Psyc 2600 Tests
Talia and Jermaine are in an unhappy relationship. According to attribution theory, what type of attribution will Talia likely make for Jermaine's positive behaviors (e.g., a gift of a box of chocolates)?________ What type of attribution will she likely make for Jermaine's negative behavior (e.g., snapping at her after a long day at work)? _______
external internal
Billy is a first-year at UVA. He took his first mid-term exam for his Calculus course and got a D. Disappointed, he told himself, "I must not be a math person." Outside of his class, Billy loves singing. He auditioned for an a cappella group and didn't get in. Disappointed, he told himself, "Well, I gotta try harder next time." According to Carol Dweck, Billy has a(n) _____ mindset regarding math ability and a(n) _____ mindset regarding singing talent.
fixed, growth
A leader who says to her followers "The deadline for this project is in two weeks. If you meet the deadline, you can have a three-day weekend" is most characteristic of which type of leader? A. Transformational B. Charismatic C. Transactional D. Motivational
C
According to Sternberg, the three components of love are: A. Similarity, commitment, and passion B. Passion, reciprocity, and intimacy C. Passion, intimacy, and commitment D. Intimacy, reciprocity, and commitment
C
Angela reads her horoscope every morning without fail. On Monday, her horoscope said that she would have a pleasant, happy day. Thrilled with the news, Angela went about her day with a bit of extra spring in her step, looking on the bright side of everything that happened and being particularly kind to everyone she met. As she reflected on the day that evening, Angela thought, "I did have a good day! I was less irritable than usual, and people responded well to me; the horoscope was right!" What is Angela's "good day" an example of? A. culturally based schemas B. A self-fulfilling prophecy C. Venus being in retrograde D. causation: the horoscope caused Angela's good day
b
Cohen et al (2006, 2009) had students complete a series of writing assignments regarding the importance of qualities they valued or qualities valued by someone else. These studies were exploring an extension of cognitive dissonance theory known as ___________, and they found that ________ benefitted the most from the intervention. A. free choice paradigm; 6th graders who cheated B. self-affirmation theory; women students in a college physics course C. hypocrisy induction theory; science majors wearing lab coats D. self-evaluation maintenance theory; low-performing African-American students
b
External validity relates to... A. the appeal of a study's findings: Does the public accept or like the findings of a study? B. the generalizability of a study's findings: Will the findings emerge in different situations and among different groups of people? C. whether researchers can be sure that the results of a study can be attributed to the effect of the independent variable (and only the independent variable) on the dependent variable D. whether a study gets a lot of press or not: Does the study become known by the public?
b
Social psychologists have identified two motives that are of primary importance in explaining our thoughts and behaviors: the need to ________ and the need to ________.
the need to feel good about yourself and the need to be accurate
According to the authors of your text, once participants in Milgram's studies delivered the first shock to the learner, they created internal pressure to obey. This idea is very similar to another technique introduced earlier in the chapter. What is this technique? A. Foot-in-the-door technique B. Informational social influence C. Self-justification technique D. Door-in-the-face technique
A
Feingold (1990) conducted a meta-analysis of a number of studies of the importance that men versus women placed on the physical attractiveness of potential partners. According to his findings, there tends to be a larger gender difference (such that men are more influenced by physical attractiveness) when __________ are being measured than when __________ are being measured. A. attitudes; behaviors B. behaviors; evaluations C. attitudes; evaluations D. evaluations; attitudes
A
Next week, you're going to give a lecture to the psychology club about the Yale Attitude Change approach to persuasion. What will be your three main topics? A. The source; the nature of the communication; the nature of the audience B. The personality of the audience; the nature of the message; the social status of the speaker C. The source; the nature of the communication; the route of processing (central/peripheral) D. The source; the need for cognition; the implicit attitudes of the audience
A
Recall that Darley and Batson (1973) conducted a study in which participants were provided the opportunity to help when they were on their way to deliver a brief speech on the Good Samaritan or on another topic. These researchers found that ________ because ________ A. participants in a hurry were less likely to help; they didn't notice the man slumped in the doorway B. participants who were to discuss the Good Samaritan were more likely to help; the norm of charity was more accessible C. participants who scored higher on empathy were more likely to help; they could take the suffering man's perspective D. seminary students were more likely to help a man slumped in a doorway; they remembered the Golden Rule.
A
Results from a recent fMRI study replicated Asch's line judgment study. The results of the fMRI suggest that when participants judged rotated figures and stated a correct answer when the others around them unanimously stated an incorrect answer, the area of the brain that was active was the __________. A. amygdala, which is associated with negative emotions B. visual cortex, which senses and perceives visual input C. hippocampus: an area associated with trauma D. right cingular gyrus: an area associated with pain detection
A
Seth is a research participant who is asked to quickly categorize images of older and younger faces, and positive and negative words to either the lefts or rights sides of a computer display. Seth is most likely completing the ________ to measure his _________ attitudes towards other people. a. IAT; implicit b. TAT; implicit c. the Yale attitude test; explicit d. IAT; explicit
A
Strangers were brought into a research lab and were instructed to discuss a personally meaningful topic in research conducted by Pryzbylski and Weinstein (2013). Most of the time, doing that activity fosters a sense of closeness among strangers who are meeting for the first time. In this research, that closeness did not occur. Why not? A. There was a mobile device on the table between the strangers. B. One of the strangers had to leave the discussion abruptly. C. There was no physical contact between the strangers. D. The researchers didn't permit the strangers to speak freely.
A
Suppose you are trying to keep your children from fighting. You take one of their toys away whenever they fight. Which method of operant conditioning are you using? A. Negative punishment B. Negative reinforcement C. Positive punishment D. Positive reinforcement
A
What was the unconditioned response (UCR) in Watson's famous "Little Albert" study? A. crying in response to the loud clanging sound B. the sight of the white rat C. crying in response to the sight of the rat D. the loud clanging sound
A
Which of the following best describes the results of the behavioral approach to leadership: A. few, if any behaviors, are consistently related to effective leadership B. behaviors are more important than traits in effective leadership C. followers and leaders actually show similar behaviors D. there are specific behaviors that are consistently associated with the most effective leadership E. task structuring behaviors are less effective than relationship consideration behaviors.
A
"Frozen 2" (a movie) is set to be released on November 22. According to the theory of planned behavior, which of the following measures will best predict if someone is going to watch "Frozen 2" on the opening weekend? A. Attitude toward watching movies on opening weekends B. Attitude toward watching "Frozen 2" on the opening weekend. C. Attitude toward watching "Frozen 2" D. Attitude toward "Frozen 1" (the movie). E. Attitude toward Disney's movies
B
According to Fielder's contingency model of leadership, a leader should try to change the situation to match her/his/their leadership style rather than attempt to change her/his/their leadership style to match the situation. Why? A. in times of crisis or stress, followers respond better to a leader who is clearly in control of the situation. B. in times of crisis or stress, leaders usually revert back to their dominant leadership style. C. in times of crisis or stress, gaining control over a volatile situation is critical to a leader's success.
B
According to Latané's (1981) social impact theory, if group size increases from two to three members, the impact will increase __________ if a group increases from twenty-nine to thirty members. A. less than B. more than C. the same amount as
B
According to Nisbett (1993), a(n) __________ is characteristic of regions where inhabitants evolved from herding societies, and thus __________. A. culture of honor; aggression is relatively rare B. culture of honor; some forms of aggression are more common C. norm of "machismo"; aggression is more common and more lethal D. ethos of cooperation; aggression has become evolutionarily maladaptive
B
According to psychological research, which of the following factors is NOT associated with increased prosocial behavior? A. Being the only bystander B. Growing up in small, rural towns C. Culture of simpatía D. Living in one place for a long period of time
B
According to research on fear-arousing communications and persuasion, which of the following approaches is most likely to increase rates of seatbelt use? A. A billboard on the highway that just includes an image of a car wrapped around a tree after a crash and an ambulance approaching in the background. B. A billboard on the highway showing an image of a car wrapped around a tree and an ambulance approaching in the background, and a message that, "Wearing a seatbelt reduces your risk of dying in a wreck by 75%." C. A billboard on the highway that just includes the message, "Wearing a seatbelt reduces your risk of dying in a wreck by 75%." D. The approaches above are likely to all have equal effects on rates of seatbelt use.
B
According to research presented in class, children who were identifiable and alone violated the one-piece-of-candy rule much less often than children who were not identifiable and were part of a group. The most relevant social psychological explanation for this pattern of results is: A. conformity B. deindividuation C. group cohesion D. social loafing
B
According to research presented in the text (Baron et al., 1996), participants were asked to select perpetrators after a lineup in conditions of high ambiguity; the perpetrator wore different clothing in the lineup than in the original photo, and the slides were shown very quickly. Recall also that some participants were told that the task was one that was being designed for use by the police department and were offered $20 if they were the most accurate, while others were told that it was just a laboratory task under development. This study demonstrated that __________. A. the more important it was to participants to be accurate, the less they conformed to other group members' answers B. the more important it was to the participants to be accurate, the more they conformed to other group members' answers C. people were more resistant to influence in this study than in the Sherif study because of the greater degree of mundane realism D. when the task was more important, people conformed more but their self-esteem decreased
B
Complete the five stages of helping in emergency situations: (1) Noticing an event; (2) Interpreting the event as an emergency; (3) Assuming responsibility; (4) ___________________; (5) Deciding to implement the help A. Knowing that others are watching B. Knowing how to help C. Knowing that one's help is desired D. Knowing the consequences of not helping
B
Dave has recently taken Jennifer out for a wonderful, elaborate birthday date, which involved all of Jennifer's favorite activities and an expensive gift. However, when Dave's birthday came a week later, Jennifer gave him some flowers and told him that she had too much work to do, so they could not go out anywhere. Remembering the birthday he had given Jennifer a week earlier, Dave was very upset. Jennifer could not understand his anger and told him that she had thought that the gift he had given her was because he loved her, not because he thought he would get a gift later. Dave considers the relationship to be based on __________ and Jennifer considers the relationship to be __________. A. investment; based on exchange principles B. exchange; communal C. equity; equal D. equality; equitable
B
In a study by Greitemeyer and Sagioglou (2017), some participants were told that they would earn less discretionary income than others and were then given an opportunity to evaluate the person (a PhD student) who they were told had either created the discretionary income measure or the mood survey that they had just completed. Which of the following best describes the results of this study? A. Participants who thought the PhD student had created the mood scale that they had completed as part of the study rated the PhD student more negatively. B. Participants who thought the PhD student had created the discretionary income scale that they had completed as part of the study rated the PhD student more negatively. C. Participants rated the PhD student the same regardless of the role of the PhD student had in the study.
B
In describing his experiences during the decision-making process that preceded the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy's adviser, Arthur Schlesinger, reported that although he was opposed to the invasion, he didn't speak out because "others would regard it as presumptuous of him, a college professor, to take issue with august heads of government institutions." This example best reflects __________ as a symptom of groupthink. A. the isolation of groups B. self-censorship in the interest of avoiding criticism C. decisive leaders' refusal to solicit other points of view D. group members' sense of invulnerability
B
In which of the following situations is Nathan, a local Christian pastor, most likely to help out? A. Phoebe, a non-believer, single-mom who can't make enough money to support herself B. Jai, a single Christian male who lost everything in a fire C. Mikaela, a non-believer, elderly woman who needs support in her old age D. Kendall, a Mormon who has just lost his home E. Nathan is equally likely to help out in all of these situations.
B
Joseph was on the subway when he noticed a man lying slumped over on the seat. Joseph looked around at the other passengers, who seemed calm and unconcerned. Joseph concluded that the man was probably okay. However, the other passengers may have been looking around at Joseph, to see how he reacted. This would be an example of A. false uniqueness B. pluralistic ignorance C. social reciprocity D. normative social influence
B
Katie and Jon are in the same accounting class, they live in the same wing of their dormitory, and they usually both study at the campus coffeehouse in the morning before class. Over time, Katie and Jon become attracted to each other. What force is most likely at work here? A. reciprocal liking B. propinquity C. similarity D. complementarity
B
Martha and Jan have been having trouble in their relationship for some time. One night when Martha is out, Jan reflects on their relationship and can't help thinking about all the ways things have been going wrong. Their sex life, once passionate, is only so-so; they hardly talk anymore; and Martha no longer seems to like Jan's friends. These late night ruminations best represent the ________ stage of relationship dissolution (Duck, 1982). A. dialectic B. intrapersonal C. social D. dyadic
B
Members of the school board were tentatively considering a proposal to institute the wearing of uniforms in the elementary and middle school grades. After their last meeting, they are now strongly in favor of the proposal. This illustrates the phenomenon known as __________. A. social facilitation B. group polarization C. groupthink D. deindividuation
B
Mr. Anderson needs someone to work the very undesirable Fourth of July shift in his restaurant. If he uses the door-in-the-face technique, how should he approach his staff? A. Ask someone to work July 4th, and then ask if they can also work the following three days B. Ask someone to work every Sunday for the next three months, then ask that person to work July 4th C. Ask someone to work July 4th because he (Mr. Anderson) is also working that day D. Ask someone to work a few extra minutes today, then ask the person to work July 4th
B
People tend to be less aware of their __________ attitudes, which are more likely to influence behaviors they are not monitoring. A. cognitively based B. implicit C. explicit D. self-perceived
B
Researchers provided men with photographs of either attractive women or unattractive women and told the men that their conversation partner was the woman in the photograph. They found that when independent raters evaluated the women's side of the conversation, women who were believed to be attractive actually behaved in a more confident, animated, and warm manner than did women who were believed to be unattractive. These results demonstrate that the __________ might explain why there is a kernel of truth to the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype. A. power of propinquity B. self-fulfilling prophecy C. matching hypothesis D. positivity bias
B
Researchers systematically varied the quality of persuasive communications that advocated comprehensive exams for college students, and also varied the prestige of the communicator. Further, some student participants were led to believe that such academic reforms might be carried out in the near future, whereas others were led to believe that such reforms wouldn't occur until long after they had already graduated. The results of this study indicated that when students were not involved in an issue, their opinions were influenced more by the __________ than by the __________. A. quality of the arguments; credibility of the speaker B. credibility of the speaker; quality of the arguments C. content of the message; expertise of the speaker D. quality of the arguments; surface characteristics of the message
B
Social psychologists have found that attitudes do predict behavior, but only under certain specifiable conditions. One key factor is knowing whether the behavior in question is __________. A. positive or negative B. spontaneous or deliberate C. easy or difficult D. a current or future behavior
B
Tara is a transformational leader. When her company is on the brink of bankruptcy, her company's Board Members promote her to the position of President to navigate the company through this very challenging time. This situation is often referred to as the: A. the glass ceiling B. the glass cliff C. the glass house D. the glass wall
B
The UVA Cavaliers and the Virginia Tech Hokies are competing against each other in the final basketball game of the regular season. The Cavaliers are ahead by 2 points and with 10 seconds left on the clock, they also have possession of the ball. The Cavaliers hold onto the ball trying to run down the clock so they can win the game. Thus, the Virginia Tech coach starts yelling at his players to commit a foul (e.g., aggressive personal contact). The Virginia Tech players following their coach's order to commit a foul for the purpose of stopping the clock and to prevent the Cavaliers from winning the game is an example of: A. Challenge Hypothesis B. Instrumental Aggression C. Hostile Aggression D. Observational learning
B
When a member of Kennedy's cabinet expressed concern over the plan to invade Cuba, the attorney general (and Kennedy's brother) pulled the dissenter aside and told him to support Kennedy's decision. In this case, the attorney general was acting as a __________. A. Machiavellian B. mindguard C. transactive leader D. politician
B
When researchers suggest that people tend to prefer an "average" face as being most physically attractive, they mean that people prefer __________. A. someone who is a "5" on attractiveness on a 1 to 10 scale B. the face based on mathematically averaged composites C. the face of a regular-looking person D. the most common face in a culture
B
Which of the following findings provides the soundest support for the assertion that we learn aggression by observing others and imitating them? A. Alleged criminals often use the "CSI" defense. B. Children who watch an adult assault a "Bobo" doll will imitate that behavior in the laboratory. C. Aggressive children often have aggressive parents. D. The rise of a Leviathan.
B
You have observed that there is more litter around signs that say "$500 fine for littering" than around signs that say "Please keep our state clean." What social psychological theory would you use to explain this observation? A. Attitude inoculation theory B. Reactance theory C. Elaboration likelihood model D. Cognitive dissonance theory
B
Brian has had many girlfriends in his life, mostly because he feels unable to comfortably commit to any one person. As soon as a relationship begins to get serious, he feels trapped and puts up barriers to his partner. His girlfriends always want him to make a bigger commitment than he is comfortable making. Brian's attachment style is best described as __________. A. apprehensive B. anxious C. avoidant D. insecure E. secure
C
Employees of a struggling local gym are overworked and underpaid, and are being asked to generate creative ideas for how to increase membership. According to Fielder's contingency model of leadership, who will be the most effective leader of these employees? A. John and Kayla will be equally effective. B. John, a relationship-oriented leader who has doesn't have the authority to give bonuses for good ideas. C. Kayla, a task-oriented leader who has doesn't have the authority to give bonuses for good ideas.
C
Evolutionary psychology would have the most trouble explaining which of the following incidents? A. When Alphonso was put in the unfortunate situation of saving his wife or his son in a boating accident, he chose to save his son first, and his wife died. B. Samuel risks his life to save his nephew in a car accident. C. When Larry was on a ship going down at sea, he let everyone else be saved ahead of him, even though everyone on the ship was a complete stranger to him. D. Jane runs in to save her adopted daughter from a fire.
C
In a speed-dating study by Finkel and Eastwick (2009) it was shown that when women were responsible for rotating from one "date" to another , they were __________. A. less likely to prioritize having multiple sex partners compared to women who remained seated while the men rotated from one "date" to another. B. more selective than men, reporting lower levels of romantic desire C. more likely to report more chemistry with their partners and were less picky compared to women who remained seated while the men rotated from one "date" to another. D. more likely to prioritize resources in their judgments of men compared to women who remained seated while the men rotated from one "date" to another.
C
Kate is standing in the seventh position of a line of ten carts at a busy grocery store. Paula is standing in the third position of that same line. Tina cuts into the second position in the line. Who is likely to be more aggressive and angry in response to Tina's cutting, and why? A. Kate, because the long wait ahead of her is more salient for her than for Paula B. Paula, because it's more socially embarrassing to lose one's spot at the front of a line than at the back C. Paula, because she is closer to her goal (checking out) than Kate was D. Kate, because she feels like she can't retaliate since she's further away from Tina than Paula is
C
Lena and Bette have been married for 6 years. Even though they have a great deal of love for each other, their marriage has been on the rocks. They have considered getting a divorce but are hesitant given their children and how much emotional energy, time, and financial resources they have both put into the relationship. Based on this description, which theory of relationship satisfaction best captures Lena and Bette's current situation? A. Comparison Level for Alternatives B. Social Exchange Theory C. Investment Model D. Equity Theory
C
Married couple Jan and Stan hold many different opinions from each other, and they disagree frequently--but they perceive themselves to actually be quite similar. They think that they just enjoy debating, and that, deep down, they're almost the same person. Married couple Karen and Aaron hold nearly identical opinions and attitudes, but they interpret every small disagreement as a signal of how dissimilar they really are--they perceive themselves to be quite different. Based on the research on how actual and perceived similarity effects long-term relationships, whose marriage would we expect to be in better shape? A. Based on what we know, both marriages will end soon B. Similarity only matters for short-term relationships C. Jan and Stan D. Karen and Aaron
C
You and your best friend are planning a vacation. You want to stay at a hotel, but your friend argues that staying at an Airbnb is better than staying at a hotel. After thinking carefully about the arguments, you conclude that your friend is right. How did you likely arrive at this conclusion? A. By attitude inoculation B. By the need to belong C. By the central route to persuasion D. By the peripheral route to persuasion
C
You are walking on campus and accidentally drop a flash drive containing the only copy of your term paper. You look everywhere, but it is nowhere to be found. Feeling desperate, you ask people on the street to look for it with you. Which one of the following people would LEAST likely help you? A. Samantha, who is in a good mood after getting a good grade on a test B. Wyatt, who is feeling guilty after lying to a friend C. Desi, who is in a neutral mood, neither good nor bad D. Aasif, who is in a sad mood after breaking up with his partner
C
Your friend asked you to look at a number of dating profiles to help him try to spot any deceptive profiles before he makes contact. Based on research presented in this chapter, which of the following would be a red flag? A. Sam writes a lot about himself using "I" and "me." B. Will writes about himself and his recent visits to extravagant restaurants. C. Chris has a really short description of himself. D. Pat describes himself as "a globe trotter."
C
According to Irving Janis (1972, 1982), groupthink occurs when groups value __________ over __________. A. safety; accuracy B. strong leadership; weak leadership C. as many alternatives as possible; a common goal D. cohesiveness and solidarity; a realistic consideration of the facts
D
According to the __________, testosterone only relates to dominance behaviors when the stress hormone cortisol is low. A. Aggression effect B. Challenge Hypothesis C. Social aggression hypothesis D. Dual-Hormone Hypothesis
D
All of the following are examples of normative social influence except: A. Karen likes Pepsi, but all of her friends drink Coke, so Karen switches to drinking Coke in order to avoid being the "odd person out." B. All of Karen's university friends wear turtlenecks; Karen doesn't particularly like turtlenecks, but she adds them to her wardrobe with them in order to fit in. C. All of Karen's friends order a drink called an "americano" at their favorite coffee shop, so Karen orders one too so that her friends will think that she's part of the group. D. Karen doesn't drink much coffee, but when she visits a coffee shop; with her friends, all of them order a drink called an "americano," so Karen orders one too, figuring that an "americano" is probably pretty tasty if it's what all of her friends order
D
Based on evidence from studies presented in the chapter on evolutionary explanations of helping behavior, whom would you be the most likely to help if she had just spilled the contents of her backpack? A. your cousin B. your sister C. your friend D. You would be equally likely to help any of these people.
D
Melina takes the trolley to campus every Tuesday and Thursday to get to her PSYC 2600 class. Every time she takes the trolley she sees another student in her class and says hello. Even though she doesn't personally know this student, the ________ would suggest that because she encounters them so often and their interactions are pleasant, the more familiar this person will become and the more Melina will grow to like them. A. attraction principal B. halo effect C. reciprocal liking effect D. mere exposure effect
D
Recall that participants in an experiment described in the text (Toi & Batson, 1982) listened to an (alleged) interview in which a student in their introductory psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course. Some participants were encouraged to empathize with "Carol," whereas others were encouraged to listen objectively to the interview. Some participants in each of these two groups were led to believe that Carol would be returning to their psychology course; others were led to believe that she would finish out the term at home, and that they would never see her again. Results from this study showed that: A. In the low empathy condition, more people agreed to help when they thought they would not see Carol in class. B. In the high-empathy condition, about the same amount of people agreed to help when they thought they would see Carol in class than whey they thought they would not see her in class. C. The results in the low empathy condition suggest that when empathy was low, people based their decision to help on their own self-interests versus altruism. D. Both B and C
D
Recall that when Solomon Asch (1955) conducted an experiment in which six confederates gave the wrong judgment about the lengths of lines and in which a seventh confederate gave the correct judgment, participants' normative conformity dropped drastically. These findings support the importance of __________ in creating conformity. A. idiosyncrasy credits B. strength C. normative pressures D. a unanimous group E. immediacy
D
Research on gender differences in aggression suggests that _______ are more likely to commit acts of extreme violent aggression (e.g., murder) whereas _______ are more likely to engage in relational aggression (e.g., manipulating a friend). A. Men are more likely to engage in all forms of aggression/violence B. Women; Men C. Research does not suggest that there are reliable gender differences in aggression D. Men; Women
D
Tasha was bitten by a dog when she was a child. The dog that bit her had a bell on its collar. Since this event, she breaks out in a cold sweat whenever she hears a bell jingle. The conditioned stimulus is the: A. dog B. breaking out into a cold sweat C. dog bite D. bell jingle
D
You know that Susan is a very helpful person. She spends many hours each week volunteering at a local homeless shelter; she donates a lot of money to charities, and she is always the first person to volunteer to organize something when your group of friends wants to get together. According to the research on the altruistic personality, you __________ that Susan would help carry a neighbor's groceries if the situation arose because __________. A. can be very sure; anyone would help in this situation B. cannot be sure; very few people help others in today's society C. can be very sure; individual differences in personality are the most reliable predictors of prosocial behavior D. cannot be sure; personality is not necessarily the most reliable predictor of prosocial behavior
D
You want to use conformity tactics to encourage fellow UVA students to cut back on meat. You only have enough budget to design one poster, but you are worried that the boomerang effect might occur. Which of the following best addresses your concern? A. Present information that UVA students on average consume 5% less meat than they did last year. B. Use fear-arousing visual aids, such as graphic pictures of animals in the slaughterhouse. C. Present information that most UVA students approve of consuming less meat. D. Present information that UVA students on average consume 5% less meat than they did last year and that most UVA students approve of consuming less meat.
D
The ________ is a research method that social psychologists use to study cooperation. A lesson that research studies have learned from this method is that ________ increases cooperation. Choose the correct pair of answers: A. Prisoner's dilemma; threats of retaliation B. Tit-for-tat strategy; changing group norms C. Integrative solution; skilled negotiation D. Tit-for-tat strategy; allow individuals rather than opposing groups to resolve a conflict E. Prisoner's dilemma; changing group norms
E
According to a recent study by Barreda-Tarrazona et al. (2017), after repeated trials of a prisoner's dilemma game with the same partner, participants who were strongly altruistic (a personality trait) were more cooperative than participants who were high in reasoning ability (a cognitive skill). TrueFalse
False
_______ a Gestalt psychologist and the father of modern experimental social psychology, once said "There is nothing so practical as a good theory."
Kurt Lewin
A researcher randomly assigns 200 people to participate in a daily meditation practice for a month and 200 others to serve as a control group. At the end of the month, the researcher measures how well participants respond to negative feedback on a writing task and compares those scores between the two groups. The researcher has performed a(n) A. Experiment B. Correlational study C. Naturalistic observation study D. Crime
a
According to lecture, Milgram's obedience study was ... A. Low in mundane realism, high in experimental realism, and high in psychological realism. B. High in mundane realism, low in experimental realism, and low in psychological realism. C. Low in mundane realism, low in experimental realism, and low in psychological realism. D. High in mundane realism, high in experimental realism, and high in psychological realism.
a
Amy places a colored mark on a child's face then lets the child play in a room with a mirror. Dana does the same with an elephant and places a mirror in its pen. What are both Amy and Dana testing? A. rudimentary self-concept B. development of theory of mind C. spatial reasoning D. interconnectedness
a
Diane believes that the more her cat plays with a feather wand, the more competent her cat will become in catching mice. She surveyed 5,000 cat owners in the U.S. and found that cats' play time with feather wands and the number of mice they catch in a week had a statistically significant negative correlation of r = -.47. What can Diane conclude from this finding? A. Playing with feather wands is associated with the amount of mice cats catch. B. Playing with feather wands has an effect on cats' mouse catching skills. C. Playing with feather wands leads cats to become better at catching mice. D. Playing with feather wands makes cats worse at catching mice.
a
In Miyamoto et al. (2006) described in Chapter 3, researchers had participants view either Japanese city scenes or American city scenes. Which of the following statements is NOT true about this research? A. Regardless of the type of scenes they were primed with, Japanese participants were more likely to detect changes in the background than in the foreground B. Japanese scenes contained more information and objects than American scenes C. Japanese participants who were primed with American scenes were more likely to detect changes in the foreground than in the background D. American participants who were primed with Japanese scenes were more likely to detect changes in the background than in the foreground
a
In a study of frustration and aggression, some participants were exposed to an accomplice who insulted them, and others were exposed to no such insult. Participants were then allowed to recommend whether the accomplice should be fired. Those who were insulted were more likely to retaliate by recommending that the accomplice lose his job. In this experiment, the ________ was the independent variable. A. presence or absence of an insult B. difference between the groups C. accomplice D. participants' recommendations
a
Jane is a preschool teacher. She asks one of her students how his weekend went, and although the student says, "Fine," Jane is concerned because she notices that his face is sullen, his head is down, he won't look her in the eye. How would a social psychologist describe Jane's process of perceiving her student's nonverbal behaviors? A. Jane is decoding nonverbal behaviors B. Jane is misinterpreting nonverbal behaviors C. Jane is encoding nonverbal behaviors D. Jane is recoding nonverbal behaviors
a
Jecker and Landy (1969) conducted an experiment in which some participants were asked by the experimenter to return monetary compensation to him, others were asked by the department secretary to return the money to a fund, and still others received no request for the return of their compensation. Participants who were approached by the experimenter evaluated him better than did participants in the other two experimental conditions. These findings support the notion of __________. A. the Ben Franklin effect B. justification of effort C. postdecision dissonance D. self-affirmation
a
Josh is the president of his college residence hall, and he is therefore expected to act in a respectable, dignified manner when he attends campus functions. What social psychological phenomenon does this best illustrate? A. a social role B. a group representativeness assumption C. informational influence D. a social norm
a
Nick wants to know if being in a good mood makes people more brave. To test his hypothesis, he dresses as a clown and hides beside a college dorm. Half the time, determined by coin flips, he places a dollar bill right outside of an exit door so that those who pick it up will be in good moods. He then scares everyone coming out of the building and measures the decibel levels of their screams. What kind of research is Nick conducting? A. a field experiment B. an archival study C. a correlational study D. a lab experiment
a
Random selection involves A. Ensuring that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for participation in your study B. Assigning people to experimental or control groups by random (e.g., with a coin flip) C. Only analyzing the data of a random subset of your study participants D. None of the above is random selection
a
Robert and Susannah Darwin are developing a strategy to incentivize their son, Charles, to get his biology homework done. Robert suggests that they allow Charles to play with the family finches (his favorite activity!) for one hour each evening if he completes his homework, without regard for how many homework questions he answers correctly. Susannah suggests that they determine how long Charles is allowed to play with the family finches each evening based on how many homework questions he gets right. Robert is suggesting that they implement a _______________ reward system; Susannah is suggesting that they implement a _______________ reward system. A. Task-contingent; performance-contingent B. Performance-irrelevant; task-irrelevant C. Performance-contingent; task-contingent D. Task-irrelevant; performance-irrelevant
a
When chimps were placed in a situation where they had to choose between different-colored M&Ms, they later reduced their preference for the color of M&Ms (the candy) they had not chosen. (Specifically, in later trials they were less likely to choose M&Ms that were of the color that was not chosen in the original trial.) According to recent fMRI research, if activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex posterior (DLPFC) is disrupted when placed in this free-choice paradigm: A. they will not show a strong preference for the originally chosen color of M&Ms. B. they will further reduce their preference for the unchosen color of M&Ms. C. they become angry and frustrated. D. they won't remember their choice
a
Your best friend from home is having a hard time deciding between attending UVA or a small, private university next year. You are trying to convince your best friend to come to UVA next year. Based on the Dan Ariely's TED video that we watched in class, what should you do to increase the chances that they will choose UVA over the equally attractive small, private university? A. give them a brochure from UVA, a brochure from a similar but slightly less attractive (in appearance and cost) university, and a brochure from the small, private university. B. tell them 6 reasons why you chose UVA. C. have them write down advantages and disadvantages of each D. invite them to visit you on Grounds for a weekend; experiencing something for themselves will be more influential (subconsciously) than simply telling them about it.
a
Your roommate Sophia is an undergraduate research assistant in a social psychology lab and her duties include collecting data from participants who are randomly assigned to conditions by the lead investigator. Without knowing which condition a participant has been assigned to, Sophia reads the instructions from a written script, and collects data from every participant in the same lab space using the exact same equipment. You tell her that all of this control seems "over the top," but she assures you that all of these efforts are necessary: A. to increase internal validity. B. to prevent the participants from knowing the true purpose of the study. C. to maintain confidentiality. D. to increase mundane realism
a
Hideko moves from Tokyo (in Japan) to Chicago (in Illinois, USA) for college. When she gets to Chicago, she is amazed by how emotionally expressive everyone seems to be--people put on wide smiles all the time, and for seemingly small reasons! Which of the following is the best explanation for why Hideko feels the way she does? A. Japan has display rules for emotional facial expressions but America does not. B. Display rules differ between Japanese culture and American culture. C. America has display rules for emotional facial expressions but Japan does not. D. Hideko is making the fundamental attribution error.
b
Imagine that both Vera and Carol are against affirmative action. Vera is offered $50 to write an essay about the benefits of affirmative action, whereas Carol is offered only $1 to write a similar essay. After writing the essays and receiving their payments, both women are asked to report their attitudes toward affirmative action. Assuming that their attitudes were similarly negative at the outset and given the research on counterattitudinal advocacy, which of the following results would you expect? A. Carol and Vera would be equally favorable toward affirmative action. B. Carol would be more favorable than Vera toward affirmative action. C. Both women would be strongly opposed to affirmative action. D. Vera would be more favorable than Carol toward affirmative action
b
In a recently published study (Turner et al., 2019), participants watched video clips of police-involved incidents (such as a shooting of a suspect) and rated the intentionality of the police officers. Participants who watched body cam videos thought the officer behaviors were less intentional, blamed the officers less, and recommended less severe punishment than those who watched dash cam videos of the same incidents. Which psychological concept best explains these findings? A. Suggestibility B. Perceptual salience C. Cross-race effect D. Reconstructive memory
b
In studies like Rosenthal and Jacobson's (1968) work on the self-fulfilling prophecy, teachers have been found to treat students labeled as "bloomers" and "nonbloomers" differently. Which of the following describes the outcome of these labels? A. Non-bloomers were given more challenging opportunities compared to bloomers. B. Bloomers were given more challenging opportunities compared to the non-bloomers. C. Non-bloomers were given more negative feedback than bloomers. D. None of the above. E. B & C
b
Jim has a big presentation tomorrow morning to try and secure a new client for his company. He's very nervous, and he can't shake the feeling that he might blow the opportunity. Instead of spending the evening practicing his presentation and getting restful sleep, Jim decides to hit the town and stay up until 2:00 AM. The next day, exhausted and hungover, Jim botches the presentation. On the flight home, Jim thinks to himself, "The only reason I didn't get that client is because I stayed up late and drank the night before. If I had been at 100%, I wouldn't secured the client in a heartbeat!" Jim has demonstrated _______________. A. post-decision dissonance B. behavioral self-handicapping C. ingratiation D. reported self-handicapping
b
Jim knows that exercising more would help him lead a healthier life, but when he gets home each day, he usually just slumps onto the couch, flicks on the TV, and starts eating snack food until it's time for bed. According to self-affirmation theory, which of the following would reduce the cognitive dissonance resulting from the conflict between Jim's beliefs and behavior? A. Jim starts thinking, "I tried exercise once. I hated it. I'm ok without it." B. Jim starts thinking, "Sure, I may not exercise a lot, but I'm one heck of a painter, and that's good enough for me!" C. Jim starts thinking, "Those scientists telling us to exercise more are just a bunch of hacks!" D. Jim starts thinking, "Exercise might help other people become healthier, but it's unlikely to help me."
b
Levi is trying to decide whether to take his PSYC 2600 test in a lecture hall where he will be surrounded by many other students or in an individual room by himself. PSYC 2600 is Levi's hardest class this semester and he didn't get a chance to study very much for the test. Due to ____________, Levi will perform worse in the ______________. a. social loafing; individual room b. social facilitation; lecture hall c. social loafing; lecture hall d. social facilitation; individual room
b
Parker wants to know what Alex's favorite movie genre is. Parker asks Alex how much she enjoys watching documentaries. At first, Alex doesn't really know how to reply because she never used to be interested in documentaries, but upon examining her Netflix queue, she realizes that she has been watching a lot of documentaries lately. Alex observing her own behavior on Netflix to answer Parker's question is an example of: A. two-factor theory of emotion B. self-perception theory C. self-concept D. self-awareness theory
b
Personal observation and intuition can play an important role in social psychology, but which one of the following roles can personal observation/intuition not serve? A. Helping a researcher generate research questions/hypotheses B. Serving as empirical evidence C. Helping a researcher think of examples of psychological phenomena and theories in the real world D. Personal observation and intuition can do all of the above.
b
Researchers interested in the effect that social media usage has on mental well-being found evidence of: A. a relationship between social media usage and loneliness, but only among those who had high depression scores. B. a relationship between social media usage and depression symptoms, but only among those who had high depression scores. C. a relationship between social media usage and fear of missing out, but only among those who had high depression scores. D. a relationship between social media usage and depression symptoms, but only among those who had high loneliness scores.
b
Teemu has learned about the misattribution of arousal effect in class. He wants to apply the effect to his upcoming class presentation: If he drinks a big can of energy drink right before the presentation, he will misattribute his anxieties to caffeine jitters and therefore will feel less nervous. However, he isn't sure if the effect is well founded, replicated, and stable across different situations and people. He only has enough time to read one psychology paper before his presentation. What kind of study would be best for Teemu to read? A. a field experiment B. a meta-analysis C. a lab experiment D. an observation study
b
The participant right of informed consent is most closely related to the value of: A. integrity B. autonomy C. beneficence D. justice
b
Which of the following is NOT true about Burger's (2009) replication of Milgram's obedience study? A. Non-obedient confederates did not affect participants' degree of obedience. B. Participants obeyed significantly less than Milgram's participants did. C. There were no significant gender differences. D. The shock was administered up to 150 volts, as opposed to Milgram's 450 volts.
b
You really want your family/loved ones to support your decision to go into the military after graduation. According to the research on the availability heuristic, you should ask them to: A. give them base rates of military personnel who are retired (with pay) by the age of 45. B. list 12 reasons why you should not join the military C. list 12 reasons why you should join the military D. list 3 reasons why you should not join the military
b
You want to have a talk with your younger sister about the dangers of drugs. You begin the discussion by saying, "Now, your friends are probably going to tell you that only people with problems to begin with get into trouble with drugs, and that you're a chicken if you don't get high with them, but..." You have just used _____________ to persuade her to avoid experimenting with drugs. a. attitude accessibility b. attitude inoculation c. a one-sided argument d. a fear-based appeal
b
A high level of group cohesiveness would be LEAST beneficial to which of the following groups? A. members of a military unit carrying out a complicated maneuver B. members of a theatre troupe giving nightly performances C. members of a political campaign team developing a strategy D. members of a simple living group who have a monthly potluck
c
A new neighbor moves into the apartment next door to Karen's. Karen's tries to introduce herself to her new neighbor as the man is unloading his moving truck all by himself. The neighbor is very stressed out and is rushing to get all of his belongings indoors before an impending rain cloud lets loose. The man keeps his responses to Karen's questions short, and he doesn't pause to stand and chat with her. If Karen thinks, "I bet he's just stressed out by the move and it's making him a little rude and high-strung," then she is making a/an _________ attribution for his behavior. A. internal B. self-deprecating C. external D. justified
c
According to Markus et al. (2006), American Olympic gold medalists are more likely to attribute their success to ___________ than Japanese gold medalists. A. the poor performance of their opponents B. their coaches and teammates C. their unique abilities and talents D. their past failures
c
According to the Covariation Model (Kelley, 1967, 1973), people are likely to make an internal attribution of an agent if they see the action as A. High in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and low in consistency B. High in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency C. Low in consensus, low in distinctiveness, and high in consistency D. Low in consensus, low in distinctiveness, and low in consistency
c
Alice is enrolled in a course on psychopathology (the study of mental and behavioral disorders). As she is walking home from class one day, she sees a man speaking into a phone with slurred speech while stumbling around. "He must have some sort of mental disorder," she thinks, pleased with her ability to apply what she learned in class. In reality, Alice's path home takes her by a row of bustling bars, and the man is just drunkenly trying to chat with his wife about brunch plans. Which of the following phenomena best explains why Alice made an incorrect judgment? A. Naturalistic observation B. Hindsight bias C. Priming D. Self-fulling prophecy
c
Interjudge reliability could be measured by... A. The extent to which a researcher believes their variable measures are accurate B. The correlation between the independent and dependent variable in a study C. The correlation between Shelly and Mike's estimates of how aggressive each of 10 children on a playground are D. Whether or not the study provides evidence for the researcher's hypothesis
c
Ivy is taking a SAT subject test in math. She is the only woman in a room full of men taking the test. She has practiced taking the SAT subject test a few times, and had always done well previously. This time, she does considerably worse than usual. Ivy is experiencing _________. A. test anxiety B. cognitive dissonance C. stereotype threat D. fixed mindset
c
Karen receives a call from a polling organization asking her to participate in a survey about attitudes toward recycling. In responding to questions about how positively or negatively she feels about recycling, Karen primarily reflects on the fact that (a) she has a recycling bin, (b) she puts out her recycling to be picked up every week, and (c) she asked her office to add a recycling bin in the break room. She concludes that she is strongly in favor of recycling, and she responds as such on the survey. Karen's attitude is primarily a ______________ attitude. A. holistic B. cognitively based C. behaviorally based D. affectively based
c
Olympic silver medalists often appear less happy than bronze medalists. Which of the following concepts best explains this phenomenon? A. Holistic thinking B. Analytic thinking C. Counterfactual thinking D. Automatic thinking
c
The IRB exists to protect the _______ first and foremost. A. research institution B. researcher C. participants D. All of the above equally.
c
A statistical result of an experiment that has a p value of .03 means: A. There was a 3% chance that the independent variable caused the dependent variable. B. There was a 3% chance that the independent variable did not cause the dependent variable. C. The finding is significant. D. Both B and C.
d
Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that when you cannot find sufficient external justification for your actions, you will attempt to find ___________, which can lead to attitude change. a. implicit attitudes about your behavior b. self-perceptions c. cognitively based attitudes d. internal justification
d
Darwin believed that there are primary emotions universally conveyed by the face. Research suggests that it seems to be true, for the most part, for six major emotional expressions. What are those emotions? A. Happiness, Sadness, Fear, Anger, Empathy, Trust B. Love, Hate, Happiness, Sadness, Admiration, Contempt C. Love, Hate, Happiness, Sadness, Pride, Shame D. Happiness, Sadness, Fear, Anger, Disgust, Surprise
d
Elise has just started a new job as a cashier at Trader Joe's. She keeps comparing her lackluster customer service skills to her exceptionally skilled co-worker, Liz, who has already been working as a cashier for 5 years. Given her choice of social comparison target, what is Liz trying to do? A. Make herself feel better about her performance B. Find an external justification for her own performance C. Evaluate accurately her own performance D. Discover what is possible in terms of cashier performance
d
In a 2017 study, a computer scientist and an artificial intelligence specialist fed around 840 billion words - from tweets, the US Declaration of Independence, Reddit threads, and many other sources -- into a purely statistical machine-learning model and asked it to create clusters of related words based on linguistic patterns it found. The purpose of this study was: a. to see if a statistical machine learning model could predict dictator giving b. to test the elaboration likelihood model c. to see if attitudes could predict behavior d. to see if the clusters formed by the model were similar to common implicit biases shown by humans
d
Jennifer reads that 500 people play intramural sports at Skidmore College, a very small liberal arts school with around 2500 students, and 1000 people play intramural sports at the University of Georgia, a huge state school with around 40,000 students. Jennifer thinks: "University of Georgia students are so much more athletic than Skidmore students--twice as many people play intramurals!" Which of the following reasons best explains why Jennifer's conclusion is unwarranted? A. Jennifer's conclusion is perfectly warranted B. Jennifer is ignoring information about how much hotter it is in Georgia than in New York, where Skidmore is located C. Jennifer isn't placing enough emphasis on whether the students' parents wanted them to play sports in college D. Jennifer is ignoring base rate information about the total number of students enrolled at each school
d
John has known Jane for a long time, and he believes that she is selfish, indulgent, narcissistic, uncaring towards others. Despite this, Jon can't help but feel attracted to Jane, and he hopes to go on a date with her. Jon's attraction to Jane is primarily a/an __________________ attitude, and not a/an ______________________ attitude. a. incorrect; correct b. cognitively based; affectively based c. evaluative; non-evaluative d. affectively based; cognitively based
d
Lena has decided to join an honor society at her university. She has to pay high membership fees and engage in a rigorous induction process. However, after making into the society, she feels like her hard work has paid off and she's grateful to feel closer to the other members of the society. Which principle of dissonance is Lena experiencing? A. The Ben Franklin effect B. Internal justification C. Postdecision dissonance D. Justification of effort
d
Naturalistic observation would include which of the following? A. A researcher recruits 100 participants online to complete an electronic survey about their eating behaviors B. A researcher sets up a folding table on the sidewalk outside their lab and recruits participants to fill out a paper survey on their eating habits C. A researcher brings toddlers into a laboratory for a study on parental attachment D. A researcher goes to a casino and records gambling decisions from a distance to understand how people behave in the face of risk and uncertainty
d
Research has demonstrated that metaphors about the body and social judgments influence how we think and the decisions we make. If that is true, the next time you are feeling lonely and as if the world is a cold, heartless place, what should you do to change your feelings and why? A. carry something heavy because that is associated with "carrying the weight of the world" B. clean your room because it is associated with "washing away sins" C. take a nap because "life is but a dream" D. hold a warm beverage in your hands because warmth is associated with friendliness
d
Researchers (Ambady and colleagues) demonstrated that student impressions of professors formed after observing only ten seconds of behavior __________. A. were less accurate than those formed after longer observation of the professors B. determined that the professors were naïve and submissive C. were more accurate than those formed after only six seconds D. were similar to the perceptions of students who observed the professors all semester
d
Researchers (Baumeister, Masicampo, & DeWall, 2009) found that after being socially rejected, people who read statements refuting the existence of free will were _____ likely to _________ than those who read statements asserting the existence of free will. A. less; help a classmate whose parents had been killed in an accident B. less; cheat by giving themselves a $1 for wrong answers C. more; give up on a challenging math problem D. more; prepare spicier food for someone who indicated that they did not like spicy food
d
River is selling chocolate candy bars to raise money for his writing club. He decides that he wants to use the technique of lowballing to improve sales. Which of the following should he try? A. Start by selling the candy bars at a high price and then negotiating with the customer to lower the price. B. Provide incentives, such as free gifts, with each customer's purchase. C. Start by selling the candy bars at a low price and then negotiating with the customer to pay even less than the originally stated price. D. Start by selling the candy bars at a relatively low price, but before the customer pays, tell them you made a mistake and charge them a slightly higher price
d
Suzie has been learning Xiangqi, a Chinese board game similar to Chess, for 6 months. She wants to know how well she plays Xiangqi. In order to get the most accurate assessment of her Xiangqi skills, she should compare herself with ... A. Luka, a professional Chess player who has never played Xiangqi before B. Cheol, a professional Xiangqi player and a world champion C. Phoebe, Suzie's best friend who does not know how to play Xiangqi D. Dustin, Suzie's boyfriend who has been learning Xiangqi with Suzie for 6 months
d
Your child is constantly running through the house with muddy shoes. You want to change your child's behavior long-term. Based on the research on cognitive dissonance, which of the following is most likely to accomplish that goal? A. The research on cognitive dissonance suggests that punishment does not work well at all for changing behavior B. Any form of punishment--mild or severe--will change your child's behavior long-term C. You should threaten your child with a severe punishment; this will encourage them to adopt an external justification for not muddying up the house D. You should threaten your child with a mild punishment; this will encourage them to adopt an internal justification for not muddying up the house
d
On your way to class, you see a student trip and fall. You rush to help them pick up their belongings and they barely acknowledge you before walking away. You think to yourself "What a jerk. Some people are just so self-absorbed and unappreciative." What you don't know is that this person had just found out that their best friend was in a serious car accident and was rushing to get to the hospital. You have just committed the
fundamental attribution error
