PSYC 273 Chapter 10 UNL

Newborn infants spend as much as _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep.

50

What is the primary evolutionary benefit of a circadian rhythm?

It allows an animal to anticipate an important natural event and adjust its behavior accordingly.

What is the significance of the finding that the isolated brain exhibits signs of alternating between wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep?

It showed that that systems for controlling sleep are located in the brain.

_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling.

Jet lag

A scientist wants to conduct a study in which an animal brain is transected but REM sleep could continue to be measured in the cerebral cortex. Which region must remain connected to the cortex?

Pons

The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation.

REM

In the U.S., evidence that daylight affects human circadian rhythms is supported by the observation that even though everyone's time keepers (clocks, phone) report the same time, people in the western part of the time zone go to bed _______ people in the in eastern part of the time zone.

a bit later than

Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except

a strengthened immune system.

Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.

abolish

Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion.

abolishes

In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.

about 20

The characteristic EEG recording obtained from subjects who are relaxed with their eyes closed is called the

alpha.

People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except

an abundance of REM sleep

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate

awakening.

The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in

awakenings.

Electrical stimulation of the _______ can induce SWS activity.

basal forebrain

Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep?

brain rest

Many people with narcolepsy also exhibit _______, in which muscle tone is suddenly lost without loss of _______.

cataplexy; consciousness

The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the

midbrain.

Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called

night terrors.

In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and off 6 hours earlier than the animals are used to, they will show

phase shift.

The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep.

pontine

REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that

reduce anxiety.

A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.

stage 3

In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.

stage 3

In a young adult, during the course of a night's sleep the length of the bouts of _______ sleep progressively decrease, while the length of bouts of _______ sleep progressively increase.

stage 3 SWS; REM

In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during

stage 3 sleep (SWS).

The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by

sustained SWS.

A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of

sustained sleep.

Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness

tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior more than once a day is called a(n) _______ rhythm.

ultradian

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last

up to 40 minutes

Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by

vague visual imagery.

The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in _______.

women; the later stages of life

The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a

zeitgeber.

Depending on the definition used for insomnia, its prevalence ranges from _______ in the adult population.

10% to 40%