PSYC 2600 Final Review

2 factor theory of emotion

1. physiological arousal 2. cognitive interpretation-seek an appropriate explanation or label for it

Kurt Lewin

Father of Social Psychology

symptoms of groupthink

Illusion of invulnerability Belief in the morality of the group Collective rationalizations Stereotypes of out-groups Self-censorship Illusion of unanimity Direct pressure on dissenters

Interjudge reliability could be measured by

The correlation between Shelly and Mike's estimates of how aggressive each of 10 children on a playground are

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory

The idea that one's self-concept can be threatened by another individual's behavior and that the level of threat is determined by both the closeness of the other individual and the personal relevance of the behavior.

external attribution

The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; the assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation

Social psychologists have identified two motives that are of primary importance in explaining our thoughts and behaviors: the need to ________ and the need to ________.

The need to feel good about ourselves and the need to be accurate

prisoner's dilemma

a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial

Researchers interested in the effect that social media usage has on mental well-being found evidence of: A. a relationship between social media usage and depression symptoms, but only among those who had high loneliness scores. B. a relationship between social media usage and loneliness, but only among those who had high depression scores. C. a relationship between social media usage and depression symptoms, but only among those who had high depression scores. D. a relationship between social media usage and fear of missing out, but only among those who had high depression scores.

a relationship between social media usage and depression symptoms, but only among those who had high depression scores.

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reward or diminished if followed by a punishment

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

instrumental aggression

aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

hostile aggression

aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

Results from a recent fMRI study replicated Asch's line judgment study. The results of the fMRI suggest that when participants judged rotated figures and stated a correct answer when the others around them unanimously stated an incorrect answer, the area of the brain that was active was the __________.

amygdala, which is associated with negative emotions

cognitive based attitude

an attitude based primarily on people's beliefs about the properties of an attitude object

lowballing

an unscrupulous strategy whereby a salesperson induces a customer to agree to purchase a product at a low cost, subsequently claims it was an error, and then raises the price; frequently, the customer will agree to make the purchase at the inflated price

display rules

are particular to each culture and dictate what kinds of emotional expressions people are supposed to show

Feingold (1990) conducted a meta-analysis of a number of studies of the importance that men versus women placed on the physical attractiveness of potential partners. According to his findings, there tends to be a larger gender difference (such that men are more influenced by physical attractiveness) when __________ are being measured than when __________ are being measured. A. evaluations; attitudes B. attitudes; behaviors C. behaviors; evaluations D. attitudes; evaluations

attitudes; behaviors

Can a person be sure that someone will help another person with something?

cannot be sure because personality is not necessarily the most reliable predictor of prosocial behavior

3 ways to reduce dissonance

change behavior, change cognitions, add new cognitions

descriptive norms

concern out perceptions of the way people actually behave in a given situation

public compliance

conforming publicly w/o believing in the group

Olympic silver medalists often appear less happy than bronze medalists. Which of the following concepts best explains this phenomenon?

counterfactual thinking

What was the unconditioned response (UCR) in Watson's famous "Little Albert" study? A. the sight of the white rat B. the loud clanging sound C. crying in response to the sight of the rat D. crying in response to the loud clanging sound

crying in response to the loud clanging sound

According to Nisbett (1993), a(n) __________ is characteristic of regions where inhabitants evolved from herding societies, and thus __________. A. culture of honor; aggression is relatively rare B. culture of honor; some forms of aggression are more common C. norm of "machismo"; aggression is more common and more lethal D. ethos of cooperation; aggression has become evolutionarily maladaptive

culture of honor; some forms of aggression are more common

According to research presented in class, children who were identifiable and alone violated the one-piece-of-candy rule much less often than children who were not identifiable and were part of a group. The most relevant social psychological explanation for this pattern of results is: A. conformity B. deindividuation C. social loafing D. group cohesion

deindividuation

Elise has just started a new job as a cashier at Trader Joe's. She keeps comparing her lackluster customer service skills to her exceptionally skilled co-worker, Liz, who has already been working as a cashier for 5 years. Given her choice of social comparison target, what is Liz trying to do? A. Make herself feel better about her performance B. Find an external justification for her own performance C. Evaluate accurately her own performance D. Discover what is possible in terms of cashier performance

discover what is possible in terms of cashier performance

emblem

drawing meaningful conclusions about another person's personality or skills based on an extremely brief, initial sample of behavior

external validity

extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

high consensus, high distinctiveness, high consistency

external attribution

Which of the following best describes the results of the behavioral approach to leadership: A. there are specific behaviors that are consistently associated with the most effective leadership B. behaviors are more important than traits in effective leadership C. few, if any behaviors, are consistently related to effective leadership D. task structuring behaviors are less effective than relationship consideration behaviors. E. followers and leaders actually show similar behaviors

few, if any behaviors, are consistently related to effective leadership

Your best friend from home is having a hard time deciding between attending UVA or a small, private university next year. You are trying to convince your best friend to come to UVA next year. Based on the Dan Ariely's TED video that we watched in class, what should you do to increase the chances that they will choose UVA over the equally attractive small, private university? A. tell them 6 reasons why you chose UVA. B. give them a brochure from UVA, a brochure from a similar but slightly less attractive (in appearance and cost) university, and a brochure from the small, private university. C. invite them to visit you on Grounds for a weekend; experiencing something for themselves will be more influential (subconsciously) than simply telling them about it. D. have them write down advantages and disadvantages of each

give them a brochure from UVA, a brochure from a similar but slightly less attractive university, and a brochure from the small, private university

According to psychological research, which of the following factors is NOT associated with increased prosocial behavior? A. Being the only bystander B. Living in one place for a long period of time C. Culture of simpatía D. Growing up in small, rural towns

growing up in small, rural towns

Darwin believed that there are primary emotions universally conveyed by the face. Research suggests that it seems to be true, for the most part, for six major emotional expressions. What are those emotions?

happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise

injunctive norms

have to do with what we think other people approve or disapprove of

4 antecedents of groupthink

highly cohesive; isolated from alternate opinions; high stress; poor decision-making procedures

3 assumptions of cognitive dissonance theory

humans need to maintain a positive view of ourselves; inconsistency or conflict in thoughts, behaviors, attitudes can happen; if cog dissonance is strong enough and it threatens our self-esteem, we will be driven to reduce it

autokinetic effect

illusion, caused by very slight movements of the eye, that a stationary point of light in a dark room is moving

According to Fielder's contingency model of leadership, a leader should try to change the situation to match her/his/their leadership style rather than attempt to change her/his/their leadership style to match the situation. Why? A. in times of crisis or stress, followers respond better to a leader who is clearly in control of the situation. B. in times of crisis or stress, leaders usually revert back to their dominant leadership style. C. in times of crisis or stress, gaining control over a volatile situation is critical to a leader's success.

in times of crisis or stress, the leader usually reverts back to his/her dominant leadership style

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that when you cannot find sufficient external justification for your actions, you will attempt to find __________, which can lead to attitude change.

internal justification

3 components of love

intimacy, passion, commitment

recency effect with speeches

it is better to give the last speech if the speeches are delayed

A statistical result of an experiment that has a p value of .03 means:

it is significant and There was a 3% chance that the independent variable did not cause the dependent variable

According to the Covariation Model (Kelley, 1967, 1973), people are likely to make an internal attribution of an agent if they see the action as

low in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency

According to lecture, Milgram's obedience study was

low in mundane realism, high in psychological realism, high in experimental realism

attitude inoculation

making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position

A high level of group cohesiveness would be LEAST beneficial to which of the following groups? A. members of a military unit carrying out a complicated maneuver B. members of a theatre troupe giving nightly performances C. members of a simple living group who have a monthly potluck D. members of a political campaign team developing a strategy

members of a political campaign team devloping a strategy

Teemu has learned about the misattribution of arousal effect in class. He wants to apply the effect to his upcoming class presentation: If he drinks a big can of energy drink right before the presentation, he will misattribute his anxieties to caffeine jitters and therefore will feel less nervous. However, he isn't sure if the effect is well founded, replicated, and stable across different situations and people. He only has enough time to read one psychology paper before his presentation. What kind of study would be best for Teemu to read?

meta-analysis

n a speed-dating study by Finkel and Eastwick (2009) it was shown that when women were responsible for rotating from one "date" to another , they were __________. A. more likely to prioritize resources in their judgments of men compared to women who remained seated while the men rotated from one "date" to another. B. more likely to report more chemistry with their partners and were less picky compared to women who remained seated while the men rotated from one "date" to another. C. more selective than men, reporting lower levels of romantic desire D. less likely to prioritize having multiple sex partners compared to women who remained seated while the men rotated from one "date" to another.

more likely to report more chemistry with their partners and were less picky compared to women who remained seated while the men rotated from one "date" to another.

According to Latané's (1981) social impact theory, if group size increases from two to three members, the impact will increase __________ if a group increases from twenty-nine to thirty members. A. less than B. the same amount as C. more than

more than

central route to persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

primacy effect with speeches

the first speech tends to be more persuasive if the speeches go back-to-back

External validity relates to

the generalizability of a study's findings: Will the findings emerge in different situations and among different groups of people?

internal attribution

the inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character, or personality

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

social cognition

the processes by which people come to understand others

perceptual salience

the seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

According to Markus et al. (2006), American Olympic gold medalists are more likely to attribute their success to ___________ than Japanese gold medalists.

their unique abilities and talents

Recall that when Solomon Asch (1955) conducted an experiment in which six confederates gave the wrong judgment about the lengths of lines and in which a seventh confederate gave the correct judgment, participants' normative conformity dropped drastically. These findings support the importance of __________ in creating conformity. A. immediacy B. normative pressures C. idiosyncrasy credits D. strength E. a unanimous group

unanimous group

Jones and Harris 1967

we are more likely to make an internal attribution for a chosen action vs a forced action

self-perception

when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

private acceptance

when people conform to the behaviors of others bc we genuinely believe others are right

mindguard

when you put your thoughts into someone else's decision and they conform to it

Ben Franklin Effect

A person who has performed a favor for someone is more likely to do another favor for that person than they would be if they had received a favor from that person.

Researchers (Baumeister, Masicampo, & DeWall, 2009) found that after being socially rejected, people who read statements refuting the existence of free will were _____ likely to _________ than those who read statements asserting the existence of free will. A. less; cheat by giving themselves a $1 for wrong answers B. more; give up on a challenging math problem C. less; help a classmate whose parents had been killed in an accident D. more; prepare spicier food for someone who indicated that they did not like spicy food

D. more; prepare spicier food for someone who indicated that they did not like spicy food

Jim knows that exercising more would help him lead a healthier life, but when he gets home each day, he usually just slumps onto the couch, flicks on the TV, and starts eating snack food until it's time for bed. According to self-affirmation theory, which of the following would reduce the cognitive dissonance resulting from the conflict between Jim's beliefs and behavior? A. Jim starts thinking, "Those scientists telling us to exercise more are just a bunch of hacks!" B. Jim starts thinking, "I tried exercise once. I hated it. I'm ok without it." C. Jim starts thinking, "Sure, I may not exercise a lot, but I'm one heck of a painter, and that's good enough for me!" D. Jim starts thinking, "Exercise might help other people become healthier, but it's unlikely to help me."

C. Jim starts thinking, "Sure, I may not exercise a lot, but I'm one heck of a painter, and that's good enough for me!"

In Miyamoto et al. (2006) described in Chapter 3, researchers had participants view either Japanese city scenes or American city scenes. Which of the following statements is NOT true about this research?

Regardless of the type of scenes they were primed with, Japanese participants were more likely to detect changes in the background than in the foreground

internal validity

the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable

Recall that Darley and Batson (1973) conducted a study in which participants were provided the opportunity to help when they were on their way to deliver a brief speech on the Good Samaritan or on another topic. These researchers found that ________ because ________ A. participants who were to discuss the Good Samaritan were more likely to help; the norm of charity was more accessible B. participants who scored higher on empathy were more likely to help; they could take the suffering man's perspective C. seminary students were more likely to help a man slumped in a doorway; they remembered the Golden Rule. D. participants in a hurry were less likely to help; they didn't notice the man slumped in the doorway

participants in a hurry were less likely to help; they didn't notice the man slumped in the doorway

Which of the following is NOT true about Burger's (2009) replication of Milgram's obedience study? A. There were no significant gender differences. B. Participants obeyed significantly less than Milgram's participants did. C. Non-obedient confederates did not affect participants' degree of obedience. D. The shock was administered up to 150 volts, as opposed to Milgram's 450 volts.

participants obeyed significantly less than Milgram's participants did

In a study of frustration and aggression, some participants were exposed to an accomplice who insulted them, and others were exposed to no such insult. Participants were then allowed to recommend whether the accomplice should be fired. Those who were insulted were more likely to retaliate by recommending that the accomplice lose his job. In this experiment, the ________ was the independent variable.

presence or absence of an insult

The ________ is a research method that social psychologists use to study cooperation. A lesson that research studies have learned from this method is that ________ increases cooperation. Choose the correct pair of answers: A. Tit-for-tat strategy; changing group norms B. Prisoner's dilemma; threats of retaliation C. Prisoner's dilemma; changing group norms D. Tit-for-tat strategy; allow individuals rather than opposing groups to resolve a conflict E. Integrative solution; skilled negotiation

prisoner's dilemma; changing group norms

You have observed that there is more litter around signs that say "$500 fine for littering" than around signs that say "Please keep our state clean." What social psychological theory would you use to explain this observation? A. Attitude inoculation theory B. Cognitive dissonance theory C. Elaboration likelihood model D. Reactance theory

reactance theory

Muzafer Sherif (1936)

red dot experiment in dark room

internal justification

restore balance by changing something about oneself

Parker wants to know what Alex's favorite movie genre is. Parker asks Alex how much she enjoys watching documentaries. At first, Alex doesn't really know how to reply because she never used to be interested in documentaries, but upon examining her Netflix queue, she realizes that she has been watching a lot of documentaries lately. Alex observing her own behavior on Netflix to answer Parker's question is an example of:

self-perception theory

our friend asked you to look at a number of dating profiles to help him try to spot any deceptive profiles before he makes contact. Based on research presented in this chapter, which of the following would be a red flag? A. Pat describes himself as "a globe trotter." B. Will writes about himself and his recent visits to extravagant restaurants. C. Sam writes a lot about himself using "I" and "me." D. Chris has a really short description of himself.1

short description of himself

Shelley Taylor and Susan FIske 1975

study on influence of facing someone or looking at their back during a conversation/discussion; rated the person they could see more clearly to be more active in the conversation

low consensus, low distinctiveness, high consistency

you make an internal attribution

Based on evidence from studies presented in the chapter on evolutionary explanations of helping behavior, whom would you be the most likely to help if she had just spilled the contents of her backpack? A. your cousin B. You would be equally likely to help any of these people. C. your sister D. your friend

you would be equally likely to help any of these people