PSYC-3310 Exam 1 Review

Which of the following statements are true of a doula? (Select all that apply)

-A doula provides continuous support for a the mother before, during, and after childbirth. -A doula is a caregiver.

Which of the following statements are true regarding brain development in childhood? (Select all that apply)

-During childhood, brain and nervous system development allows children to focus their attention, plan their actions, and develop language skills. -Myelination facilitates a number of abilities, including hand-eye coordination. -The brain and head grow more rapidly than any other parts of the body during early childhood.

What are benefits of the Apgar Scale? (Choose every correct answer.)

-It identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation. -It is good at assessing the newborn's ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment.

Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?

-genes inherited from parents -cardiovascular decline -hormonal changes of puberty -weight gain -brain development

Sleep is essential for the human body to do which of the following?

-improve memory -remove waste in neural tissues -increase synaptic connections -increase cell production

It is projected that______ million baby boomers will develop Alzheimer disease in their lifetime.

10

What percent of U.S. adults from 65 to 74 years of age have a disability?

17

Sudden infant death syndrome most commonly occurs in infants between the ages of ______ months.

2 and 4

Research has shown that on an average, Blank______ percent of U.S. adolescents get eight or more hours of sleep on a school night.

25

Research has shown that on an average, _____ percent of U.S. adolescents get eight or more hours of sleep on a school night.

25

In 2017-2018 a national survey found that______ percent of U.S adults 60 years or older were obese.

42.8

By the age of ________, about one in three men and one in two women engage in no exercise.

75

Females make up about _____ of the cases of osteoporosis in the United States today.

80%

mitosis

A cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides.

Which of the following best describes Erikson's theory of development?

A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

meiosis

A specialized form of cell division forms eggs and sperms only

fertilization

An egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell

_______ processes produce changes in an individual's physical nature.

Biological

informed consent

Choice Participants must have information on the costs and benefits of their participation. They must be told that they have the right to withdraw.

Which of the following is a chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21?

Down Syndrome

Which psychoanalytic theorist proposed the eight-stage psychosocial theory of development?

Erikson

______ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Ethological

True or False: Changes occur in the corpus callosum during infancy.

False

True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors.

False

True or false: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that pregnant women consume caffeine on a regular basis.

False

deception

For study purposes, participants are not told everything in advance because it would change their behavior and alter data. This is allowed as long as participants are not harmed.

A researcher draws conclusions about females' attitudes and behaviors from research conducted with males as the only participants. This is an example of bias.

Gender

Which of the following is included in studying life-span development where we will learn information about ourselves? (Choose every correct answer.)

How we came to be this way? Who we are? How we will age?

confidentiality

Information on participants must not be published or revealed; ideally, participants' information will remain anonymous.

Which statement is false regarding physical changes in early adulthood ?

Most individuals continue to grow taller in early adulthood.

____________ selection is the evolutionary process by which individuals of a species best adapted to their environment are the ones that survive and reproduce.

Natural

debriefing

Participants will be advised of the purpose of the study and methods used once their participation has ended

Which statement regarding genotype-environment correlations is true?

Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child.

The father of psychoanalytic theory is ______.

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following is not a premise of the neuroconstructivist view?

The brain is wired at birth, and cells in the brain that process information simply mature over time.

True or False: Being overweight can cause sleeping problems in children.

True

True or False: In 2016, the percent of African Americans who had hypertension was higher than Latinxs,non-Latinx whites, and Asian Americans.

True

True or False: Inadequate funding and inconsistent quality control in assisted living facilities are a major national concern.

True

True or False: Studies have shown protraced decline in the mid-to-late fifties in the corpus callosum.

True

True or False: the COVID-19 pandemic may have caused parents to avoid taking their children to a doctor for immunizations out of fear that they could get the virus at the office.

True

True or false: Developmental science is multidisciplinary because researchers from different disciplines are interested in studying development across the life span.

True

True or false: Alcohol use peaks in emerging adulthood and then declines somewhat by the mid-twenties.

True

True or false: Medium to high physical activity is linked to lower incidences of dementia.

True

The "nature" part of the nature vs. nurture controversy is best described as

a biological perspective

Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of Blank______.

a cross-sectional study

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Down syndrome?

a deficiency of a chromosome

Relying on a single theory to explain adolescent development would probably be ______.

a mistake

Each of the following are linked with anorexia nervosa except _____.

a sense of lack of control during eating

The corpus callosum thickens to improve memory processing during which phase of life?

adolescence

Which factors are considered teratogens?

advanced paternal age nutritional deficiencies infectious disease drugs maternal stress

The "nurture" portion of the nature vs. nurture controversy is best described as ______.

an environmental perspective on how people develop

Giuseppe experiences inflammation of his joints as well as pain, stiffness, and problems moving his legs. Giuseppe is showing signs of having ______.

arthritis

Life-span development is defined as the pattern of change that begins ______ and continues ______.

at conception; through the human life span

According to Gilbert Gottlieb's epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?

bidirectional

________ processes produce changes in an individual's physical nature.

biological

Ethological theory stresses _____ factors, and ecological theory emphasizes_____ factors.

biological; environmental

The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as _______. (one word)

bonding

______ are threadlike structures made up of DNA that come in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent.

chromosomes

Cellular __________ theory, also known as telomere theory, holds that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times and that as people age, their cells become less capable of dividing.

clock

Dr. Xiong is comparing aspects of the populations of Uganda and Denmark. Her research is best described as______.

cross-cultural

During a national study, dietary quality of U.S. children (decreased/increased) from ages 6 months to 4 years of age.

decreased

Which of the following factors triggers Parkinson disease?

degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain

Which of the following is the key factor defining the changes to the age range of the emerging adulthood period?

delay in obtaining stable work

Which type of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?

descriptive

The specialization of cells, also known as cell ______, begins one week after conception.

differentiation

According to developmental psychologist David Moore, genetic factors _____.

do not determine phenotypes independently from the contexts in which they develop

Today, individuals are taking much longer to reach the developmental milestones of ___________ adulthood.

early/emerging

During which period the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear?

embryonic

Bao is 21 years old. He is looking at his career options and who and what he wants to be. These choices are typical of an individual in the stage of _____ adulthood.

emerging

Today, individuals are taking much longer to reach the developmental milestones of ________ adulthood.

emerging

Which of the following chronic conditions is least likely to limit the everyday activities or work of adults over the age of 65?

epilepsy

Which hormone is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls?

estradiol

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

evolutionary psychology

Common changes in physical appearance in late adulthood include which of the following?

facial wrinkles "sagging" due to muscle loss age spots

True or False: Changes occur in the corpus callosum during infancy.

false

According to researchers, which of the following is more likely in adolescents who do not get adequate sleep on school nights?

feeling tired or sleepy acting cranky and irritable falling asleep in school

A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as _____.

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the Blank______ period.

germinal

Which of the following is not one of the three related conditions that pose threats to many newborns?

high birth weight

The United States has one of the (highest/lowest) rates of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation.

highest

Starting in middle adulthood, chronic disorders ______.

increase

A recent study revealed that happiness among individuals aged 18 to 88

increases with age

A centenarian is someone who _____.

is 100 years old or older

Children need daily exercise because of the development of ______.

large muscles, especially in the arms and legs

The term ______ refers to the maximum number of years that an individual can live.

life span

The onset of a girl's first menstrual period is commonly referred to as

menarche

The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the ______.

mesoderm

Physical and psychological gains are more likely to be produced by exercise that is ______.

moderate and intense

The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following?

mother's age medical history genetic risk factors

The layer of fat cells that encases many axons is called the _______.

myelin sheath

What are two common factors in the development of eating problems in infants?

neglectful caregivers conditions of poverty

Prenatal care usually includes which of the following components?

nutritional services social services comprehensive educational services

What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

organization and adaptation

The female egg is known as the ______.

ovum

Which of the following has been linked to health-enhancing behavior and reduced risk taking in adolescence?

parental monitoring

The ______ gland is an important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands.

pituitary

Which of the following releases gonadotropins and also works with the hypothalamus to secrete hormones that lead to growth and skeletal maturation?

pituitary gland

The ______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks).

postpartum

Which of the following describe the two key patterns of human growth?

proximodistal cephalocaudal

The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is _____.

psychoactive drugs

The period of rapid physical growth and hormonal changes during early adolescence that prepares the body for reproduction is referred to as _______.

puberty

In a gene pair, the ______ gene does not always exert its influence.

recessive

Chronic sleep deprivation is the result of ______.

regularly getting less than 7 hours of sleep in a 24-hour period

Human traits and characteristics that are genetically influenced have an evolutionary history that is _____.

retained in our DNA

Chronic disorders have a (slow/fast) onset and a (short/long) duration.

slow, long

Compared to their first year of life, infants' rate of growth (slows/increases) considerably during the second year.

slows

Which theoretical view holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development?

social cognitive theory

Which of the following are some of the methods of data collection used by developmental researchers?

standardized testing. interviews, observations

Which of these prescription drugs are most likely to function as teratogens?

synthetic estrogen some antibiotics acne medications some antidepressants

What approach is the best guide for testing and refining theories of life-span development?

the scientific method

A(n) ________ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions.

theory

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?

time of exposure the dosage genetic susceptibility

Infant brain mapping is being used to assess perceptual and cognitive activities including which of the following?

vision language hearing

Which of the following is not a typical sign of aging in middle adulthood?

weight loss