PSYC 255 - Chapter 12 Quiz

The majority of adults (about ___-___ percent) describe themselves as securely attached, and not surprisingly adults prefer having a securely attached partner

60 80

Sternberg identified three main components of love. What are they?

Commitment Passion Intimacy

______ identified strategies for divorced adults to follow.

Hetherington

Individuals in early adulthood have to balance which of the following challenges?

Intimacy/Commitment Independence/Freedom

In the last three to four decades, increased diversity has characterized adoptive parents. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas of diversity?

Only healthy, non-Latino White infants are adopted.

____ has the highest divorce rate (____divorces per 1,000 people in a single year)

Russia 4.7

After a divorce, ______ to experience depression, loneliness, and heart attacks.

both men and women are likely

Which of the following is TRUE?

intimacy + commitment + passion = consummate love

Companionate love is most common in

long lasting relationships

After a divorce, women are more likely than men to ______.

suffer financial hardship perceive the divorce as a chance for a new start

The percentage of same-sex couples who had adopted children increased dramatically from ____ percent in 2000 to ____ percent in 2009

10 19

In one U.S. survey by the Pew Research Center, ___ percent of 18- to 24-year-olds, ___ percent of 25- to 34-year-olds, and ___ percent of 35- to 44-year-olds reported that they had used online dating sites or apps. In their ____, women have more online pursuers than men, but in their ____ men have more online pursuers. When online dating began in 2005 it was viewed by most people as not being a good way to meet people, but in a national survey ten years later a majority of Americans said that online dating is a good way to meet people.

10 22 17 twenties forties

in one research study, ____ percent of the divorced group became more competent and better adjusted following their divorce

20

Current research shows that the first ____ years of life lay the foundation for an adult's socioemotional development. And there is also every reason to believe that experiences in the ____ years are important in determining what the individual will be like later in adulthood

20 early adult

legalization of same-sex marriage in all 50 states in ____

2015

a higher percentage of U.S. adults never marry—in 2014, a record percentage (___percent of men, ___ percent of women) of persons 25 years and older had never married. Nevertheless, the United States is still a marrying society, with ____ percent of U.S. adults 25 years and older having been married at some point in their lives in 2016

23 17 78.5

in 2016, the U.S. average age for a first marriage had climbed to ____ years for men and _____ years for women, higher than at any other point in history. In 1960, the average age for a first marriage in the United States was ___ years for men and ___ years for women

29.5 27.4 23 20

In this recent survey, ____ percent of actively dating single adults have dated someone they met online, while only ____ percent met through a friend. Also in this study, millennials were ____ percent more likely than older generations to have sex before the first date.

40 24 48

In the 1980s divorce reached epidemic proportions in the United States. However, the divorce rate declined in recent decades, peaking at ____ divorces per 1,000 people in 1981 and declining to ____ divorces per 1,000 people in 2014. The 2014 divorce rate of 3.2 compares with a marriage rate of ____ per 1,000 people in 2014.

5.1 3.2 6.9

Adults who remarry usually do so rather quickly, with approximately ___ percent remarrying within three years after they initially divorce

50

In 2016, ____ percent of adults in the United States were married, down from ____ percent in 1960

50 72

A longitudinal study found that insecure avoidant attachment at ____ years of age was linked to a lower level of social initiative and prosocial behavior and a higher level of social anxiety and loneliness at ____ years of age

8 21

___ percent of women and ___ percent of men have a best friend of the same sex (Blieszner, 2009). Many friendships are long-lasting, as ___ percent of U.S. adults have known their best friend for at least 10 years and only ___ percent have known their best friend for less than 5 years.

92 88 65 15

a meta-analysis of ____ samples of U.S. college students from 1988 to 2011 found that the percentage of students with a secure attachment style had ____ in recent years while the percentage of students with insecure attachment styles had ____

94 decreased increased

____, also called ____, is the type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the person

Affectionate love companionate love

In the late 1970s, attachment was studied by

Ainsworth

In his book The Marriage-Go-Round sociologist ____ concluded that the United States has more ____ and ____, more ____, and more short-term ____ relationships than most countries. Combined, these lifestyles create more turnover and movement in and out of relationships in the United States than in virtually any other country.

Andrew Cherlin marriages remarriages divorces cohabiting

Which of the following scenarios contains all of the elements of secure attachment?

Anthony is building a space station out of building blocks, while his stepmother sits near him and gazes out the window. When she gets up and leaves to see what the neighbor is doing, Anthony starts to cry. When she comes back, he reaches out for a hug.

When considering attachment and adult socioemotional development, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Attachment in adults is linked to the quality of attachment as a child.

____ argues that society has a widespread bias against unmarried adults that is seen in everything from missed perks in jobs to deep social and financial prejudices

Bella DePaulo

Single adults face several challenges including which of the following?

Confronting social prejudices Finding a niche in a marriage-oriented society Confronting loneliness in their lives Forming intimate relationships with others

When ____ analyzed the talk of women and men, she found that many wives complained about their husbands by saying, "He doesn't listen to me anymore" and "He doesn't talk to me anymore." ____, although high on women's lists of reasons for divorce, is mentioned much less often by men.

Deborah Tannen lack of communication

well-known love researcher ____ has found that romantic love often predominates in the early part of a love relationship

Ellen Berscheid

Sternberg's triangle of love consists of passion, intimacy, and commitment; various combinations of these result in which of the following types of love?

Fatuous love Consummate love Affectionate love

Which of the following are true statements about same-sex couples?

Gay men are more likely than lesbians to have open relationships.

People in happy marriages are less stressed, which puts less wear and tear on a person's body, therefore reducing which of the following?

High blood pressure Heart disease Psychological problems

In a provocative book titled Marriage, ____ , ____ concluded that marriages in America today are fragile not because Americans have become self-centered and career-minded but because expectations for marriage have become unrealistically high compared with previous generations. To make a marriage work, Coontz emphasizes like Gottman that partners need to develop a deep ____, show ____ for each other, and embrace ____.

History: How Love Conquered Marriage Stephanie Coontz friendship respect commitment

According to Gottman, which of the following actions helps couples improve relationship satisfaction?

Making and receiving "repair attempts" Regulating emotions Compromising

When Gottman revealed that partners in a successful marriage sing each other's praises, he was referring to which of the following principles?

Nurturing fondness and admiration

Which of the following are actions that Gottman believes help a marriage work?

Nurturing fondness and admiration Creating shared meaning Letting your partner influence you Establishing love maps Turning toward each other

Which of the following are benefits of waiting to having children in one's 30s?

Parents are better-established in careers, with more income. Parents are more mature. Parents have had more time to consider their plans and goals.

Which of the following statements regarding remarried families is TRUE?

Partners who initiate divorce are likely to remarry more quickly.

____ proposed a developmental model of love in which the initial phase of romantic love is fueled by a mixture of sexual attraction and gratification, a reduced sense of loneliness, uncertainty about the security of developing another attachment, and excitement from exploring the novelty of another human being. With time, he says, sexual attraction wanes, attachment anxieties either lessen or produce conflict and withdrawal, novelty is replaced with familiarity, and lovers find themselves either securely attached in a deeply caring relationship or distressed—feeling bored, disappointed, lonely, or hostile, for example

Phillip Shaver

Intimacy always includes which of the following components?

Self-disclosure Sharing of private thoughts

Which of the following theorists proposed the triangular theory of love?

Sternberg

In a recent book, _____, it was concluded that the importance of marriage to emerging and young adults may be what is encouraging them to first build better a better career and financial foundation to increase the likelihood their marriage will be successful later

The Marriage Paradox

Which of the following are characteristics of having children in one's 20s?

The mother is likely to have fewer health problems. Parents are less likely to build up expectations for their children. Parents have more physical energy.

Which of the following statements regarding remarriage are TRUE?

The remarriage rate in the United States is declining. Men with higher incomes are more likely to remarry than their counterparts with lower incomes. Men tend to remarry sooner than women

Which of the following best explains why emotions may be intense in early adulthood?

The transition to becoming an adult can be difficult.

Adults who have an anxious attachment style exhibit which of the following behaviors?

They demand closeness. They are more emotional. They are less trusting. They are jealous and possessive.

Which of the following factors characterize relationships of securely attached adults?

Trust Longevity Commitment

Which of the following factors contribute to a higher incidence of divorce?

Youthful marriage Low educational level Low income

Dr. Oswald discusses gay marriage and argues that gay individuals feel like they are lacking all of the following EXCEPT

a meaningful relationship

A relationship marked by intimacy and commitment but low or lacking in passion is called _____, a pattern often found among couples who have been married for many years

affectionate love

Because he is securely attached to both of his parents, Elijah can manage his

anxiety

Individuals with a(n) ______ attachment style demand closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive in their relationships

anxious

______ appears during infancy and plays an important part in socioemotional development

attachment

This idea that marriage, in part, defines how the relationship may change and how others' views of you can change because of marriage reflects Carol Gilligan's claim that female development is defined through

attachment and relationship

A meta-analysis found that males show higher ___ and lower ___ about romantic love than females do

avoidance anxiety

Individuals with a(n) _____ attachment style tend to distance themselves from their partners.

avoidant

When individuals are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and when in a relationship, they distance themselves from their partner, they are exhibiting which type of attachment style?

avoidant attachment

In this clip, Dr. McBride discusses the transition to parenthood. He argues that

both men and women become more stereotypical

recent research review of individuals who were married, divorced, widowed, and single found that married individuals had the best ____ profile and ____ men the worst. Further, an unhappy marriage can shorten a person's life by an average of ____ years

cardiovascular single four

In Qatar, ____ is forbidden and ____ can be punished

casual dating pda

In a retrospective study, ____ and ____ revealed that young adults who were securely attached in their romantic relationships were more likely to describe their early relationship with their parents as securely attached.

cindy hazan phillip shaver

Cohabitation refers to living together in a sexual relationship without being married

cohabitation

In ____ countries like China and Korea, intimacy is more diffused in love because of the strong group emphasis on connections outside of a romantic love relationship. By contrast, in ____ countries such as the United States and most European countries, intimacy is often more intensified because an individual's social network is likely to be smaller and less group oriented

collectivist individualistic

In Sternberg's theory, the strongest, fullest form of love is ____ love, which involves all three dimensions

consummate

Which love is the strongest, fullest form of love according to Robert J. Sternberg?

consummate

According to Sternberg, which type of love involves intimacy, commitment, and passion?

consummate love

____ friendships are more common among adults than children but less common than ____ friendships in adulthood. Cross-gender friendships can provide both opportunities and problems. The opportunities involve learning more about common feelings and interests and shared characteristics, as well as acquiring knowledge and understanding of beliefs and activities that historically have been typical of the other gender.

cross-gender same-gender

In a longitudinal study from 13 to 72 years of age, avoidant attachment ____ across the lifespan and being in a relationship predicted lower levels of ____ and ____attachment across adulthood

declined axious avoidant

One study found that a relationship between romantic lovers was more likely than a relationship between friends to be a cause of ___. Another study revealed that a heightened state of romantic love in young adults was linked to stronger ___and ____ symptoms but better ___. Other researchers found that declaring a relationship status on Facebook was associated with both ___ and ___

depression depression anxiety sleep quality romantic love jealousy

Women's friendships tend to be characterized not only by ____ but also by ____: Women share many aspects of their experiences, thoughts, and feelings ____. When female friends get together, they like to talk, but male friends are more likely to engage in activities, especially outdoors

depth breadth

United States Census Bureau data showed a _______ in recent decades in the number of single adults 18 and older.

dramatic rise

If passion and commitment are present but intimacy is not, Sternberg calls the relationship ____, as when one person worships another from a distance.

fatuous love

Eighteen-month-old Jesse explores and plays while her mother is in the room. Research suggests that Jesse may

feel securely attached to her mother when she is 13

Data from the American Community Survey conducted in 2006-2010 indicate that among same-sex couples in the United States, lesbian couples are approximately ____ times more likely to be raising children than are gay couples

five

According to Dr. Emery, data from the 1970s indicated that the risk of you getting divorced if your parents were divorced was about ________ over the general population.

five percent

love refers to a vast and complex territory of human behavior, spanning a range of relationships that includes ____, ____ love, ____ love, and ____ love. In most of these types of love, one recurring theme is ____

friendship romantic affectionate consummate intimacy

Research finds that about half of committed ______ couples have an open relationship that allows for sex outside the relationship, but few ______ couples have this sort of open relationship.

gay; lesbian

Early adults often have fewer mood swings than adolescents. Some research indicates that there is ________ between adult emotion regulation and childhood emotion regulation.

good continuity

Individuals who are ____ live longer, healthier lives than either divorced individuals or those who are unhappily married. In one research review, it was concluded that the experience of divorce or separation confers risk for poor health outcomes, including a ____ percent higher mortality rate. A survey of U.S. adults 50 years and older also revealed that a lower portion of adult life spent in marriage was linked to an increased likelihood of dying at an earlier age

happily married 23

Dr. Emery argues that today's data on divorce suggest that divorce

has become a part of our culture

Compared to earlier generations, today's young adults are more likely to ______.

have sex before the first date date someone they meet online be unsure whether they want to marry

in this study, never-married men said that the most important characteristic of a potential spouse was similar ideas about ____, but never-married women placed greater importance on having a partner with ____.

having and raising children a steady job

Erik Erikson (1968) argues that ____ versus ____—pursuing who we are, what we are all about, and where we are going in life—is the most important issue to be negotiated in adolescence. In early adulthood, according to Erikson, after individuals are well on their way to establishing stable and successful identities, they enter the sixth developmental stage, which is ____ versus ____. Erikson describes intimacy as finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, and it requires a commitment to another person.

identity identity confusion intimacy isolation

In the United States, same-sex marriage is now legal ______.

in all states

In ______ societies, intimacy in romantic relationships is often more intense due to people's smaller social networks.

individualist

If passion is the only ingredient in a relationship (with intimacy and commitment low or absent), we are merely ____.

infatuated

In relationships, self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts are hallmarks of intense closeness, or ______.

intimacy

Juggling the competing demands of ___, ___, and ___ also becomes a central task of adulthood.

intimacy identity independence

In this clip, 23-year-olds Beth and Julie are discussing getting married. Which of Erikson's stages applies to this early adulthood "crisis"?

intimacy versus isolation

According to John Gottman, the key to relationship success is ______.

knowledge and effort

In this clip, a pregnant couple discusses their transition to parenthood. They have taken a class to help with the wife's breathing during labor, so her husband can assist her in the hospital. He is being trained to be her

lamaze coach

In general, emotions are ________ unstable in early adulthood than in adolescence.

less

In this clip Dr. Oswald discusses rituals. She argues weddings are a ritual that

links people to an institutional power

A recent study indicated that the ______ men were married, the ______ their risk was of developing a disease.

longer; lower

Tom is a new dad. According to research, he is

more likely to play with his kids

Which of the following are benefits of remaining single in emerging adulthood?

more time with friends opportunities to try new activities and places

One of the things that Dr. Oswald's research indicates is that

often times if a gay person is invited to a wedding their partner is not

In the United States, cohabiting arrangements tend to be short-lived, with ____ lasting less than a year. Fewer than 1 out of 10 lasts ____ years.

one third five

A national study of more than 19,000 individuals found that more than ____ of marriages now begin online. Also in this study, marriages that began online were slightly less likely to break up and were characterized by slightly higher ____ than those that started in traditional offline contexts

one third marital satisfaction

The number of ____ families is increasing, for example, and U.S. women overall are having ____children

one-child fewer

One problem with ____ is that many individuals misrepresent their characteristics, such as how old they are, how attractive they are, and their occupation. Recent data indicate that men lie most about their age, height, and income; women lie most about their weight, physical build, and age. Despite such dishonesty, some researchers have found that romantic relationships initiated on the Internet are more likely than relationships established in person to last for more than ___ years.

online matchmaking two

A study of 502 newlyweds found that nearly all couples had ____ forecasts of how their marriage would change over the next four years. Despite their optimistic forecasts, their marital satisfaction declined across this time frame. Wives with the most optimistic forecasts showed the steepest declines in marital satisfaction.

optimistic

research indicates that greater ____ characterizes U.S. romantic relationships than Chinese romantic relationships. And researchers have found that _____ is more common in U.S. romantic relationships than Japanese romantic relationships. Feelings of ____ are stronger in Chinese romantic relationships than in U.S. romantic relationships

passion self disclosure commitment

What is fatuous love?

passion and commitment

we have discussed two forms of love: romantic (or ____ ) and affectionate (or ____ ). According to Robert J. Sternberg, these are not the only forms of love. Sternberg proposed that love can be thought of as a triangle with three main dimensions—_____(3)_____

passionate companionate passion intimacy commitment

romantic love is also called ___ love, or ___

passionate eros

In France, as in Argentina, interest in ____ is strong. However, in the three-country comparison, one aspect of French interest in romantic relationships stood out—their affinity for having ____. In one comparison, only ___ percent of those surveyed in France reported that having an extramarital affair is morally wrong, compared with ___ percent in Japan and ___ percent in Argentina. In this survey, ___ percent of people in the United States said infidelity was morally wrong. In sum, there are striking ____ variations in many aspects of romantic relationships

passionate love extramarital affairs 47 69 72 84 cultural

In collectivist cultures, intimacy is often more diffuse in romantic relationships because ______.

people have more connections outside the relationship

____ consists of interventions to provide individuals and couples with information and skills that produce positive romantic relationships and marriages. These interventions are diverse and include instruction in basic relationship knowledge and skills to youth in a classroom setting, helping unmarried couples learn more about relationships in smallgroup settings, and premarital education for engaged couples. The skills most often assessed in these studies are interpersonal ____, ____-solving, ____ strategies, and self-____

relationship education communication problem conflict regulation

Men prefer to engage in ____ talk. Men hold center stage through verbal performances such as telling stories and jokes. They learn to use talk as a way to get and keep attention.

report

According to Deborah Tannen, ____ talk is a way of sharing information, while ____ talk helps to strengthen connections with others.

report rapport

What type of love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation?

romantic

A complex intermingling of different emotions goes into ____—including passion, fear, anger, sexual desire, joy, and jealousy.

romantic love

Miguel and Rosalie just started dating. They feel physically attracted to each other, and they are starting to develop an emotional connection. This is an example of

romantic love

Adults' attachment can be categorized as _,_, or_

secure avoidant axious

Infants who are ____ attached to their caregivers do cry when their caregivers leave the room.

securely

Research has found that securely attached infants are more likely to be ______ attached relationship partners.

securely

Troy indicates being quite secure in his marital relationship. This feeling of security would indicate Troy was probably a ____ attached infant.

securely

____ attached adults have positive views of relationships and find it easy to get close to others

securely

Cohabitation refers to living together in a ______ relationship without being married.

sexual

____ is the most important ingredient of romantic love

sexual desire

Romantic love has strong components of ______ and infatuation.

sexuality

On average, dual-earner same-sex couples are more likely to ______, compared to dual-earner opposite-sex couples.

share household responsibilities

In a recent study across 10 years, ____ relationships were supported more as individuals moved into emerging adulthood. ____ adolescent relationships were both supportive and turbulent, characterized by elevated levels of support, negative interactions, higher control, and more jealousy. In _____, long-term relationships continued to provide high levels of support, while negative interactions, control, and jealousy decreased

short term long term emerging adulthood

The United States has a lower percentage of ____ adults than many other countries such as Great Britain, Germany, and Japan. The fastest growth in adopting a single adult lifestyle is occurring in rapidly developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil

single

Recent decades have seen a dramatic rise in the percentage of ____ adults. In 2016, ____ percent of individuals 18 years and older were single. The increasing number of single adults reflects rising rates of ____ and a trend toward postponing ____

single 45.2 cohabitation marriage

Overall, research on gender differences in communication suggests that such differences are ______.

small

A common finding is that the smaller the time intervals over which we measure ____ characteristics, the more similar an individual will look from one measurement to the next. Thus, if we measure an individual's self-concept at the age of _____, and then again at the age of _____, we will probably find more stability than if we measured the individual's self-concept at the age of 10 and then again at the age of 30.

socioemotional 20 30

For adults, ____ revolves around adaptively integrating our emotional experiences into enjoyable relationships with others on a daily basis

socioemotional development

Two-year-old Nick cries whenever he sees his father leave the room. His parents have come to you for help. You tell them

they may not need to be concerned, but you need more information in order to advise them

The age at which women gave birth occurred more frequently in their ____ than in their ____ in 2016 for the first time ever, although the average age overall was ____ years of age

thirties twenties 27

According to Hetherington's research, which of the following are recommended strategies for adults when they divorce?

to see it as a chance to grow personally to make decisions carefully

The variety of gender identities might include ____, ____ (also referred to as gender expansive, this broad gender identity category encompasses individuals who are not exclusively masculine or exclusively feminine), and ____ (individuals whose behavior/appearance does not conform to social expectations for what is appropriate for their gender). Another recently generated term, ____, can be used to describe individuals whose gender identity and expression corresponds with the gender identity assigned at birth

transgender gender queer gender nonconforming cisgender

True or false: In early adulthood an individual has to balance intimacy and identity.

true

A poll commissioned by Match.com in 2009 reported that ____ as many marriages occurred between individuals who met through an online dating site as between people who met at bars, clubs, and other social events

twice

One study of a sampling of students' e-mails found that people could guess the writer's gender ____ of the time. Another study revealed that women make ____ percent of phone calls and when talking to another woman stay on the phone longer (___ minutes) than men do when talking with other men (___ minutes). However, meta-analyses suggest that overall gender differences in communication are small in both children and adult

two-thirds 63 7.2 4.6

Most divorces occur ______.

within the fifth to tenth years of marriage

In this clip, Dr. Emery is discussing the effects of divorce on children. He argues that risk of divorce increases most when

your parents are divorced