kinds of information in making a diagnosis: a diagnostic category, a severity rating for the disorder, and additional information about possibly relevant psychosocial factors. According to DSM-5, a clinician is required to include: A) all three kinds of information. B) a diagnostic category and additional information but not a severity rating. C) a diagnostic category and a severity rating but not additional information. D) a diagnostic category and a severity rating but only additional psychosocial information.
C
A clinician is particularly interested in a client's family background and community influences. The clinician's orientation is MOST likely: A) biological. B) humanistic. C) sociocultural. D) psychodynamic.
C
A mental health practitioner attempts to learn about the behavior and emotional state of each client. This approach to abnormal psychology is called: A) behavioral. B) nomothetic. C) idiographic. D) psychodynamic.
C
A person knows he is being observed and changes his behavior to make a good impression. What is this known as? A) observer drift B) observer bias C) reactivity D) naturalistic change
C
An assessor misinterprets a cultural response about spiritualism as pathological delusion. Who is MOST at risk for making this misinterpretation? A) a male assessor B) a female assessor C) a dominant-culture assessor D) an ethnic-minority assessor
C
Binet and Simon are known for their work in creating a(n): A) projective test. B) personality inventory. C) intelligence test. D) brain scan.
C
Deciding that a client's psychological problems represent a particular disorder is called: A) psychotherapy. B) assessment. C) diagnosis. D) triage.
C
How does an MRI make a picture of the brain? A) It measures the degree of activity in the various areas scanned. B) It uses X-rays and takes pictures at several different angles. C) It relies on the magnetic properties of the atoms in the cells scanned. D) It uses a recording of the electrical impulses produced by the neurons in the brain.
C
If a new test for assessing anorexic tendencies produces scores comparable to those of other tests for assessing anorexic tendencies, then the new test has high: A) predictive validity. B) standardization criteria. C) concurrent validity. D) interjudge reliability.
C
If a panel of experts evaluates test results and clinical interviews with a client and all arrive at the same diagnosis, that diagnosis is said to have high: A) internal validity. B) predictive validity. C) interrater reliability. D) test-retest reliability.
C
In DSM-5, Asperger's syndrome is classified under which new category? A) autistic disorder B) disruptive mood dysregulation C) autism spectrum disorder D) obsessive-compulsive disorder
C
On average, patients receiving therapy for a psychological problem improve more than do what percent of people with similar problems who do not receive treatment? A) 0 percent B) 25 percent C) 75 percent D) 100 percent
C
One strength of intelligence tests is their: A) lack of racial or cultural bias. B) accuracy even when test-takers have high anxiety. C) very high reliability and fairly high validity. D) singular focus on verbal skills.
C
One way a clinician might try to reduce observer drift would be to: A) increase the number of different behaviors being monitored. B) try to focus on different aspects of one behavior being monitored. C) decrease the lengths of the observation periods. D) try not to learn too much about a client before making observations.
C
A client with autism is being simultaneously treated by a psychiatrist and a psychologist. This represents a: A) dual diagnosis. B) rapprochement. C) uniform approach. D) combined approach.
D
Some studies have reported that 5 to 10 percent of patients with psychological disorders get worse after starting treatment. From this finding, one can conclude that: A) a small percentage of patients cannot be helped with treatment. B) treatment causes additional symptoms in some clients. C) not all treatments are equally effective in all clients. D) a small percentage of clinicians are not adequately trained to treat clients.
C
Symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a: A) treatment. B) classification system. C) syndrome. D) medical condition.
C
The clinical interview can be used as an assessment tool, but it is limited by: A) a lack of validity in minority groups. B) a rigid approach. C) the clinician's possible overreliance on first impressions. D) the time gap between client sessions.
C
Therapies that have received clear research support are called: A) meta-analyses. B) idiographic therapies. C) evidence-based therapies. D) outcome complex therapies.
C
To measure tendencies toward depression,an assessment tool asks individuals to record all the times they feel sad.However,individuals report wide variations in the number of sad episodes from day to day.This assessment tool has: A) high test-retest reliability and high face validity. B) high test-retest reliability and low face validity. C) low test-retest reliability and high face validity. D) low test-retest reliability and low face validity.
C
What is the relationship between the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)and DSM-5? A) The psychological disorders and related diagnostic criteria are identical in both publications. B) DSM-5 contains some psychological disorders not listed in the ICD, but for those that are listed in both publications, the descriptions and diagnostic criteria are identical. C) The two publications do not include identical lists of psychological disorders; for those disorders listed in both, the DSM-5 descriptions and diagnostic criteria are often more detailed. D) The ICD does not include any psychological disorders.
C
When Rorschach testers ask, after the test, questions like, "Did the person respond to the whole picture or to specific details, and to the colors or the white spaces?", they are interested in the _____ of the response. A) theme B) content C) style D) images
C
When dealing with a new client, the clinical practitioner's major focus is to gather which type of information? A) diagnostic information B) nomothetic information C) idiographic information D) objective information
C
Which factor leads to increased respect for assessment and diagnosis? A) the ability to identify disorders without assessment B) more global and less precise DSM-5 categories C) increased assessment research D) decreased emphasis on clinical studies involving "real" patients
C
Which of the following factors contribute the MOST to therapy outcomes? A) client factors B) specific therapy techniques C) events in the client's life D) therapist factors
C
Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process? A) its high validity B) that it asks only open-ended questions C) the chance to get a general sense of the client D) the reliability of the technique
C
Which procedure is NOT a form of neuroimaging? A) an MRI B) a CT scan C) a DEXA scan D) a PET scan
C
Which statement about the current use of projective techniques by clinicians is TRUE? A) Projective tests are no longer used. B) Projective tests are being increasingly used by humanistic clinicians. C) Projective tests, when used, serve as a secondary source of insight about clients. D) Projective tests have a more prominent place in the clinician's repertoire than they did 50 years ago.
C
A clinical diagnostician is dissatisfied with tests that cannot specify the type of brain damage or brain impairment that clients have. The BEST suggestion for that diagnostician would be to use: A) the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test. B) the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. C) the Beck Inventory. D) a battery of neuropsychological tests.
D
A clinical interviewer is interested in stimuli that trigger abnormal responses, the resultant consequences, and the client's assumptions and interpretation. This is MOST indicative of which psychological orientation? A) the biological orientation B) the psychodynamic orientation C) the humanistic orientation D) the cognitive-behavioral orientation
D
A clinician administers a test to a group of participants who are typical of a larger population and records their scores. The clinician plans to measure future test results of the larger population against those scores. The clinician is: A) conducting assessment. B) creating predictive validity. C) checking test-retest reliability. D) developing the norms.
D
A person is diagnosed as having severe generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder represents which part of the diagnosis? A) primary information B) additional information C) dimensional information D) categorical information
D
A person wonders how likely he is to qualify for a DSM diagnosis in his lifetime. Assuming that this person is "typical," the MOST accurate answer (based on survey results)would be: A) Unlikely; only approximately 10 percent of all people will ever qualify for a DSM diagnosis. B) Somewhat unlikely; approximately 20 percent of all people will at some point qualify for a DSM diagnosis. C) Pretty likely; approximately one-third of all people will at some point qualify for a DSM diagnosis. D) Likely; almost half of all people will at some point qualify for a DSM diagnosis.
D
A psychologist constructs a comprehensive view of what is causing and maintaining a person's abnormal behavior. This is referred to as: A) a model. B) the diagnosis. C) an interpretation. D) the clinical picture.
D
A therapist's preferred method of assessing abnormal behavior is to watch clients in their everyday environments and record their activities and behaviors. This approach is known as: A) self-monitoring. B) battery observation. C) analog observation. D) naturalistic observation.
D
Among other questions, a clinical interviewer asks, "How do you feel about yourself today? How do you feel about what's going on in your life?" MOST likely, the clinical interviewer's orientation is: A) biological. B) cognitive-behavioral. C) psychodynamic. D) humanistic.
D
An individual who receives a DSM diagnosis is MOST likely to: A) move into a residential treatment facility. B) share his or her diagnosis freely with others. C) experience a feeling of relief after the diagnosis. D) find it more difficult to get a job if the diagnosis is shared.
D
An institutionalized individual behaving abnormally says, "The doctor claims I'm schizophrenic! How else would you expect me to act?" The individual's comments reflect: A) a misdiagnosis. B) the presence of a comorbidity. C) a misunderstanding of multiaxial diagnosis. D) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
D
Approximately how many mental disorders does the DSM-5 list? A) 200 B) 300 C) 400 D) 500
D
During a session, a clinician asks the patient to illustrate something; the clinician then focuses on where on the page the drawing is placed, the size of the drawing, and the parts the patient omitted. What test did the patient likely just take? A) Rorschach B) TAT C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) D) Draw-a-Person
D
During an examination, a clinician administers a test in which clients create narratives after viewing a series of pictures that depict city skylines. This test is most likely a: A) neuropsychological test. B) personality inventory. C) response inventory. D) projective test.
D
Gertrude is a college student. Her roommate notices that she frequently displays symptoms of depression at home but seldom does so at work or during class. In this case, clinical observations of this person at work would lack: A) observer bias. B) observer drift. C) structure. D) cross-situational validity.
D
If a person had his brain waves recorded to measure electrical activity, he MOST likely had a(n): A) positron emission tomography (PET) scan. B) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. C) computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. D) electroencephalogram (EEG).
D
Liam is known by others as a rebellious person who seems to have a complete disregard for rules and laws. He does what he wants, without regard for the consequences and without a sense of guilt. Some accuse him of being emotionally shallow. He would probably score high on the MMPI-2 scale called: A) paranoia. B) schizophrenia. C) psychasthenia. D) psychopathic deviate.
D
Of the people who would qualify for a DSM diagnosis in their lifetime, surveys show comorbidity in what percent? A) less than 5 percent B) approximately 8 percent C) approximately 10 percent D) approximately 28 percent
D
One reason to question the validity of clinical interviews is that: A) people respond differently to different interviewers. B) people may respond differently to clinicians who are not of their race. C) on different days, people might describe themselves differently. D) interviewers may make mistakes in how they interpret the information they gather.
D
The DSM-5 was published in: A) 2004. B) 2007. C) 2010. D) 2013.
D
The reliability concerns for DSM-5 MOST likely arise because of its: A) inability to predict the outcome of disorders more accurately. B) exclusion of minority populations. C) greater reliance on labeling mental disorders. D) lack of adequate field trials of new criteria and categories.
D
The technique that uses X rays of the brain taken at different angles to create a static picture of the structure of the brain is called: A) electroencephalography. B) magnetic resonance imaging. C) position emission tomography. D) computerized axial tomography.
D
The test that reports the person's results on clinical scales such as "hypochondriasis" and "psychopathic deviate" is the: A) sentence-completion test. B) Thematic Apperception Test. C) Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test. D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
D
The therapy found to be most effective for treating phobias is: A) drug therapy. B) Gestalt therapy. C) electroconvulsive therapy. D) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
D
Those who develop standard treatment guidelines for each disorder based on research findings and who then share that information with clinicians are promoting: A) meta-analysis. B) rapprochement. C) standardized coding. D) empirically supported treatment.
D
What is a factor that might inhibit the use of effective assessment tools? A) Too few clinicians are sufficiently trained to use these tools. B) Many tools are simplistic in their design, allowing clients to figure out the "right" answer. C) There are an incredibly large number of assessments to select from. D) Most assessment tools are expensive to administer and evaluate.
D
What kind of inventory asks about one's level of anxiety, depression, or anger? A) a cognitive inventory B) a social skills inventory C) a functional inventory D) an affective inventory
D
When beginning to speak with a client, a health care provider says "Do you want to share a bit about yourself and why you are here?" The clinician is MOST likely conducting a(n): A) mental status exam. B) personality test. C) structured interview. D) unstructured interview.
D
Which factor differentiates DSM-5 from earlier versions of the DSM? A) Psychologists, not psychiatrists, are primarily responsible for DSM-5. B) Psychiatrists, not psychologists, are primarily responsible for DSM-5. C) DSM-5 does not require both dimensional and categorical information. D) DSM-5 requires both dimensional and categorical information.
D
Which of the following is a valid critique of the use of response inventories? A) They do not have good face validity. B) They have a long development cycle. C) They are standardized too rigidly. D) They are not well tested.
D
Which statement is MOST accurate? A) The DSM has remained largely unchanged since its first edition. B) The DSM was originally developed by the World Health Organization. C) The DSM served as the model for the classification system that Emil Kraepelin later developed. D) The classification system that Emil Kraepelin developed served as the model for the DSM.
D
Which statement is TRUE regarding the reliability of DSM-5? A) Research studies have consistently shown very high reliability across all diagnoses. B) Reliability is highest for newer diagnoses that were not included in DSM-I. C) Reliability is highest for diagnoses that have been included since DSM-I. D) Some research studies have reported better reliability with DSM-5 over earlier versions, but other studies have not.
D
Which tool is designed to uncover counterproductive patterns of thinking? A) the MMPI-2 B) a Rorschach test C) an affective inventory D) a cognitive inventory
D