Psyc 2080 ch 9

On occasion, the Type 4 rapist engages in sexual sadism that is so extreme that the victim may be murdered. To qualify as an overt, sadistic rapist, the offender must demonstrate the following:

- A level of aggression or violence that clearly exceeds what is necessary to force compliance of the victim - Explicit, unambiguous evidence that aggression is sexually exciting and arousing to him. This can be illustrated either by descriptions indicating that the offender derives sexual pleasure from injurious acts to the victim or by the fact that the injurious acts are focused on parts of the body that have sexual significance.

Forensic psychologists encounter sex offenders primarily as individuals they are evaluating in a number of contexts. What are these contexts?

- An alleged sex offender may be assessed before a judge decides to grant bail or a convicted offender may be assessed before a judge determines a sentence. - Forensic psychologists often conduct risk assessments of juvenile sex offenders and evaluate them with respect to their amenability for rehabilitation. - Correctional psychologists also may assess sex offenders before parole hearings or offer treatment to sex offenders both in community and prison settings. - A sex offender being released from prison after serving their sentence may undergo risk assessment as to whether they are dangerous and should be involuntarily civilly committed. - Forensic psychologists also may help police investigating sex crimes, such as by identifying categories of sex offenders.

To be classified as an opportunistic rapist according to the MTC: R3, the offender must show the following:

- Callous indifference to the welfare and comfort of the victim - Presence of no more force than is necessary to get the compliance of the victim (instrumental aggression). Any excessive force or aggression—beyond what is needed to carry out the offense—rules out this type. - Evidence of adult impulsive behavior, such as frequent fighting, vandalism, and other impulse-driven antisocial behaviors

To qualify as a vindictive rapist, the following behaviors must be evident:

- Clear evidence, in verbalization or behavior, of the intent to demean, degrade, or humiliate the victim - No evidence that the aggressive behavior is eroticized or that sexual pleasure is derived from the injurious acts - The injurious acts are not focused on parts of the body that have sexual significance

The "amount of contact" dimension identifies six types of CSOs:

- High contact, interpersonal interests (Type 1) - High contact, sexual interests (Type 2) - Low contact, low physical injury, exploitative (Type 3) - Low contact, low physical injury, psychologically sadistic (Type 4) - Low contact, high physical injury, aggressive (Type 5) - Low contact, high physical injury, victim pain (Type 6)

The MTC researchers have distinguished four types of CSOs based on this dimension:

- High fixation, low social competence (Type 0) - High fixation, high social competence (Type 1) - Low fixation, low social competence (Type 2) - Low fixation, high social competence (Type 3)

What are the caveats for the typologies of men who rape?

- Individuals do not always fit neatly into a particular type; they only approximate it. - Very few typologies have been subjected to empirical verification or validation studies, and they sometimes encourage stereotypes of offenders. -However, typologies can be very useful in organizing a vast array of behavioral patterns. They are also useful in correctional facilities for risk management, such as deciding where to place an inmate, or in treatment programming, such as deciding what particular treatment technique or strategy might be most beneficial for an inmate or offender.

To qualify as a sadistic, muted rapist on the other hand, the offender must demonstrate the following:

- Instrumental aggression or enough force to gain compliance - Evidence that sexual fantasies of violence or the victim's fear excite him

Research data suggest there are at least three distinct sexual-offending arrest trajectories. What are these trajectories?

- One group of offenders peak at age 25 - A second group peak at around age 30 - A third group peak at age 32 Over 99% of arrests for rape are of men.

type 3 rapists occupational history is usually stable and often reveals some level of success. He perceives himself as athletic, strong, and masculine. These offenders experienced chaotic and unstable childhoods and family life. Many of them were adopted or foster children who were often neglected or abused. According to Knight and Prentky (1987), an offender must demonstrate the following characteristics to be classified as the pervasively angry type:

- Presence of a high degree of nonsexualized aggression or rage expressed through verbal or physical assault that clearly exceeds what is necessary to gain compliance of the victim (expressive aggression) - Evidence of adolescent and adult sexual and nonsexual antisocial behavior - Carries out attacks that are usually unplanned and unpremeditated - So far, no particular subtypes have been identified for the pervasively angry rapist.

Assignment to the non-sadistic categories requires what behavioral indicators?

- Presence of verbalizations aimed at self-reassurance and self-affirmation · Behaviors that reflect, albeit in a distorted fashion, an attempt at establishing an amorous relationship with the victim - Concerns for the victim's welfare, comfort, and enjoyment of the sexual experience There may be at least two subtypes of non-sadistic, sexually motivated rapists, similar to the two subdivisions of the opportunistic rapist.

What is sexual assault?

- legal issues of criminal sexual behavior -We use the term sexual assault when describing legal issues of criminal sexual behavior, when used in government documents, or when describing research findings or scholarly comments that specifically apply the term

What are victims?

-CSOs tend to select children who do not have many friends and appear to lack confidence, have low self-esteem, and are unhappy/ emotionally needy -Disabilities of any kind tend to increase the vulnerability of children to sexual predators. -Children from families in which parents do not show the child sufficient attention or affection are also especially vulnerable.

Shaw et al. (2016) examined police records of actual sexual assault investigations to determine the extent to which police endorsed rape myths. They found statements implying acceptance of rape myths in over half of the case records. The statements were categorized into three victim-blaming groups, what are they?

-Circumstantial—these statements minimized the rape on the basis of the circumstances of the assault (e.g., the victim was not injured or was not "emotional" enough about the attack). - Characterological—these statements focused on the character of the victim (e.g., she was a regular drug user or she should not have been out alone that late). - Investigatory—these statements made excuses for a less-than-thorough investigation because the victim was unwilling to assist, without considering what may have led to a victim's noncooperation during the early stages of the investigation. Research has consistently reported that nearly half of rape victims who report the assault to police are treated in a manner they described as upsetting or humiliating.

In vindictive rapists,In most instances, the victims are complete strangers, although the victim may possess certain characteristics that attract the assailant's attention. Often, in addition to using physical abuse, this attacker will use...

-a great deal of profanity and emotional abuse through threats. Resisting this particular rapist may engender more violence from him.

What is sexual violence?

-a sexual act committed against someone without their consent -This includes "completed or attempted forced penetration, alcohol or drug-facilitated penetration of a victim, forced acts in which a victim is made to penetrate someone, and unwanted sexual contact" (Aroustamian, 2020, p. 2). Sexual violence refers to a wide spectrum of criminal behaviors of sexual abuse including sexual trafficking and sexual exploitation, child sexual abuse and incest, and sexual harassment. It is also used to refer to a range of sexual criminal acts from unwanted touching and kissing to rubbing, groping or forcing the victim to touch the perpetrator in a sexual manner. -we will use the term sexual violence when broadly describing both criminal or unwanted but not necessarily criminal sexual behaviors.

The nine discrete rape subtypes are differentiated on the basis of six variables that have been consistently found by clinicians and researchers to play an important role in the behavioral, emotional, and thought patterns of a wide array of rapists (and child sex offenders). What are the six variables?

-agression -impulsivity -social competence -sexual fantasies -sadism -naive cognitions or beliefs

What are sexual fantasies?

-any mental imagery that is sexually arousing or erotic to the individual -Many clinicians believe that sexual fantasy is a necessary precursor to deviant sexual behavior. Most treatment programs for sex offenders include a component designed to directly change sexual fantasies. -It is not unusual for people to have sexual fantasies that would be inappropriate, or even criminal, for them to act on. Those men who are highly self-centered are more likely to be sexually aggressive and act out their sexual fantasies.

What is social competence?

-as a sex offender, having poor social and interpersonal skills, especially when dealing with the opposite sex -This feature is especially prominent in the behavioral patterns of child sex offenders. There are also consistent research findings that rapists as a group are not assertive in their everyday relationships with others.

What are Rape myths?

-attitudes and beliefs that are generally false but widely and persistently held and that serve to deny and justify male sexual aggression against women -Rape myths are often used to excuse sexual violence, create disbelief and hostility toward the victim, and bias criminal prosecution.

What is sadism?

-cruel and malicious acts that are enjoy by and often sexual arousing to the offender -sadistic rapists, compared to other types of rapists, tend to offend more frequently against victims who are close friends, intimates, or family.

What is a type 4 "overt" sexually motivated, sadistic rapists?

-demonstrates both sexual and aggressive elements in his assault -The victim's actual (not fantasized) pain and discomfort are prerequisites for his sexual excitement. He believes his victims fundamentally "enjoy" being abused, forcefully raped, aggressively dominated, and controlled. This type of rapist interprets the victim's resistance and struggle as a game, and the more the victim resists, the more excited and aggressive he becomes. At first, the attack may begin as attempts at seduction, but with increasing resistance from the victim, aggressive behaviors become increasingly prominent. On the other hand, rage or high levels of violence are precipitated in the offender when the victim becomes passive and submissive, so it seems to be a no-win situation for the victim. In this context, in the offender's eyes, the victim is no longer playing the "game" properly.

Overt sadistic rapists are frequently married, but they show little commitment to the marriage. Their backgrounds often show high levels of sexual and nonsexual offending, beginning during adolescence or before and ranging from truancy to rape-murder. They have often had severe behavior problems in school, and throughout their lifetimes they have displayed poor behavior control and a low frustration tolerance. They manifest more paraphilias than the other types of rapists. What is are paraphilias?

-denotes an intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically, normal, physically mature, consenting human partners -A paraphilia becomes a disorder when it causes distress or impairment to the individual or entails personal harm or risk of harm to others.

What is the primary reason for sexual violence?

-desire for power, control, and dominance -sexual gratification may be the primary reason as well. Even when gratification is a primary motive, however, the exertion of power and control are almost as important—if not equally so.

What is the opportunistic rapist (types 1 and 2)?

-engages in sexual assault simply because the opportunity to rape presents itself -This offender type is motivated more by contextual factors and opportunity than by any internally driven sexual fantasy. -The most prominent characteristic of these offenders is their impulsivity and lack of self-control. This poor impulse control leads to a pervasive and enduring lifestyle of impulsive and irresponsible behavior, frequently leading to an extensive criminal career. Rape becomes only one of many antisocial behaviors in this person's repertoire.

What is the second dimension?

-focuses on the amount of contact with children, the level of injury to the victim, and the amount of sadism manifested in the attack. -MTC researchers have also discovered that CSOs can be distinguished on the basis of how much daily contact they seek with children

Legal definitions of what constitutes a sexual offense vary widely from state to state. In a majority of states, the broad term sexual assault has replaced the term rape in the criminal statutes. What is rape?

-forced penetration of vaginal, anal, or oral regions of the body -Sexual assault recognizes that victims also may be violated in ways that do not involve penetration, such as groping or fondling. In addition, in an effort to include males as victims, the statutes are becoming increasingly gender neutral.

Many men convicted of rape manifest a wide spectrum of antisocial behavior across their early life span. Mercado, Jeglic, Markus, Hanson, & Levenson (2011) found that about 70% of the sexual offenders had been charged with a prior nonsexual offense. This suggests that rape may be a part of general criminality. What is general criminality?

-global propensity for rule violation, meanness, impulsivity, overlaps with antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, and antisocial personality pattern -emerging as a critical variable in predicting reoffending. Forensic psychologists are often involved in these assessments.

What is a pervasively angry rapist (type 3)?

-global/ undifferentiated anger that pervades all areas of offenders's life -When these men attack women, their violent and aggressive behaviors exhibit a minimum or total absence of sexual arousal. Their attacks are characterized by high levels of aggression, and they inflict considerable injury on their victims. Psychopaths who sexually assault fall most often into the opportunistic or the pervasively angry categories.

What is a high-contact offender?

-has regular contact with children within both sexual and nonsexual contexts - may work in child-oriented field

What is Incest, AKA intrafamilial child molestation?

-if the child victim is the offender's relative -By far the largest group in this category is fathers who molest their sexually immature daughters or stepdaughters.

What is a type 7 Sexually Motivated, Non-Sadistic Rapist?

-may be more socially adaptable and competent and achieve more occupational advancement and professional development

What is a type 5 "muted" sexually motivated, sadistic rapists?

-motive is the victim's fear or some violent fantasy that aids in his sexual arousal -The victim's fear excites him, or he relies on some rehearsed sexual fantasy during the act to excite him. Type 5 (muted sadistic rapist) has been deleted in the new revision 4, which is still under development.

In 2018, the NCVS reported 734,630 rape/sexual assault victimizations reported by participants in the survey, which represents a victimization rate of 2.7 per 1,000 persons. UCR estimates are based on counts of crimes reported by law enforcement agencies, not by the victims themselves. The NCVS survey data indicated that only...

-only 25% of the respondents reported their rape/sexual assault victimization to law enforcement in 2018. -For UCR purposes, an offense is "cleared" when at least one person is arrested and charged or when circumstances beyond the control of law enforcement preclude an arrest for a crime that police believe has been solved. The latter would occur when a victim decides not to cooperate with police after initially doing so, or a suspect dies before an arrest can be made. Nationally, 33.4% of rapes were cleared during 2018. But remember that a majority of rapes are not reported to police, and only a small percentage are prosecuted.

These men live in a world of fantasy, oriented around themes of how victims will yield eagerly under attack, submit to what?

-pleasurable intercourse, and even request further contact with the rapist. In their sexual assaults, these rapists are described as being highly sexually aroused and showing obvious disturbances involving lack of control and cognitive-perceptual distortions of reality. -The victim of such a rapist is most often a stranger, but the rapist has probably watched and followed the victim for some time. Certain stimuli have drawn his attention and excited him.

What are Rape Shield laws?

-prohibit discussions of rape victim's sexual histories, during trial and do not require proof of resistance

What is pedophilia?

-psychological condition, over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges , or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 year or younger) occur, as defined in DSM-5 is not necessarily a crime -Fantasies or urges themselves are not criminal; they become so only if and when the individual acts upon them. It is also important to note that not all child sex offenders have the fantasies and urges that have traditionally been associated with pedophilia.

What is a type 6 Sexually Motivated, Non-Sadistic Rapist?

-quiet, shy, submissive, and social inadequate , low social competent -Although they are dependable workers, their poor social skills and resulting low self-esteem prevent them from succeeding at occupational advancement. This type of person is usually classified as low socially competent.

According to the UCR, there were an estimated 139,380 rapes (their definition includes..

-rape, attempted rape, and assault with intent to rape) of both female and male victims reported to law enforcement in 2018. -About 8 out of 10 rapes and sexual assaults go unreported to the police. An estimated 73% to 93% of sexual assaults that are reported are never prosecuted.

What is rape by fraud?

-the act of having sexual relations with a consenting adult under fraudulent conditions -Ex: removing condom half way through intercourse

MTC: CM3 classifies two types of CSOs who administer a high amount of physical injury to their victims. High injury is characterized by hitting; punching; choking; sodomizing; or forcing the child to ingest disgusting things, such as urine or feces. What are the two types?

-the aggressive offender (type 5) - the sadistic offender (type 6)

What is rape myth acceptance (RMA)?

-the false belief that women must be dominated and coerced into sexual activity -RMAs stem from the traditional view of masculinity that men should be strong, sexually assertive, dominant, and heterosexual. -Evidence reveals that RMAs significantly influence judges, lawyers, and law enforcement investigators in the way they handle rape cases. -RMAs still exist among lawyers and judges despite the existence of Rape Shield Laws

What is fixation?

-the intensity of pedophilic interest or the degree to which the offender is focused on children as sexual objects -High fixation means that the offender demonstrates an exclusive and long-standing preference for children as sexual objects, whereas a low fixation connotes that both children and adults can serve or have served as sexual objects for the offender.

What is social competence?

-the level of social and interpersonal skills, assertiveness , and self-esteem possessed by the offender -Low social competence signifies that the offender has inadequate social skills, is unassertive in dealing with adults, and demonstrates poor self-esteem. High social competence means the opposite.

What is statutory rape?

-the unlawful sexual intercourse with a female younger than the age of consent, which may be anywhere between 12 and 18, depending on the jurisdiction and state statute -If the person was below the age of consent, the state is not required to prove that the intercourse was without consent, as the young person is presumed incapable of consenting. A mistake made by the offender as to the victim's age is usually not a valid defense. - Many contemporary state statutes are becoming gender neutral, encompassing both boys and girls. Most states exempt peer relationships from statutory rape laws by requiring a minimum age for the offender or an age differential (typically 2 years) for the youths.

Koss and Dinero (1988) found that sexually aggressive men expressed greater hostility toward women, frequently used alcohol, frequently viewed violent and degrading pornography, and were closely connected...

-to peer groups that reinforced highly sexualized and dominating views toward women. These same men were more likely to believe that force and coercion are legitimate ways to gain compliance in sexual relationships. -A majority of sexually aggressive men subscribe to attitudes and ideology that encourage men to be dominant, controlling, and powerful, whereas women are expected to be submissive, permissive, and compliant. Such an orientation seems to have a particularly strong disinhibitory effect on sexually aggressive men, encouraging them to interpret ambiguous behaviors of women as come-ons, to believe that women are not really offended by coercive sexual behaviors, and to perceive rape victims as desiring and deriving gratification from being sexually assaulted.

What is expressive aggression?

-used by rapist to hurt, humiliate , abuse , or degrade the victim in some way -This form of aggression goes way beyond simply obtaining victim compliance and is often extremely violent.

What is instrumental aggression?

-used by rapists to gain victim compliance -There is usually no anger present in instrumental aggression, except in reaction to a victim's lack of cooperation or compliance.

What are Vindictive Rapists (Types 8 and 9)?

-uses the act of rape to harm, humiliate , and degrade victims women -A violent sexual assault is, in this rapist's eyes, the most humiliating and dominating act possible. The victims are brutally assaulted and subjected to sadistic acts such as biting, cutting, or tearing of parts of the body.

There is a strong connection between alcohol use and date or acquaintance rape. In more than...

1/2 of sexual assaults involving dating partners, alcohol had been consumed by either one or both partners. Women who consume alcohol may be perceived by many young men as sexually vulnerable, and thus are more likely to be the targets of sexual predators. Research has found that rapes where only the offenders were drinking were related to greater rape completion and victim injury.

Rapists tend to be young. According to the UCR,...

44% of those arrested for rape are younger than age 21, and more than 17% of those arrested are younger than age 18.

What are some Demographics of Child Sex Offenders?

Best estimates of the prevalence of child sex offenders (CSOs) among men in the general population is less than 1%. In a recent online survey of both men and women, it was discovered that 6% of men and 2% of women indicated some likelihood of having sex with a child if they were guaranteed they would not get caught or punished.

What is type 2 child molester?

CSOs have low fixation. They have had a fairly normal adolescence and good peer relationships and sexual experiences, but they later developed feelings of sexual inadequacy and self-doubt. These feelings of inadequacy were further exacerbated by failures in their occupational, social, or sexual lives. The Type 2 offender's background almost always includes alcohol abuse, divorce, and a poor employment history. Each pedophilic act is usually precipitated by a significant disappointment related to the offender's sexual and social adequacy in interaction with either female or male peers. Unlike Types 0 and 1, the low-fixated/low-socially competent offender prefers victims who are strangers and who live outside his neighborhood or area. The victims are nearly always female, and he seeks genital sex with the victim. Unlike Type 0 and 1 child molesters, this offender often feels remorseful for his actions and is willing to change.

Low physical injury is indicated by the absence of physical harm to the victim and the presence of such acts as pushing, shoving, slapping, holding, verbal threats, or other intimidation tactics. Low physical injury offenders are further classified into two types:

Exploitative, non-sadistic offenders (called Type 3) and Muted or symbolic, sadistic offenders (Type 4)

What is sexual assault defined as by The Campus Climate Survey Validation Study?

If a respondent reported unwanted and nonconsensual sexual contact but did not provide enough detail to be classified as either a sexual battery or rape

What are naive cognitions or beliefs?

Offense-justifying attitudes are prevalent among males prone to rape and, to some extent, among the general male population as well. Similar to sexual fantasies, irrational attitudes and cognitive distortions usually are a major focus of most treatment programs for sex offenders.

What is The Campus Climate Survey Validation Study (CCSVS)?

The survey of several college campuses divided sexual victimization into three categories: sexual battery, rape, and sexual assault.

What is acquaintance rape?

a sexual assault by a person whom the victim knows out of the context of a dating relationship—for example, a friend, neighbor, classmate, or relative. Date and acquaintance rape represent about 80% of all rapes.

What is date or acquaintance rape?

a sexual assault that occurs within the context of a dating or casual relationship

The opportunistic rapist sees the victim only as

a sexual object. He seems to have little concern for the victim's fear or discomfort. Opportunistic offenders consistently engage in troublesome acting-out behavior throughout their childhood, adolescence, and into adulthood.

What is impulsivity ?

a significant factor in many sexual assaults and criminal behavior in general. Some impulsive people seem to have an overpowering deficiency in self-control and continually revert to old behavioral patterns, regardless of the costs.

What is a Sexually Motivated, Sadistic Rapists (Types 4 and 5)?

adistic sexual offenders are either "overt" (Type 4) or "muted" (Type 5), depending on whether their sexually aggressive acts are directly expressed in violent attacks (overt) or are only fantasized (muted).

The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NIPSV) reports that about 1 in 5 women (18.3%) and 1 in 71 men in the US have been raped sometime during their lives, whether it was completed forced penetration, attempted forced penetration, or alcohol- or drug-facilitated completed penetration. More than half (51.1%) of female victims said they had been raped by...

an intimate partner, and another 40.8% had been raped by an acquaintance, such as a boyfriend or date. About one half (52.4%) of the male victims reported they were raped by an acquaintance and 15.1% by a stranger. Half of the female victims stated they experienced their first completed rape before age 18.

What is sexual battery?

any unwanted and nonconsensual sexual contact that involved forced touching of a sexual nature that did not involving penetration.

S. T. Holmes and Holmes (2002) report that non-sadistic, sexually motivated rapists prefer women who are what?

approximately their own age and race, especially those residing in the same neighborhood or close to their place of employment. The attacks are often done at night, with a time interval between attacks of 7 to 15 days. If the victim physically resists his attack, the non-sadistic rapist is likely to flee from the scene. During the entire incident, there will be very low levels of aggressive behavior on his part. Sometimes, if he is successful, he may contact the victim at a later time to inquire about her well-being or even to ask for a date.

What are Low-contact CSOs?

come in contact with children only when they decide to sexually assault a child -vary in amount of physical injury

The most extensively studied sex offender typologies are the ones developed by researchers and clinicians associated with the Massachusetts Treatment Center. The typology focuses on the behavioral patterns of...

convicted rapists, including the appearance of aggressive and sexual patterns in the sexual assaults. The MTC classification system now identifies four major types, based on the rapist's primary motivation (opportunistic, pervasively angry, sexual, vindictive), and nine subtypes.

What is a type 0 child molester?

displays a long-standing preference for children as both sexual and social companions. He has never been able to form a mature relationship with adult peers, male or female, and he is described by people who know him as socially immature, passive, timid, and dependent. He feels most comfortable with children. He is rarely married or in a long-lasting relationship and has a history of steady employment, although the type of work is often below his ability and intellectual capacity. Sexual contact with the child occurs after the two become fully acquainted through a number of social encounters. He rarely is aggressive or uses physical force and rarely engages in genital intercourse. The behavior is generally restricted to touching, fondling, or caressing the child. However, this pedophile is the most difficult to treat and is most likely to recidivate because he is not disturbed or troubled about his exclusive preference for children.

What is the aggressive offender (type 5)?

drawn to children for both aggressive and sexual reasons, but sadism is not the primary need

What are Sexually Motivated, Non-Sadistic Rapists (Types 6 and 7)?

engages in a sexual attack because of an intense sexual arousal prompted by specific stimuli identified in the intended victim

What are Muted or symbolic, sadistic offenders (Type 4)?

engages in a variety of frightening, painful, threatening acts, none of which causes significant physical injury to the child

What is the first dimension?

focuses on the degree of fixation the offender has on children and the level of social competence demonstrated by the offender

Perhaps because of the extremely negative attitudes the public has toward child sexual abuse, CSOs rarely take

full responsibility for their actions. Many claim that they went blank, were too intoxicated to know what they were doing, could not help themselves, or did not know what came over them.

In many date rapes, the male believes...

he is entitled to "payback" because he probably initiated the date, paid most of the expenses, and drove his vehicle or provided transportation, if transportation was needed.

What is a type 1 child molester?

is similar to Type 0 in his child molestation strategies. However, he tends to be more socially competent in dealing with the world, has higher self-esteem, and usually has a good work history in line with his competence.

What is a type 2 opportunistic rapist?

low in social competence and demonstrates impulsivity during adolescence

What does a type 8 vindictive rapist have?

low social competence

What is a type 1 opportunistic rapist?

manifests impulsivity in adulthood

What does a type 9 vindictive rapist have?

moderate social competence

What is the sadistic offender( type 6)?

obtains sexual pleasure from the pain, fear, and physical harm he inflicts on the child

Although some child sex offenders may demonstrate some interpersonal inadequacies, a large number appear to be quite interpersonally skillful in their strategies to gain access to children. They try to work what types of occupations?

occupations that put them in frequent contact with children, such as coaches, counselors, clergy, school crossing guards, school bus drivers, and even law enforcement.

Although many vindictive rapists are married, their relationships with women are characterized by periodic irritation and violence, and they probably engage in domestic violence and partner abuse. These men generally perceive women as demanding, hostile, and unfaithful individuals who need to be dominated and controlled. They sometimes select their victim because they...

perceive something in her behavior or appearance that communicates assertiveness, independence, and professional activity. The assault usually follows some precipitating events involving a wife, girlfriend, or mother that he generalizes to all women. Upon arrest, the offender often attributes his offense to an "uncontrollable impulse."

The fundamental motivation is the desire to prove sexual prowess and adequacy to the victim. This type is also known as the

power reassurance rapist

What is Extrafamilial child molestation?

refers to sexual abuse from a person outside the family

For all colleges, sexual assault was reported to be higher than either sexual battery or rape, averaging 10.3% for women and 3.1% for men. Sexual battery emerged as the...

second highest incident, averaging 5.6% for women and 1.7% for men. Rape was reported to be the lowest in frequency, with women averaging 4.1% and men averaging 0.8%. Therefore, based on these data, total sexual victimization for undergraduate women while in college was 21% and for undergraduate men it was 7.0%.

What is the narcissistic offender (type 2)?

seeks the company of children primarily for sexual needs. Narcissistic offenders molest children they do not know, and their sexual acts with children are typically genitally oriented.

What is the interpersonal offender (type 1)?

seeks the frequent company of children for both social and sexual needs

What is the nonexclusive type?

sexually attracted the both children and adults

What is the exclusive type?

sexually attracted to only children

National victimization surveys indicate that the vast majority of sexual assaults are never reported to law enforcement. Victims are reluctant to label the experience as a sexual assault if the attacker is a...

spouse, boyfriend, or acquaintance. Victims with disabilities are even less likely to report sexual assaults because of their social isolation and fear. Many of the assailants are family members or caretakers, and the victims do not want to get them in trouble and fear loss of support or services if they report. When sexual assaults occur in correctional facilities, college campuses, and within the military, the rates of reporting are believed to be even lower.

The definitions used in federal criminal law parallel the changes in definitions in many states. In what ways do they change?

the Federal Criminal Code (Title 18, Chapter 109A, Sections 2241-2243) definition of sexual assault does not use the term rape and does not require the victim to label the act as rape to meet the criteria (legally called the elements) for the crime. Second, the federal code distinguishes between two types of sexual assault on the basis of the degree of force or threat of force used: (1) aggravated sexual assault and (2) sexual assault.

The MTC research team identified two kinds of offenders who intentionally seek more extensive contact with children:

the interpersonal offender and the narcissistic offender

Prentky, Knight, and Lee (1997) assert that the more an offender's sexual preference is limited to children, the less socially competent he is likely to be. In this context, social competence refers to what?

the offender's strength and range of social and sexual relationships with adults.

What does the MTC:CM3 assess?

the system underscores the importance of viewing child sex offending as characterized by multiple behavioral patterns and intentions. The MTC: CM3 classifies CSOs according to variables on two basic dimensions, or axes

What is date rape?

to sexual assault that occurs within the context of a dating relationship

The motivation for the next four types is "sexual" in that their attacks are characterized by the presence of protracted sexual or sadistic fantasies that strongly influence the assaults. which types are these?

type 4 and 5

The sadistic offender exploits the child's vulnerability any way he can and attempts various strategies and ploys to get the child to comply. This offender does not care about the emotional or physical well-being of the victim and sees the child strictly as a sexual object. He usually has a long history of criminal and antisocial behavior. His relationships with peers are...

unpredictable, difficult, and stormy. He is unpleasant to be around, uncomfortable to work with, and generally moody and irritable. His very poor and abrasive interpersonal skills may be the principal reason he selects children as victims.

What are Exploitative, non-sadistic offenders (called type 3)?

uses no more aggression or violence than is necessary to obtain victim compliance

Do some rapists demonstrate a mixture of both Expressive aggression and instrumental aggression?

yes

What is rape defined as by Campus Climate Survey Validation Study?

· any unwanted and nonconsensual sexual contact that involved a penetrative act, including oral sex, anal sex, sexual intercourse, or sexual penetration with an object or finger.