Psyc 356

the Jonah complex.

The Jonah Complex is described by Maslow as the feat of being one's best. It is often characterized by a person seeminly running away from their destiny; based off of the Biblical Jonah, who tried to escape his fate. Just as the fear of achieving a personal worst can motivate personal growth, the Jonah complex can also hinder achievement, and prevent self-actualization. The Jonah Complex stands out most in neurotic people, but nearly everyone has some hesitance towards achieving self-fulfillment.

According to Maslow, the 14 B-values

a. distinguish self-actualizing people from those healthy people who do not reach self-actualization. b. are so highly interrelated that they probably represent a single factor.

Which statement is most nearly true?

a. usefulness

For Rogers, all behaviour is relative to the

actualizing tendency

Freud called the nonsexual love a child has for a sibling

aim-inhibited love

Sullivan, like Freud and Jung, saw personality as

an energy system

A compulsively neat person who is also stubborn and miserly is what Freud called an _______________ character

anal

According to Sullivan, ______________ incapacitates learning, blocks memory, and narrows perception.

anxiety

Sullivan's belief in the therapeutic power of an intimate relationship during the preadolescent years

appeared to grow out of his own childhood experiences

According to Horney, the attempts of neurotics to find love typically result in

basic anxiety

According to Jung, the confession of a pathogenic secret in psychotherapy involves the

cathartic method

According to Horney, most neuroses stem from

childhood

Horney's concept of humanity was based mostly on her

clinical experiences with neurotic patients

An outstanding characteristic of people who adopt Horney's trend of moving toward people is

compliance

Descriptive research

contributes to expanding a theory.

If scores on an instrument that measures introversion correlate highly with a number of other measures of introversion—for example, shyness and inhibition—then that instrument is said to have:

convergent validity

According to Klein, when the female Oedipus complex is successfully resolved, the little girl will

develop positive feelings toward both parents

According to Maslow, metamotivation

differentiates self-actualizers from non-self-actualizers

Erikson's core pathology of old age is

disdain

Rogers said that evaluations of a person by others tend to

distort the person's self-concept

According to Erikson, self-control and interpersonal control are the tasks of the ______________ stage of psychosocial development

early childhood

In psychoanalytic theory, unacceptable drives and impulses are repressed by the

ego at the urging of the superego

The use of Freudian defense mechanisms requires an

expenditure of psychic energy

Klein believed that during the female Oedipus complex, the girl

fantasizes that the father's penis feeds the mother with babies

If a hungry infant cries and kicks, Klein would say that it is

fantasizing about kicking or destroying the "bad" breast

Which function tells us the value of something, according to Jung?

feeling

Adler's concept of standing still is similar to Freud's concept of

fixation

Adrianna's frame of orientation is constantly challenged by inconsistent information. Fromm would predict that Adrianna will

force the information into an organization that she can understand

Freud hypothesized that a permissive, accepting attitude of parents during toilet training is likely to lead to which behaviours as the child grows to adulthood?

generosity and benevolence

Freud's enduring popularity is most likely due to his

gifts as a writer and his emphasis on sex and aggression

From Adler's biography, we know that

he came from a Jewish background. he had a younger brother who died in infancy. he was second born.

Vacillating, procrastinating, or behaving compulsively are examples of which Adlerian safeguarding tendency?

hesitating

According to research by Thomas, Benne, Marr, Thomas, and Hume (2000), students most likely to drop out of engineering degree programs were

high on extroversion and feeling scales of the MBTI

The night before Adler made his first trip to the United States, he dreamed that

his ship capsized and he had to swim to safety

According to Freud, normally, in post-Oedipal identification with his father, a boy

identifies with his father's morals and ideals

One criticism of Jungian theory is that it

impossible to falsify

Several studies have found that when people were instructed to "fake good" or "make a favourable impression" when filling out the Personal Orientation Inventory, they scored

in the direction away from self-actualization

Adler maintained that social interest is

inborn, but brought to expression through experience

According to Freud's theory, anxiety

instigates repression

Sullivan's self-system arises out of the interpersonal situation when an infant

is approximately 12 to 18 months of age

Briefly describe Freud's concept of dreams

it's based on his belief that most dreams are wish fulfullments. Some dreams are expressed through manifest content, which is the surface meaning of the dream given by the dreamer, while others are expressed in the latent content, which is the underlying and unconscious meaning behind the dreams. His concept of dreams states that dream interpretation can uncover the true meaning behind the dreamer's dreams because. This is done through recalling the dream and using free association.

Horney believed that the cultural contradictions of society

lead to intrapsychic conflict

Maslow criticized both psychoanalysis and behaviourism for their

limited view of humanity.

Fromm believed that authoritarianism takes two forms

masochism and sadism

According to Freud, the ego's dependency on the superego results in __________ anxiety.

moral

Horney believed that people combat basic anxiety by adopting which mode of relating to people?

moving against others moving toward others moving away from others

A useful theory must be falsifiable, which means that it

must be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenets.

Klein agreed with Freud that people can be motivated by

needing others. dependence upon others. competition.

Fromm regarded his parents as

neurotic

The great mother is Jung's archetype of

nourishment and destruction

Which statement best characterizes the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis

A theory may generate one or more hypotheses

List and explain the criteria of a useful theory

A useful theory generates two kinds of research - descriptive research, which expands an existing theory, and hypothesis testing, that leads to indirect verification of the theories usefulness. A useful theory must also be falsifiable, so it must be precise enough that research may either support or fail to support its major points. A useful theory is able to organize research data into a theoretical framework. A useful theory is able to act a reliable guide for practitioner's. A useful theory is able to be consistent within itself. Its limitations of scope are defined and does not venture past the scope outlined, and it will use concepts and terms that are clear and operationally defined. A useful theory is able to be simple and straightforward.

Discuss Adler's ideas on birth order

According to Adler, firstborn children have intensified feelings of power, high anxiety, and overprotective tendencies, as firstborns have been an only child for a long time and then experience a traumatic experience when a new sibling is born. If a firstborns are over 3 years old during the event, they incorporate it into their style of life. If they are under 3, these feelings will go to the unconscious and will be hard to change later on. The second born develop cooperation and social interest, and their personalities are shaped by their perception of their siblings attitudes. The child will become competitive if this attitude is hostile. Youngest children are the most pampered and run a high risk of being problem children. Only children compete against the parents, and develop exaggerated sense of superiority and self-concept.

Adler's break with Freud was due to the fact that

Adler could not accept Freud's strong emphasis on sexual factors as motivators of behaviour

Discuss Adler's concept of fictionalism

Adler, a fiction is a belief or expectation of the future that motivates present behaviour. In his concept of fictionalism, this fiction acts as a final goal that guides one's style of life. Fictions may not be true but people act as if they were true because people are motivated by their subjective perceptions of what is true. He adopted a telelogical point of view in which people are motivated by their perceptions of the future.

Discuss Ainsworth's Strange Situation.

Ainsworth measured the attachment style between an infant and the caregiver called the Strange Situation. It's a 20 minute session where a mother and child are alone in a playroom when a stranger comes into the room and shortly thereafter begins to interact with the child. The mother goes away for two separate two-minute periods. In the first session, the infant is left alone with the stranger, and in the second session the child is left completely alone. In a secure attachment, when the mother returns the infant is happy and enthusiastic, initiating contact. All secure children are confient in the accessibility of the caregiver. In the anxious-resistant style, the infants are doubtful. They become upset when the mother leaves and when she returns they go to her but they reject attempts at being soothed by her. In the anxious-avoidant style, the infants stay calm when the mother leaves and they ignore and avoid the mother when she returns. Insecure infants lack ability to engage in exploration.

Explain Erikson's epigenetic principle.

Erikson believed the ego develops through the various stages of life accoring to an epigenetic principle - meaning a step-by-step grwoth of fetal organs. For example, if the eyes or liver do not develop during that critical period for their development, they will suffer. The ego follows the path of epigenetic development. One stage emerges from and is built upon a previous stage, but it does not replace the earlier stage. For example, children must crawl before they can walk, and walk before they can run. However, children will never let go of their ability to crawl or walk just because they can run. Each part exists before its critical time (usually as biological potential), emerges at a specific time, and continues to develop during subsequent stages.

Fromm's basic assumptions about personality

Fromm's most basic assumption is that individual personality can only be understood through human history. Fromm believed that humans have been torn away from their prehistoric union with nature and left with no powerful instincts to adapt to a changing world - but they acquired the ability to reason, to think about their isolated condition, a condition Fromm called the human dilemma. People experience this because they are seperate from nature but have the capacity to be aware of themselves as isolated beings. It permits people to survive, but also forces them to attempt to solve existential dichotomies. The first dichotomy is the one between life and death - we will die, but we believe in life after death. The second dichotomy is humans are capable of conceptualizing the goal of complete self-realization, but are aware life is too short to reach the goal. The third is that people ar eultimately alone, but cannot tolerate isolation.

Describe Horney's concept of humanity.

Horney's concept of humanity focuses cultural and social factors, especially during childhood, and the effects they have on personality.. Her concept was based almost solely on her expierences with neurotic patirents, so her personality theory is strongly inspired by neurosis. To her, the difference between normal and neurotic individuals is the degree of compulsiveness one has to the three neurotic trends. Her theory is rated slightly higher on free choice than determinism because psychotherapty can give both neurotics and normal individuals control over intrapsychic conflict. Horney believed that people possess inherited drives that push them towards self-realization. If basic anxiety is avoided, people feel safe and secure and will develop healthy personalities. She stated the goal for people is self-realization but also that childhood experiences block the path to self-realization. Neurotics do not have a complete understanding of themselvs and do not see that their behaviour furthers their neurosis.

Critique analytical psychology as a scientific theory.

Horney's focus on neurosis has become a hinderence to the strength of her theory. She discusses how individuals are driven to self-realization but due to her focus on neurosis, she doesn't give much of an idea of what a self-realized person would be like. Her theory is rated low on its ability to generate research and low on its ability to be falsified. Certain elements of her theory fail to provide testable hypothesis and creates difficulty for verification and falsifiability. Although, recently in large part to Coolidge and his colleagues developing the HCTI, Horney's focus on neurosis has allowed them to find ways to measure neurotic trends. In the world of non-scientific study, this is a huge step towards developing enough research to allow the theory or concept to be verified or falsified. However, her focus on neurosis allows for a higher rating on its ability to organize knowledge even though one does not gain much knowledge about people in general. Her theory is a good guide for action in the sense that people understand a warm and loving environment helps a childs development, but beyon that the theory doesn't give detailed courses of action. As well, her theory is rated low on internal consistency but high on parsimony. I would not consider Horney's social psychoanalytic theory to be scientific due to the fact that Horney's theory doesn't meet most of the requirements of a scientific theory. I would say however that even with the limitations to her theory that it has the potential to become a scientific theory. Her own research was not enough to meet the requirements of a scientific theory, but there is enough material within her theory to allow future researchers to conduct experiements and investigations that may expand the theory enough to be considered scientific.

Distinguish between Sullivan's concepts of intimacy and lust.

Intimacy grows out of the need for tenderness but is more specific and requires a close interpersonal relationship between two people of equal status. Intimacy develops prior to puberty usually during preadolescence. Intimacy requires an equal partnership, so it does not usually exist in parent-child relationships unless both are adults and see one another as equals. Intimacy is an integrating dynamism that tends to draw out loving reactions from the other person, this allows a decreases anxiety and loneliness which in turn allows intimacy to be a rewarding experience that people desire. Sullivan considered lust as impersonal sexual desires. Lust is an isolating tendency that does not require another person for satisfaction.It manifests itself in autoerotic behavior regardless of the object. Lust is a powerful dynamism during adolescence because it often leads to reduced self-esteem since lustful attempts are rejected, thus increasing anxiety. lust also hinders intimate relationships, especially during adolescence when confused with sexual attraction.

Explain Horney's concept of intrapsychic conflicts.

Intrapsychic processes originate from interpersonal experiences but at some point they become a life of their own. One of two important intrapsychic conflicts is the idealized self-image. When an individual feels alienated from themselves, they acquire a stable sense of identity and they solve this by created an overly positive view of themselves. For compliant people, they see themselves as saintly, for aggressive people they see themselves as strong and heroic, and detached neurotics see themselves as wise and independent. Horney recognized three aspects of the idealized self-image: the neurotic search for glory, or a comprehensive drive toward actualizing the ideal self; neurotic claims, or a belief that they are entitled to special privileges; and neurotic pride, or a false pride based not on reality but on a distorted and idealized view of self. The second important conflict is self-hatred. Neurotics dislike themselves because reality doesn't conform to their idealized view of self. This can be expressed as relentless demands on the self, self-accusation, self-contempt, self-frustration, self-torment, and self-destructive actions and impulses.

Defend the need for more than one theory

The need for more than one theory lies with scientific research. In many cases, one theory can only enhance research to a certain degree. Whereas numerous theories can lead to new hypothesis and new observations that lead to fascinating new discoveries.

Describe Fromm's character orientations

Non productive orientations include: receiving things passively - receptive characters feel the source of all good lies outside themselves and they can only relate to the world by receiving things such as love, knowledge and material possessions. Negative traits of receptive people include passivity, submissiveness, and lack of self confidence. Their positive traits are loyalty, acceptance, and trust. exploiting, or taking things through force - exploitative characters believe that the source of all good is outside themselves, and they aggressively take what they desire rather than receiving it, are more likely to steal rather than create, and are willing to express a pilfered opinion. Negative traits of exploitative characters are egocentric, conceited, arrogant, and seducing. Their positive traits are impulsivity, pride, charm, and confidence. Hoarding characters seek to save that which they have already attained, they hold everything inside and do not let anything go, keeping money, feelings, and thoughts to themselves. They are similar to Freud's anal characters. They will try to possess loved ones and try to preserve relationships, live int he past, and are repelled by new things. Negative traits of the hoarding characters are rigidity, sterility, obstinacy, complusivity, and non-creative. Positive traits are orderliness, cleanliness, and punctuality. The marketing character is an outgrowth of modern commerce in which trade is no longer personal but carried out by faceless corporations, they see themselves as being in constant demand, making others believe they are skilled and salable. They are without past or future, and have no permanent values. Negative traits of the marketing character are aimlessness, opportunism, inconsistency, and wastefulness. Positive traits are changeability, open-mindedness, adaptability, and generosity. The single productive orientation has three dimensions - working, loving, and reasoning. Because productive people work toward positive freedom, they are the most healthy of all characters. Healthy people value work as a means of creative self-expression. They use work as a means of producing life's necessities. Productive love is characterized by care, responsibility, respect, and knowledge.

The transformation of instinctual drives into socially productive forces, such as art, science, and religion, is what Freud called

sublimation

List two Freudian defense mechanisms and give examples of each

Repression is the most basic defence mechanism. Whenever the ego feels threatened, it protects itself by forcing those threatening feelings into the unconscious. A woman may repress the sad feelings she has for her dead husband because it causes too much anxiety. Regression is a defense mechanism in which during times of stress and anxiety, the libido will return to an earlier developmental stage. A child may go back to sucking their thumb or bed wetting after a the birth of a new sibling.

Critique Adler's ideas as a scientific theory

The author of the text rates Adler's ideas above average on its ability to generate research as many social interest scales have been developed based on his theory. His theories ability to organize knowledge is rated high due to his practical views, and his ability to guide action is rated very high. However, his theory lacks internal consistency, and his parsimony is about average. His main concept of early childhood recollections having an impact on one's style of life has become difficult for researchers to verify or falsify. Adler's ideas without a doubt encompass the boundaries for a scientific theory. His ideas have sparked numerous social interest scales, and his methods have proved helpful to practitioner's using individual psychology to treat their clients. The inability to scientifically study his concept of creative power, or that early childhood recollections positively correlate to current style of life, make it difficult to deduce that his ideas are considered scientific. In terms of casual studies, his theory has been rendered useful, but is lacking in the scientific areas.

What is the proper place of theory within science?

Theories are tools used by scientists to give meaning to observations.

What is the relationship between theory and observation?

There is a mutual and dynamic interaction between them

Briefly describe Horney's three neurotic trends.

These trends are: moving toward people, where compliant people protect themselves against feelings of helplessness by seeking affection and approval of others or seeking a powerful partner; where aggressive people protect themselves against their belief that everyone is hostile by exploiting others and using them for their own benefit; and moving away from people, in which detached people protect themselves against feelings of isolation by putting emotional distance between themselves and others.

Jung's theory sees humans as

a composite of opposing forces

Adler would see an individual's inconsistent behaviour as

a person's attempt to strive for superiority

Fromm believed that people who use conformity as a mechanism of escape

a. lack authenticity and individuality. b. often behave in a stiff, predictable manner. c. lose their identity as a unique person.

According to the authors of the text, personality theories

originate from the historical, social, and psychological world of their originators.

Jung's notion of the collective unconscious refers to

people's tendency to react to biologically inherited response patterns

According to Sullivan, ______________ is the most critical epoch because errors made earlier can be corrected at this time

preadolescence

"Freudian slips" are a product of

preconscious and unconscious forces

Any test that correlates with future behaviours is said to have

predictive validity

Adler believed that dreams

provide clues for solving future problems

Adler's notion of moving backward is similar to Freud's notion of

regression

According to Freud, all people possess two major instincts or drives. They are

sex and aggression

A useful theory should be parsimonious, meaning that it should be

simple

According to Adler, ______________ is the "barometer of normality

social interest

Adler first postulated the aggressive drive and the will to power as the fundamental motivations that shape human personality. He later extended his view to include the

striving for superiority or success

he most important factor for the child in Adler's family constellation is

subjective perception of self and environment

Define validity

the degree to which the instrument or test measures what it is supposed to measure

Define reliability

the extent to which a measuring instrument yields consistent results.

According to Maslow, metamotivation is

the motivation of self-actualizing people

According to Klein, the two basic positions are

the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive

According to Erikson, teaching and instructing in the ways of a society or culture typically occur during

the school age

Industry versus inferiority is Erikson's psychosocial crisis of

the school age

The word personality comes from the Latin word "persona," meaning

theatrical mask

Adler believed that maladjusted people set

their goals too high

Rogers believed that healthy individuals evaluate their experience from the viewpoint of

their organismic self

For Fromm, productive and caring creation reflects the need for

transcendence

The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to

transform unconscious material into consciousness.

Klein extended Freud's psychoanalysis by emphasizing

very early infancy

Freud believed that a girl's superego

was not as fully developed as a boy's superego

Early in his career, Adler used which term to refer to the single force behind all human motivation

will to power

Research by Milene Morfei and colleagues (2004) found that

women who focus on the well being of others pay a price of lowered satisfaction with their own lives