Psyc 320 Exam 1 Quizzes (1-15)

What type of meal is most likely to increase brain levels of serotonin in animals? A. Low carbohydrate, high protein B. Low carbohydrate, low protein C. High carbohydrate, low protein D. High carbohydrate, high protein

C. High carbohydrate, low protein

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are generally caused by _______ channels opening, while inhibitory postsynaptic potentials may be caused by _______ channels opening. A. K+; Cl- B. Cl-; K+ C. Ca2+; K+ D. Na+; Cl-

D. Na+; Cl-

Which statement does not accurately describe activity at the nicotinic receptor? A. The channel opens rapidly and depolarization occurs. B. Sodium and/or calcium ions enter the next cell. C. Prolonged stimulation of receptors can lead to desensitization. D. Nicotinic receptors are only found on cell bodies and dendrites in the brain, not on nerve terminals.

D. Nicotinic receptors are only found on cell bodies and dendrites in the brain, not on nerve terminals

he most important difference between pyridostigmine and sarin is that A. pyridostigmine is isolated from Calar beans; sarin is not. B. Sarin does not cross the blood-brain barrier; pyrodostigmine does. C. pyridostigmine is an irreversible AChE inhibitor; sarin is not. D. Sarin is an irreversible AChE inhibitor; pyrodostigmine is not.

D. Sarin is an irreversible AChE inhibitor; pyrodostigmine is not.

D. drugs absorbed into the bloodstream from the stomach go to the liver on the way to general circulation.

Intravenously

While pharmacokinetics describes how the body deals with drugs, _______ describes how drug molecules interact with their targets.

Pharmacodynamics

Which statement about action potentials is false? A. Extreme excitation will result in a very large action potential. B. They can move via saltatory conduction in myelinated axons. C. They are considered all-or-none. D. They are generated at the axon hillock.

A. Extreme excitation will result in a very large action potential.

Which statement about GABA is false? A. It is found only in subcortical locations. B. It is found in projection neurons carrying inhibitory information. C. It is found in Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. D. It is found in many local interneurons.

A. It is found only in subcortical locations.

In acetylcholine synthesis, A. choline comes from the diet and the liver. B. acetyl coenzyme A limits synthesis, as it is not found in all cells. C. coenzyme A is an important precursor. D. the key catalyzing enzyme is acetylcholinesterase.

A. choline comes from the diet and the liver.

Developing a tolerance for a drug's effect results in tolerance for the effects of another drug never taken; this is known as __________. A. cross-tolerance B. cross-dependence C. cross-induction D. cross-reference

A. cross-tolerance

First-pass metabolism occurs when drugs are taken A. nasally. B. orally. C. subcutaneously. D. intravenously.

B. Orally

_______ tolerance occurs as a result of cellular adaptation to the presence of a specific drug. A. Drug disposition B. Pharmacodynamic C. Cross D. Behavioral

B. Pharmacodynamic

Which of the following describes the interaction of two drugs when the combined drug effects are greater than would be predicted from that combination? A. Tolerance B. Potentiation C. Addictive effects D. Physiological antagonism

B. Potentiation

Which statement about neuropeptides is false? A. Neuropeptides must be synthesized in the cell body. B. Transport of the vesicles down the axon depends on action potential propagation. C. Necessary enzymes are packed into the vesicle with the protein precursor. D. Neuropeptide replenishment after neural activity occurs more slowly than replenishment of classical neurotransmitters.

B. Transport of the vesicles down the axon depends on action potential propagation.

Which of the following most accurately represents the synthesis of the catecholamines? A. DOPA → dopamine → tyrosine → norepinephrine B. Tyrosine → DOPA → dopamine → norepinephrine C. DOPA → tyrosine → dopamine → norepinephrine D. Tyrosine → dopamine → DOPA → norepinephrine

B. Tyrosine → DOPA → dopamine → norepinephrine

The function of the axon is to transmit the _______, generated at the _______, to the terminals. A. axoplasm; soma B. action potential; axon hillock C. action potential; dendrites D. synaptic vesicles; axon hillock

B. action potential; axon hillock

Summation of local potentials can lead to a(n) _______ at the axon hillock if the _______ is reached. A. local potential; equilibrium potential B. action potential; threshold C. equilibrium potential; threshold D. action potential; equilibrium potential

B. action potential; threshold

Researchers study the effects of serotonin depletion in human subjects by A. using the synthesis blocking drug PCPA B. administering a cocktail of amino acids that compete with tryptophan for entry into the brain C. administering a special milkshake that is rich in tryptophan hydroxylase D. injecting subjects with insulin to alter the ratio of amino acids in the blood

B. administering a cocktail of amino acids that compete with tryptophan for entry into the brain

Both agonists and antagonists have _______ but only agonists have appreciable _______. A. interactions; affinity B. affinity; efficacy C. affinity; bioavailability D. efficacy; affinity

B. affinity; efficacy

Benzodiazepine inverse agonist drugs would be A. anticonvulsant. B. anxiogenic. C. sedating. D. hypnotic.

B. anxiogenic.

The most common type of synapse in the brain is the _______ synapse. A. axoaxonic B. axodendritic C. axosomatic D. presynaptic inhibition

B. axodendritic

GABA metabolism A. takes place almost entirely in neurons. B. can be inhibited by the antiseizure medication vigabatrin. C. is undertaken by the enzyme GABA decarboxylase. D. is blocked by the drug GABA-T.

B. can be inhibited by the antiseizure medication vigabatrin.

Acetylcholine neurons can be identified by the presence of A. choline. B. choline acetyltransferase. C. acetylcholinesterase. D. acetyl coenzyme A.

B. choline acetyltransferase.

VGLUT proteins A. are found in all cells containing glutamate. B. come in three different forms that show little overlap in location. C. take up glutamate from the synaptic cleft. D. are identical to the plasma membrane transporters.

B. come in three different forms that show little overlap in location.

An antagonist that selectively blocks M5 cholinergic receptors in the midbrain could potentially be used to treat A. heart disease. B. drug dependence. C. dry-mouth effect. D. diabetes.

B. drug dependence.

The AMPA receptor A. opens calcium channels when activated. B. handles most fast excitatory responses to glutamate. C. is metabotropic. D. is stimulated by the drug NBQX.

B. handles most fast excitatory responses to glutamate.

Parasympatholytic agents A. include pilocarpine and arecoline. B. have medical uses in ophthalmology and surgery. C. are rarely toxic, which is why they have been used throughout history. D. include atropine, which constricts the pupils.

B. have medical uses in ophthalmology and surgery.

Neurotrophic factors are generally involved in regulating A. rapid synaptic events. B. long term changes, such as gene expression. C. the rate of cell firing. D. opening of ion channels.

B. long term changes, such as gene expression.

Cell death that occurs shortly after exposure to high concentrations of glutamate and other excitatory amino acids involves A. the breakup of DNA. B. lysing and bursting of the cell. C. phagocytosis. D. shrinkage of the cell.

B. lysing and bursting of the cell.

The classic GABAA agonist _______ and the noncompetitive GABAA antagonist _______ both come from plants. A. baclofen; picrotoxin B. muscimol; picrotoxin C. bicuculline; baclofen D. muscimol; pentylenetetrazol

B. muscimol; picrotoxin

The classical neurotransmitters do not include A. amino acids. B. neuropeptides. C. acetylcholine. D. monoamines.

B. neuropeptides.

Biotransformation of drugs in the liver often occurs in two stages; phase I changes are _______ and include _______. A. nonsynthetic; conjugation B. nonsynthetic; oxidation C. synthetic; conjugation D. synthetic; oxidation

B. nonsynthetic; oxidation

Activating a metabotropic receptor cannot result in A. opening of a G protein-gated ion channel. B. opening of an ion channel within the receptor. C. changes in gene expression. D. changes in the levels of a second messenger.

B. opening of an ion channel within the receptor.

A drug sometimes used to induce seizures in laboratory animals is A. diazepam. B. picrotoxin. C. muscimol. D. muscarine.

B. picrotoxin.

Nicotinic receptors are organized as _____ subunits surrounding a central_______. A. 3; dogma B. 5; pore C. 4; pore D. 5; protein

B. 5; pore

Why are adrenergic agonists and antagonists important in the treatment of many nonpsychiatric medical conditions? A. Movement disorders like Parkinson's are caused by changes in NE systems. B. Adrenergic receptors are found on a wide variety of peripheral organs. C. NE cells innervate many diverse brain regions. D. Alterations in brain NE can cause disorders of sleeping and eating.

B. Adrenergic receptors are found on a wide variety of peripheral organs.

Why is it difficult to assign specific functional roles to glutamate, relative to other neurotransmitters? A. Because its inhibitory action on the cortex makes it difficult to interpret B. Because it is found throughout the brain C. Because it is not found in cortical neurons D. Because it has very limited activity except in particular neural pathways

B. Because it is found throughout the brain

Drug metabolism mostly occurs in the _______ and usually makes a drug more _______ soluble

liver; water

The liver and kidneys work together to _______ and _______ drugs, respectively.

metabolize; excrete

Ionization of a drug depends on the _______ of the solution and the _______ of the drug. A. pH; pKa B. concentration; lipid solubility C. pKa; pH D. pH; concentration

pH; pKa

When reporting the ED50 of a drug, the "50" refers to __________. A. 50 percent of the test population B. volunteers 50 years of age or older C. 50 percent of the maximal dose that is possible to administer D. 50 milligrams of the drug

A. 50 percent of the test population

Which of the following best describes the sequence of steps following the activation of a metabotropic receptor? A. Activation of G protein → change in activity of effector enzyme → change in second messenger levels → activation of protein kinase B. Activation of G protein → change in activity of effector enzyme → activation of protein kinase → change in second messenger levels C. Activation of G protein → change in second messenger levels → change in activity of effector enzyme → activation of protein kinase D. Change in second messenger levels → change in activity of effector enzyme → activation of protein kinase → activation of G protein

A. Activation of G protein → change in activity of effector enzyme → change in second messenger levels → activation of protein kinase

Which statement regarding 5-HT3 receptors is false? A. Activation of these receptors inhibits the vomiting center in the brainstem. B. Drugs that block this receptor subtype are used to treat nausea in cancer chemotherapy patients. C. Ondansetron, granisetron, and palonosetron are all 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. D. Some of them are located on peripheral terminals of the vagus nerve.

A. Activation of these receptors inhibits the vomiting center in the brainstem.

Which drug/action pairings is incorrect? A. Nicotine: inhibits choline reuptake B. Sarin: irreversibly inhibits AChE C. Atropine: muscarinic receptor antagonist D. Vesamicol: inhibits vesicular uptake of ACh

A. Nicotine: inhibits choline reuptake

Which statement about astrocytes is false? A. They use the transporter EAAT3. B. They remove glutamate from the extracellular fluid. C. They contain glutamine synthetase. D. They prevent excessive neuronal excitation and degeneration.

A. They use the transporter EAAT3.

For drugs that have a narrow therapeutic window or potentially serious side effects, therapeutic drug monitoring uses _______ to determine the optimum dosage for a new patient. A. blood sampling B. urine testing C. body temperature D. brain scans

A. blood sampling

Black widow spider venom produces its effects by _______, while botulinum toxin causes its effects by _______. A. causing massive release of ACh; preventing release of ACh B. preventing metabolism of ACh; increasing synthesis of ACh C. blocking ACh receptors in the PNS; blocking ACh receptors in the CNS D. increasing metabolism of ACh; preventing release of ACh

A. causing massive release of ACh; preventing release of ACh

In immunocytochemistry, A. cells making the neuropeptide hypocretin can be visualized via creating tagged antibodies to the neuropeptide. B. antibodies must initially be tested by injecting them into host animals. C. tissue slices are cut and incubated with antigen in solution. D. the antibody response is not very selective because it recognizes a class of similar proteins.

A. cells making the neuropeptide hypocretin can be visualized via creating tagged antibodies to the neuropeptide.

If a substance is a neurotransmitter, stimulation of the presynaptic cell should have the same effect as A. direct application of the proposed substance to the postsynaptic cell. B. inactivating the substance. C. blocking receptors on the postsynaptic cell. D. stimulation of the postsynaptic cell.

A. direct application of the proposed substance to the postsynaptic cell.

Drugs that act as agonists at 5-HT2A receptors produce a characteristic "head-twitch" response in rodents and _______ in humans. A. hallucinations B. antischizophrenic effects C. Parkinsonian symptoms D. unwanted motor responses

A. hallucinations

The fibers of serotonergic neurons are found A. in virtually all forebrain areas. B. mainly in the midbrain, hypothalamus, and thalamus. C. mainly in the cerebellum and spinal cord. D. mainly in the midbrain, pons, and medulla.

A. in virtually all forebrain areas.

The major difference between D1 and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes is that one A. is found in the CNS and the other is found in the PNS. B. is very rare and the other is very common. C. inhibits and the other stimulates adenylyl cyclase and cAMP. D. is ionotropic and the other is metabotropic.

A. is found in the CNS and the other is found in the PNS.

In terms of toxicity, a drug with a therapeutic index of two ______ a drug with a therapeutic index of ten. A. is more dangerous than B. is roughly equivalent to C. cannot be compared to D. is safer than

A. is more dangerous than

The NMDA receptor A. is responsive to both glutamate and glycine. B. is blocked by the antagonist NBQX. C. selectively opens channels for sodium, but not calcium. D. has only a single binding site.

A. is responsive to both glutamate and glycine.

Evidence supporting a link between low levels of 5-HT and/or receptor activation and increased aggression, or high levels of 5-HT and/or receptor activation and decreased aggression, comes from all of the following studies except for those A. measuring 5-HT release during play of violent video games. B. using SSRIs to increase extracellular 5-HT levels. C. correlating 5-HIAA concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid and measures of aggressive behavior. D. examining inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase.

A. measuring 5-HT release during play of violent video games.

The excitotoxicity hypothesis states that A. overexposure to excitatory amino acid transmitters can result in depolarization and cell death. B. tetanic stimulation of the presynaptic neuron can produce LTP in the recipient cell. C. glutamate and aspartate play a critical role in the action of drugs like PCP. D. repeated stimulation of neurons is the basis for learning and memory.

A. overexposure to excitatory amino acid transmitters can result in depolarization and cell death.

Ingestion of a parasympathomimetic agent, such as pilocarpine, can cause all of the following except A. pupillary dilation. B. salivation. C. diarrhea. D. sweating.

A. pupillary dilation.

In order for a drug to have an effect, it must first bind to a A. receptor. B. depot site. C. neurotransmitter. D. ligand.

A. receptor.

The _______ is best described as a result of the selective permeability of the neuronal membrane and the uneven distribution of ions inside and outside the cell. A. resting membrane potential B. local potentials C. action potential D. threshold

A. resting membrane potential

The sac-like structures in the presynaptic terminal are called _______ and are filled with _______. A. synaptic vesicles; neurotransmitter molecules B. mitochondria; neurotransmitter molecules C. mitochondria; ATP D. synaptic vesicles; mitochondria

A. synaptic vesicles; neurotransmitter molecules

Dopamine transporter knockout mice are hyperactive relative to wild-type mice because A. their dopaminergic neurons cannot remove dopamine from the synaptic cleft. B. they produce more dopamine than wild-type mice. C. they have fewer receptors than wild-type mice. D. they cannot synthesize dopamine.

A. their dopaminergic neurons cannot remove dopamine from the synaptic cleft.

GABAB receptors are unusual because A. they are metabotropic but are composed of subunits. B. they require glycine as a co-agonist. C. they act as autoreceptors. D. they simultaneously enhance Na+ channel opening and inhibit cAMP.

A. they are metabotropic but are composed of subunits.

In the dose-response curve, a decrease in potency is indicated by a shift A. to the right. B. to the left. C. upward. D. downward.

A. to the right.

Muscarinic receptors in the brain play a role in all of the following except A. tobacco smoking. B. motor function. C. dependence and addiction. D. cognition.

A. tobacco smoking.

After chronic use, the need to administer more of a drug to achieve the same drug effect is known as A. tolerance. B. antagonism. C. sensitization. D. potentiation.

A. tolerance.

Drugs that block GAT-1, such as Gabatril (tiagabine) are useful for treating A. memory disorders. B. ALS. C. seizure disorders. D. anxiety.

C. seizure disorders.

Which factor does not cause tolerance? A. Increased activity of liver enzymes B. Decreased kidney function C. Conditioning D. Down-regulation of receptors

B. Decreased kidney function

Which statement regarding receptor up-regulation is false? A. It can result from chronic treatment with an antagonist. B. It happens only with autoreceptors. C. It can lead to behavioral supersensitivity to an agonist. D. It can result from depletion of normal neurotransmitter input.

B. It happens only with autoreceptors.

A dose-response curve shows that noncompetitive antagonists alter both the _______ and the _______ of the agonist, while competitive antagonists alter only the _______. A. efficacy; potency; efficacy B. potency; efficacy; potency C. depot binding; metabolism; metabolism D. bioavailability; metabolism; bioavailability

B. potency; efficacy; potency

Most of the cell bodies that produce serotonin in the CNS are found in the A. limbic system. B. raphe nuclei. C. cerebellum. D. thalamus.

B. raphe nuclei.

The first means of inactivation of the catecholamines is A. metabolism by monoamine oxidase. B. reuptake by transporter proteins. C. rapid diffusion. D. reuptake by autoreceptors.

B. reuptake by transporter proteins.

The specific effect of a particular neurotransmitter at a particular synapse is largely determined by A. the rate of firing of the presynaptic cell. B. the receptor subtype(s) present on the postsynaptic cell. C. the presence of antagonists at the synapse. D. reuptake and metabolism of the neurotransmitter.

B. the receptor subtype(s) present on the postsynaptic cell.

After drug administration has occurred, the amount of drug in the blood that is free to bind at specific target sites is referred to as

Bioavailability

Anti-migraine drugs known as triptans act as _______ and cause _______ of blood vessels. A. 5-HT1B/1D antagonists; constriction B. 5-HT3 antagonists; dilation C. 5-HT1B/1D agonists; constriction D. 5HT1A agonists; constriction

C. 5-HT1B/1D agonists; constriction

Later generation drugs used to treat schizophrenia, such as clozapine and risperidone, block/activate _______ receptors and produce _______ motor side effects. A. D2; severe B. both D2 and 5-HT2A; severe C. 5-HT2A; fewer D. 5-HT2A; severe

C. 5-HT2A; fewer

Which statement about ACh and cognitive function is false? A. Alzheimer's disease is associated with a loss of cholinergic neurons in the brain. B. Scopolamine produces amnesic effects. C. Acetylcholine release is inhibited in prefrontal cortex when animals are presented with a sensory stimulus. D. Atropine produces amnesic effects.

C. Acetylcholine release is inhibited in prefrontal cortex when animals are presented with a sensory stimulus.

Which drug(s) do(es) not enhance the effects of GABA on the GABAA receptor? A. Ethanol B. Benzodiazepines C. Baclofen D. Neurosteroids

C. Baclofen

Ionotropic receptors may let in _______, which can then act as a(n) _______. A. Cl-; effector enzyme B. Ca2+; kinase C. Ca2+; second messenger D. Na+; second messenger

C. Ca2+; second messenger

Which process does not occur in LTP? A. The AMPA-receptor mediated EPSP is facilitated. B. Calcium influx activates protein kinases. C. NMDA receptors are highly activated during the expression phase. D. AMPA receptors increase in number and sensitivity.

C. NMDA receptors are highly activated during the expression phase.

Sensitization is most often seen with which class of drugs? A. Opiates B. Hallucinogens C. Psychomotor stimulants D. Barbiturates

C. Psychomotor stimulants

Which statement regarding serotonin and anxiety is false? A. Buspirone is an effective antianxiety medication and a partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors. B. Knockout mice lacking 5-HT1A receptors show increased anxiety on the elevated zero maze. C. The 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist mCPP is an effective antianxiety medication. D. Knockout mice lacking 5-HT2A receptors show decreased anxiety-like behaviors.

C. The 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist mCPP is an effective antianxiety medication.

Which statement about knockout mice is false? A. The knockout gene is often a gene for a receptor or enzyme involved in neurotransmitter synthesis or metabolism. B. They are a product of genetic engineering. C. They are also called transgenic mice. D. They are bred from animals whose DNA has been altered to reflect the particular mutation.

C. They are also called transgenic mice.

The findings from VGLUT knock out (KO) mice suggest that A. VGLUT5 is important for the development of the auditory system. B. VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 KO are always found in the same neurons. C. VGLUT2 expressing neurons are critical for survival. D. VGLUT2 expressing neurons have no impact on offspring survival.

C. VGLUT2 expressing neurons are critical for survival.

With continuous exposure to _______, nicotinic receptors become _______. A. agonist; blocked to depolarization B. antagonist; resensitized C. agonist; desensitized D. antagonist; desensitized

C. agonist; desensitized

The two most important enzymes in the metabolism of monoamines are A. monoamine oxidase and tyrosine hydroxylase. B. catechol-O-methyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase. C. catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase. D. monoamine oxidase and homovanillic acid.

C. catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase.

GABAB receptors A. are better studied than GABAA receptors. B. exert excitatory effects on cyclic AMP. C. cause potassium channel opening when stimulated. D. are ionotropic.

C. cause potassium channel opening when stimulated.

In long-term potentiation, A. researchers apply a tetanic stimulus to the postsynaptic cell. B. the expression phase involves kainate receptors. C. changes that involve NMDA receptors occur in the induction phase. D. calcium inhibits the expression of additional AMPA receptors.

C. changes that involve NMDA receptors occur in the induction phase.

Neural transmission is generally _______ within a single neuron and _______ between neurons. A. electrical; electrical B. chemical; electrical C. electrical; chemical D. chemical; chemical

C. electrical; chemical

Knockout mice lacking the serotonin transporter SERT exhibit all of the following except A. hypoactivity. B. a decrease in aggressiveness. C. enhanced maternal behavior. D. anxiety-like behavior.

C. enhanced maternal behavior.

Serotonin release in the gut is stimulated by A. taking an SSRI. B. fasting. C. entry of food into the gut. D. Both a and c

C. entry of food into the gut.

Due to _______, antidepressants known as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) can cause cardiac arrhythmias and high blood pressure in patients that consume foods high in tyramine. A. drug competition B. sensitization C. enzyme inhibition D. tolerance

C. enzyme inhibition

Ligand-gated ion channels are _______; G protein-coupled receptors are _______. A. fast/metabotropic; slow/ionotropic B. slow/metabotropic; fast/ionotropic C. fast/ionotropic; slow/metabotropic D. slow/ionotropic; fast/metabotropic

C. fast/ionotropic; slow/metabotropic

Selective blockade of terminal autoreceptors for DA would lead to a(n) A. increase in cell firing. B. decrease in neurotransmitter release. C. increase in neurotransmitter release. D. decrease in cell firing.

C. increase in neurotransmitter release.

All serotonin receptors are _______ except for the _______ receptor, which is _______. A. ionotropic; 5-HT2C; metabotropic B. metabotropic; 5-HT5B; ionotropic C. metabotropic; 5-HT3; ionotropic D. ionotropic; 5-HT1C; metabotropic

C. metabotropic; 5-HT3; ionotropic

The term "hyperpolarization" refers to A. an excitatory postsynaptic potential. B. the opening of sodium channels. C. movement of the resting membrane potential farther from threshold. D. movement of the resting membrane potential closer to threshold.

C. movement of the resting membrane potential farther from threshold.

GABAB receptor agonists are clinically useful for treating A. alcoholism. B. anxiety. C. muscle spasms. D. seizures.

C. muscle spasms.

β-receptor antagonists help patients with generalized anxiety by A. increasing sympathetic nervous system activity, which makes the person feel better able to cope with anxiety-producing situations. B. causing sedation. C. reducing some of the physical symptoms associated with anxiety. D. acting directly on brain regions involved in anxiety.

C. reducing some of the physical symptoms associated with anxiety.

LDTg and PPTg cells A. are cholinergic interneurons. B. utilize dopaminergic signals to control cholinergic cell function. C. send cholinergic projections to midbrain dopamine cell groups and to thalamic areas. D. send cholinergic projections to many forebrain structures.

C. send cholinergic projections to midbrain dopamine cell groups and to thalamic areas.

Under conditions of high excitatory input, a dopamine neuron can switch from _______ to _______, causing an increase in extracellular neurotransmitter levels. A. phasic; tonic B. inhibitory; excitatory C. single-spiking mode; burst mode D. dopaminergic; adrenergic

C. single-spiking mode; burst mode

Mutant mice lacking the choline transporter die within an hour or so of birth because they A. cannot release ACh properly. B. synthesize too much ACh. C. synthesize too little ACh. D. suffer from a buildup of acetic acid.

C. synthesize too little ACh.

cetylcholine is found in all of the following locations in the PNS except the A. target organs of the parasympathetic nervous system. B. sympathetic ganglion. C. target organs of the sympathetic nervous system. D. neuromuscular junction.

C. target organs of the sympathetic nervous system.

Proteins, such as receptors and enzymes, are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the soma in a process called A. regulation B. transcription C. translation D. transport

C. translation

Working memory can be enhanced by activation of _______ in the PFC, while activation of _______ in the PFC has detrimental effects on cognitive function. A. β2-receptors; β1-receptors B. α2-receptors; β1-receptors C. α2-receptors; α1-receptors D. α1-receptors; β1-receptors

C. α2-receptors; α1-receptors

In the CNS, dopaminergic cell bodies are found primarily in the _______, while adrenergic cell bodies are found in the _______. A. midbrain; hypothalamus B. pons and medulla; forebrain C. midbrain; pons and medulla D. frontal cortex; cerebellum

C.. midbrain; pons and medulla

The function of AChE is to A. help transmission proceed smoothly at the neuromuscular junction. B. break acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. C. metabolize excess acetylcholine in the terminal button. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

_______ and _______ exert their pharmacological effects by blocking monoamine reuptake. A. Clonidine; yohimbine B. Cocaine; phenelzine C. Clonidine; tricyclic antidepressants D. Cocaine; tricyclic antidepressants

D. Cocaine; tricyclic antidepressants

Many ion channels are not normally open but must be gated or opened by some event. Which of the following is not a typical means of opening ion channels? A. Phosphorylation by an intracellular second messenger B. Binding of neurotransmitter to external binding site C. Change in voltage across the membrane D. Enzymatic reactions

D. Enzymatic reactions

Which event does not have to occur for NMDA receptor channel opening? A. An excitatory amino acid like glutamate must bind to the receptor. B. The membrane must be depolarized by some other receptor. C. A co-agonist must bind at the glycine site. D. The PCP block must be removed.

D. The PCP block must be removed.

Which statement regarding muscarinic receptors is false? A. They can open potassium channels, causing inhibitory effects. B. They are metabotropic. C. They are widely distributed in the brain. D. They all inhibit the formation of cAMP.

D. They all inhibit the formation of cAMP.

Which characteristic do neurosteroids and benzodiazepines not share? A. They enhance GABAA receptor function. B. They have sedative-hypnotic effects. C. They act as local signaling molecules. D. They bind to the BDZ site on the GABAA receptor.

D. They bind to the BDZ site on the GABAA receptor.

Which statement about knockout mice lacking EAAT2 is false? A. They have a shortened life span. B. They are more susceptible to experimentally induced brain injury than wild-type mice. C. They develop spontaneous epileptic seizures. D. They exhibit normal weight gain throughout development.

D. They exhibit normal weight gain throughout development.

Which statement about PET scans is false? A. They are used to detect where labeled drugs and transmitters might bind. B. They use radioisotopes that decay rapidly, emitting positrons in the process. C. They can be used to determine which brain areas are active during cognitive tasks. D. They provide detailed structural information if the proper reagents are used.

D. They provide detailed structural information if the proper reagents are used.

Which of the following is not one of the criteria a substance must meet to be considered a neurotransmitter? A. There is a means for inactivating the substance. B. Receptors for the proposed substance are present on the postsynaptic cell. C. A synthetic mechanism is present in the presynaptic cell. D. Vesicles containing the substance move down the axon with the action potentials when the neuron is stimulated.

D. Vesicles containing the substance move down the axon with the action potentials when the neuron is stimulated.

Ligands that have no effect on a receptor after binding are called A. agonists. B. neurotransmitters. C. null ligands. D. antagonists.

D. antagonists

Noradrenergic receptors A. are ionotropic. B. inhibit adenylyl cyclase. C. stimulate adenylyl cyclase. D. are metabotropic.

D. are metabotropic.

Drugs that work on the metabotropic glutamate receptor are of interest and under development for treating all of the following except A. disorders with cognitive deficits. B. anxiety disorders. C. depression. D. balance and vestibular problems.

D. balance and vestibular problems.

The α4 and α6 subunits make the GABAA receptor insensitive to A. barbiturates. B. neurosteroids. C. picrotoxin. D. benzodiazepines.

D. benzodiazepines.

Evidence suggests that GABA may be co-released at synapses with which of the following neurotransmitters? A. glutamate B. glycine C. acetylcholine D. dopamine

D. dopamine

First-pass metabolism occurs with orally administered drugs because A. salivary enzymes in the mouth begin the process of metabolism. B. drugs must first survive the acidic environment of the stomach. C. their absorption is slowed by food. D. drugs absorbed into the bloodstream from the stomach go to the liver on the way to general circulation

D. drugs absorbed into the bloodstream from the stomach go to the liver on the way to general circulation.

The process of releasing neurotransmitter molecules from the vesicles is known as _______ and occurs as a result of an influx of _______. A. exocytosis; Na+ B. docking; K+ C. endocytosis; Ca2+ D. exocytosis; Ca2+

D. exocytosis; Ca2+

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for _______ functions and uses _______ as its neurotransmitter(s). A. fight-or-flight; acetylcholine B. energy conservation; acetylcholine and norepinephrine C. energy conservation; acetylcholine D. fight-or-flight; acetylcholine and norepinephrine

D. fight-or-flight; acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Glutamate differs from other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5HT) in that A. glutamate can only be synthesized by a single chemical reaction. B. only specialized neurons in the brain synthesize and release glutamate. C. glutamate is the only neurotransmitter that causes EPSPs. D. glutamate also plays a role in protein synthesis and cell metabolism.

D. glutamate also plays a role in protein synthesis and cell metabolism.

The presence of vesicular glutamate transporters and vesicular monoamine transporters in the same neurons suggests that A. gene expression has gone wrong in these neurons. B. cells that contain a lot of glutamate must store it in multiple types of vesicles. C. vesicular transporters are not selective. D. glutamate can be co-released as a neurotransmitter along with dopamine or serotonin.

D. glutamate can be co-released as a neurotransmitter along with dopamine or serotonin.

Activation of nicotinic receptors can increase release of neurotransmitter without affecting the firing rate of a neuron A. by allowing neurotransmitter to pass through the channel of the receptor. B. only if the neuron in question has nicotinic receptors localized to its dendrites. C. only at the neuromuscular junction. D. if the nicotinic receptors are located right on the presynaptic terminal of the neuron.

D. if the nicotinic receptors are located right on the presynaptic terminal of the neuron.

When optogenetics is used to insert channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in a neuron, activating this protein with light will produce an _______ of _______ ions. A. efflux; chloride B. efflux; sodium C. influx; chloride D. influx; sodium

D. influx; sodium

The activity of serotonergic neurons in humans can be determined indirectly by measuring A. levels of 5-HT in cerebrospinal fluid. B. levels of 5-HIAA in blood. C. activation of SERT. D. levels of 5-HIAA in cerebrospinal fluid.

D. levels of 5-HIAA in cerebrospinal fluid.

The main location of noradrenergic cell bodies in the CNS is the A. hypothalamus. B. ventral tegmental area. C. substantia nigra. D. locus coeruleus.

D. locus coeruleus.

Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) A. are found on vesicle membranes in astrocytes and neurons. B. come in two different varieties, EAAT1 and EAAT2. C. are found almost exclusively on neurons in the CNS. D. may be defective in the disorder ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease.

D. may be defective in the disorder ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease.

Most drugs and neurotransmitters act upon A. protein synthesis. B. intracellular receptors. C. second messengers. D. membrane-bound receptors.

D. membrane-bound receptors.

Dopaminergic cell bodies in the VTA send projections to the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala via the _______ dopamine pathway. A. mesocortical B. tuberohypophyseal C. nigrostriatal D. mesolimbic

D. mesolimbic

Because cholinergic interneurons are clustered in the _______, changes in cholinergic function can affect _______. A. thalamus; temperature regulation B. striatum; emotional responses C. amygdala; emotional responses D. striatum; movement

D. striatum; movement

Environmental stimuli, sensory stimuli, and psychoactive drugs can trigger long-lasting changes in neuronal connectivity. Collectively, these changes are termed A. dendritic spine plasticity. B. sensitization. C. synaptic density. D. synaptic plasticity.

D. synaptic plasticity.

Glutamate plays a specific functional role in A. seizure suppression. B. anxiety reduction. C. the effects of benzodiazepines. D. synaptic plasticity.

D. synaptic plasticity.

Neurons can be categorized by all of the following except by A. their morphology. B. their function (e.g., sensory versus motor). C. which neurotransmitters they release. D. the size of the action potentials they generate.

D. the size of the action potentials they generate.

Once synthesis has occurred, a protein called the _______ is responsible for packaging molecules of dopamine into membrane packets for release. A. dopamine transporter B. terminal receptor C. autoreceptor D. vesicular monoamine transporter

D. vesicular monoamine transporter

Which factor does not affect the pharmacokinetics of a drug? A. Route of administration B. Depot binding C. Lipid solubility D. Drug action

Drug action

_______ refer(s) to specific molecular changes that occur when a drug binds to a particular target site or receptor, while _______ are the resulting widespread alterations in function

Drug action; drug effects

Which of the following is not a possible explanation for placebo effects? A. Expectation of outcome B. Pavlovian conditioning C. Drug competition D. Genetic variation

Drug competition

Depot binding is said to occur when drugs A. bind to their target sites. B. are excreted before binding. C. bind to inactive sites. D. compete for binding sites.

bind to inactive sites

The absorption of a drug depends on all of the following except A. body temperature. B. the concentration of the drug. C. lipid solubility. D. ionization.

body temp