PSYC 304: Psychology of Sport, Exam One, LeUnes

summary of chapter two

- beginning with their establishment, the AASP and Division 47 of the American Psychological Association began to delineate guidelines to ensure better training standards in the future - credentialing is a general term for the process of ensuring that members of a profession meet certain set standards - subsumed under the umbrella of credentialing are certification, registry, and licensure 1. certification and registry are non statutory processes 2. licensure is restrictive and statutory - people cannot received certification as Certified Consultant--AASP unless they have the appropriate academic training and meet other legally mandated licensure requirements - the emphasized ethical principles amidst sport psychology are as follows: competence, integrity, professional and scientific responsibility, respect for people's rights and dignity, concern for the welfare of others, "who can be called a psychologist," and social responsibility - image of the profession: the image of sport psychology among professional and elite athletes appears to be good, although there is skepticism in some quarters about athletes who seek sport psychological services...there appears to be virtually no movements among university psychology departments to institute courses or training programs in the field - employment opportunities: the employment picture is far from optimal, but appears to be improving slowly. Sport psychologists are likely to be found in academic jobs within universities or as private practitioners with a Ph.D.

what are some of the ways to potentially manage a troublesome situation like the one mentioned above?

- explaining the problem to both the athletes and the non athletes in the class - setting well defined limits on grading that downplay any suggestion of conflict or favoritism - limiting sport talk to the playing field and course talk to the classroom

summary of chapter one

- sport is big business in most countries, and sport psychology has much to offer in terms of better understanding and further enhancing the sport and exercise experience at all levels - what is sport? sport is differentiated from play, recreation and games by its reliance on relatively persistent patterns of social organization, its seriousness, its stress on the physical factor, and its occurrence within the context of rule books, regulatory bodies, and organized leagues, among other things - what is sport psychology? the Association for Applied Sport Psychology defines sport psychology as A) the study of psychological and mental factors that influence and are influenced by participation and performance in sport, exercise, and physical activity, and B) the application of the knowledge gained through this study to everyday settings - sport psychology professionals are interested in how participation in sport, exercise, and physical activity may enhance personal development and well-being throughout the life span - what do sport psychologists do? they typically engage in one or more areas of of three interrelated tasks: research, education, and application 1. the research function focuses on using a variety of research techniques to ask and answer important questions 2. the education function, sometimes but not always occurring in a university setting, involves enlightening others about what the field has to offer 3. the application function is where sport psychologists are out in the field applying skills aimed at intervention or performance enhancement - sport psychology professional organizations 1. the International Society for Sport Psychology is the leading forum for communication among members of the world sport psychology setting 2. the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity has made a substantial historical contribution to the development of sport psychology the Association for Applied Sport Psychology and Division 47 of the American Psychological Association are major contemporary forces in shaping the future of sport psychology

good sport psychology consultants have been observed by athletes to...

1. be likable and able to offer their clients something concrete and applied 2. flexible and knowledgeable about how to meet individual needs 3. accessible, caring, and able to establish rapport with athletes 4. be facilitative of mental training prior to and during competition

how can someone become a sport psychologist?

1. earn a Ph.D. in clinical, counseling or industrial/organizational psychology, set up a private practice and allocate some or all of that practice to athletes and teams 2. be a university professor in a department of kinesiology or psychology and teach, conduct research, and work with athletes and teams in an academic setting

a study conducted on sport psychologists who worked with Olympic athletes found...

1. elite athletes are pretty much like other people and no real surprised were presented in working with them 2. elite athletes can be surprisingly fragile and manifest low levels of self confidence 3. elite athletes have self control issues 4. elite athletes often perform well despite not working as hard as they should

what purposes does the CC--AASP serve?

1. it conveys to coaches, athletes, and others that the recipient has been held to rigorous educational and training standards 2. the recipients--all well-trained professionals-- achieve visibility and gain recognition through their listing in the AASP Registry 3. the certification process enhances the credibility of the listing profession of sport psychology 4. the certification process is a step forward in educating the public about sport psychology

bad sport psychology consultants have been observed by athletes to...

1. lack interpersonal skills to such a degree that they come off as wimpy, domineering, and/or demanding 2. unable to apply psychological skills 3. inflexible and unable to meet individual needs 4. preferring group work to the exclusion of one-on-one consultation 5. providing consulting at the competition site that interfered with mental preparation 6. providing little or no feedback

how many factors are responsible for the contribution to the evolution of the field of sport psychology over the past several decades, and what are they?

1. the pursuit of excellence by athletes 2. sport as a political tool 3. high salaries in sport 4. recognition gained from sport 5. spectator interest 6. the fitness movement

what was the difference between the Spartans and the Athenians?

Athenians: saw physical activity and competition as a beautiful and harmonious expression of the self Spartans: subjugated personal goals and individual expression to the survival of their city-state

what are the training programs and requirements like for sport psychology?

Currently, training programs vary considerably with their foci and content. There is much discussion but little agreement about whether this diversity is a good or a bad thing. There is much work to be done to further refine the training requirements.

who is considered to be the most famous sports figure in Germany?

Formula One automobile racer Michael Schumacher

The Iliad

Homer's epic about the Trojan War and an important source of information on Ancient Greek sport

The Odyssey

Homer's epic about the travels and adventures of Odysseus after the Trojan War and, in its final pages, an important source of information on Greek wrestling and other sports

example of the "who can do what" debate

Psychologist: You physical education people have the sport and coaching background, but your training in psychology is pretty weak. Physical Educator: Granted, you have us beat on the psychology front, but what do you know about sports? You never played or coached anything, and you have no training in the sport sciences.

social responsibility

Sport psychologists must be aware of their responsibilities to the community and to society. They are expected to make public their knowledge, observe the highest principles when conducting research, and generally advance human welfare while always protecting the rights of individuals

the first archeological evidence of sports and games comes from the...

Sumerian civilization, a society that arose between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is present day Iraq

sport

a competitive activity involving at least two competitors, requiring physical skill, following formal rules, and occurring within a formal organizational framework

Certified Consultant--AASP (CC--AASP)

a credential that identifies the recipient as having met the Association for Applied Sport Psychology's (AASP) rigorous educational and training standards

licensure

a credentialing procedure defined by statute and intended to regulate professional conduct; this is a professional and legal issue as opposed to an ethical one

diaulos

a double-course foot race down one side of the stadium, around a turning post, and back; it was added to the Olympic competition in 724 BC

credentialing

a general term for the process of ensuring that members of a profession meet certain set standards

dolichos

a long-course race added to the Olympic competition in 720 BC

registry

a non statutory credentialing procedure that indicates professional recognition

stadion

a single-course foot race, the only competition in the first 13 Olympic competitions

an activity is a sport when...

a) it is characterized by relatively persistent patterns of social organization b) it is serious competition whose outcome is not pre-arranged between two or more opponents c) it stresses the physical skill factor d) it occurs within a formal organizational framework of teams, leagues, divisions, coaches, commissioners, sponsorship, formalized recruitment, and placement of personnel, rule books, and regulatory bodies

why endure all these challenges to participate?

aesthetics, a quasi-religious experience similar to Moslems trekking to Mecca, the glory of Greece, and the opportunity to see and perhaps visit with famous artists, historians, orators, poets, and philosophers

recreation

an activity engaged in for diversion or fitness, and exemplified by jogging or skiing

pankration

an athletic contest requiring skill in both boxing and wrestling

"who can be called a psychologist"

an ethical and credentialing issue in sport psychology

play

an informal activity such as kicking a ball around by oneself or engaging in a snowball fight

funeral games

archery, boxing, racing, and other sports intended to distract Greek soldiers from the brutality of warfare through physical competition; the Greek warrior Achilles organized the first such games in honor of a slain friend

why is, and why will Division 47 continue to be, a major player in sport psychology?

because of the APA's considerable financial and political clout/status, Division 47 has, and will almost certainly, hold a key role in sport psychology for the foreseeable future

why is consulting with athletes in violent sports such as boxing highly questionable?

because the job of a boxer is to physically harm someone into submission by way of knockout or voluntary submission; aiding the psychological components of a boxer's game would essentially be aiding their ability to harm another person

what techniques can sport psychologists use to enhance performance?

biofeedback, meditation, cognitive behavior modification, attentional control training, mental rehearsal, progressive relaxation, and visual imagery

who is subject to licensure?

both physicians and psychologists

taureador sports

bull wrestling, bull vaulting, and other acrobatic activities centered on bulls, on Crete, in the Minoan period of history

what is an alternate way of conceptualizing what sport psychologists do?

categorizing the interest of a professional sport psychologist's as either academic or applied

respect for people's rights and dignity

client confidentiality, privacy, self-determination, and autonomy or of paramount concern

how is the NASPSPA composed?

consists of three sections: two focusing on motor learning (control and development) and one on sport psychology

what do employment opportunities look like for aspiring sport psychologists?

despite advances in training and increasing acceptance of the field, the employment picture in sport psychology is not overly reassuring

excluded services among sport psychologists include:

diagnosis of psychopathology, treatment of psychopathology, treatment of substance abuse disorders, treatment of eating disorders, and conducting marital and family therapy

dual relationships

dual relationships, which create or might seem to create a conflict of interest, are strictly prohibited between client and sport psychologist

an academic sport psychologist...

educates interested parties about the field and conducts research on sport, exercise, and physical activity

integrity

fairness and honesty about qualifications, services, products, and fees are of paramount importance

an applied sport psychologist...

focuses on the application of sport psychology in sport and exercise settings

what is the so called "big three"

football, basketball, baseball

Olympic Games

formal athletic contests held at Olympia at 4-year intervals to honor the Greek god Zeus; forerunner of the modern Olympics

certification

generally a non statutory credentialing procedure carried out by an organization (as opposed to a statutory body)

why do some coaches and athletes demonstrate negative evaluations of sport psychology services?

in the past, indiscretions by out-and-out charlatans or by do-gooders who could not deliver what they promised sent the wrong messages to coaches, athletes, and sport administrators

after the creation of the AASP, what happened to the NASPSPA?

it became less of a force in sport psychology than had been the case in the past

based on analyses of ancient Egyptian tombs, what is believed about physical activities we would now regard as "sport"?

it is believed these activities were viewed as most suitable for the nobility--kings, pharaohs, and aristocrats...however, poor people of the time were not buried in tombs with artifacts to analyze, so this assumption could be simply be attributed to lack of evidence

competence

it is important that sport psychologists practice within their competencies and remain cognizant of the limitations of their expertise

professional and scientific responsibility

it is incumbent on the sport psychologist to act professionally at all times and to cooperate with others to see that they also do so

what is the composition of the AASP like?

its approximately 1,000 members are almost evenly split between the disciplines of psychology and kinesiology

why is it important for the various sport sciences to do everything possible to expand our understanding and enjoyment of sports across all levels?

many of us are involved in one way or another with sports and exercise, whether it be viewing or participation

games

more formal or organized activities such as a pickup game of basketball or a soccer match involving neighborhood groups

were women allowed to participate in and view the Olympic Games?

no, they were harshly excluded; the penalty for violating these prohibitions was death

are there numerous jobs offering an opportunity to work with high-profile and seemingly glamorous athletes?

no, this notion is very misleading; many of the sport psychologists you hear about working with well-known athletes have been or are currently professors who make their living in university settings

is it an easy feat to be able to call yourself a psychologist?

no; all 50 states and the eight provinces of Canada have licensing laws that restrict psychological practice to individuals who have clearly specified academic training in psychology and who have passed required state or province licensing examinations

is the education required and training for the profession of being a sport psychologist well supported/invested in?

no; departments of psychology have demonstrated little willingness to take up the challenge. as a result, sport psychologists receive much of their training from professionals in departments of physical education, kinesiology, sport studies, human movement studies, and sport sciences

the Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP)

originally known as the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP), the AASP is a major force in propelling sport psychology to its place of relative eminence among the sport sciences

historically, sport psychology has been a subspecialty within what field?

physical education

why has the AASP achieved a position of leadership within sport psychology in a very short time?

primarily because of its efforts to set training standards, its implementation of a credentialing process, its stance on ethical behavior, and its general promotion of the field itself

has the broader field of psychology demonstrated real interest in the field of sport psychology just recently, or has the interest been long standing?

recently; only in the last 15-20 years has psychology demonstrated anything more than a passing interest

sport psychologists engage in three interrelated tasks; what are they?

research, education and application

what were some of the challenges faced by those who travelled to compete in or view the games?

rough/dangerous roads, poor accommodations, extreme summer heat, shortages of food and water, illness, piracy, and shipwreck

application function

sport psychologists administer psychometric evaluations to assess performance and the relationship between personality and performance

concern for the welfare of others

sport psychologists must be sensitive to real and ascribed differences in power between themselves and others, and must not exploit or mislead their clients during or after professional relationships

what should the attitude of a sport psychologist be in regards to ethics?

sport psychologists should feel obligated to seek out education on ethical issues, and sport psychology programs should routinely offer courses in ethical conduct

education function

sport psychologists teach students and inform coaches, athletes, exercise participants, and others about the discipline of sport psychology

research function

sport psychologists, particularly those working in universities, conduct various kinds of research in order to find answers to questions related to sport, exercise, and physical activity

AASP is adamant in its stance that sport psychologists and certified consultants should be familiar topic areas such as:

sports participation motivation and the psychology of coaching

Chinese enthusiasm for physical activity appears to have been tempered or accentuated by the serene, cerebral, and studious nature of the dominant religions Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism?

tempered

in an interview related to this training issue, Robert Nideffer maintained what about students who aspire to be sport psychologists?

that students aspiring to be sport psychologists should seek training through clinical or counseling psychology programs, taking additional course work within the sport sciences

what is Division 47 of the American Psychological Association (APA)?

the Division of Exercise and Sport Psychology

what is the function of the ISSP?

the ISSP serves as a forum for sport psychologists from all over the world to engage in scholarly discourse while at the same time attempting to break down some of the barriers separating people with differing political and philosophical views

what is the international sport psychology organization called?

the International Society for Sport Psychology

the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA)

the NASPSPA was a major force in the 1970s and early 1980s when sport psychology was developing substantially as its own individual discipline

what is the goal of sport psychology professional organizations?

the advancement of the field of sport psychology by establishing and monitoring training, credentialing, and ethical standards, as well as promoting the overall welfare of their respective members

what was the view on sports and physical activity for the ancient Greeks?

the ancient Greeks valued sports and physical activity, and their love for them influenced generations of Greeks, Romans, Macedonians, and others in the ancient world

what is the "who can do what" debate?

the debate about whether sport psychology is a subspecialty of physical education or a subspecialty of psychology

why was there a general agreement among sport psychology professionals that the singular "sport" was a more inclusive term than the plural "sports"

the feeling was that the plural sports was limiting, connoting only the participation in organized athletic competitions; thus using the word sport and bringing sport, exercise, unstructured games, and general physical activity under one umbrella

how did the AASP come to existence?

the idea for the AASP emerged from a splinter group headed by a man named John Silva that met at the 1985 NASPSPA convention to discuss an alternative to NASPSPA that better met the needs of sport psychologists

what recent development related to the employment of sport psychologists has indicated a possible shift in an increase in job opportunities?

the increasing utilization of sport psychologists within university athletic departments; the growth in the creation of full time positions in university athletic departments may begin to encourage other athletic administrators and coaches who want a competitive edge to follow suit

what is the loophole in regards to someone being able to call themselves a psychologist?

the legal restriction on the word psychologist actually only applies when an individual is offering his or her services to the public for compensation

is there a difference between a psychologist and a sport psychologist?

the only difference is that a sport psychologist specializes in sport; placing "sport" in front of "psychologist" does absolutely nothing to change the fact a person must be licensed as a psychologist in order to engage in any sort of psychological practice

how significant were bulls during the Minoan period?

the representations of the bull games far outnumber any other games in the Minoan period

what is a possible consequence of a sport psychologist accepting bartered items?

the sport psychologist may find it difficult to move from bartering to a paid basis for services rendered should money suddenly become available

the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

though not strictly dedicated to sport psychology, this important professional society with some 17,000 members has strong ties to sport psychology with many of its members professing to have an interest in the field

five areas of continuing concern to sport psychologists are...

training, credentialing, ethics, professional image, and employment opportunities

the NASPSPA is considered to be slightly irregular because of the way it is composed, true or false

true

true or false, it is incumbent on sport psychology consultants to become well versed in identifying potential resources for outside referral when they encounter problems beyond their expertise

true

true or false, the field of sport psychology is a relatively new occupational specialty where job opportunities are growing but still in short supply

true

true or false, the word psychologist is protected legally and no modifier changes that fact

true

what do labor and management negotiators do?

try to forge agreements that will allow team owners in high-profile sports to turn a profit while paying players salaries averaging well over a million dollars annually in most professional sports

how many professional societies with a strong vested interest in the field are there, and what are they?

two, the Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP) and the American Psychological Association (APA)

what is one of the most common dual relationship problems to occur?

when a graduate student or faculty member is concurrently teaching a sport psychology course and also working with athletes and teams

are the AASP and other professional organizations aware of the importance of ethical behavior?

yes, and they are devoting much time and energy into the implementation and monitoring of appropriate standards of professional conduct

is this problem being resolved?

yes, fortunately there is less charlatanism and incompetence because of the increasing attention paid to training and ethics within sport psychology over the last two decades