PSYC 356 Chp 15 Buss, PSYC 356 Chp 13 MaCrea and Costa
10. Traits generated through factor analysis may be either _____ or _____. A. unipolar; bipolar B. unidimensional; multidimensional C. conscious; unconscious D. loaded; unloaded E. static; rotated
A
10. Which of the following is most likely a product of chance, also known as "random effects"? A. noise B. adaptations C. mutations D. by-products
A
11. Who were the first thinkers to argue for an evolutionary perspective of psychological thought and behavior? A. Darwin and Spencer B. Freud and Jung C. Aristotle and Plato D. Tooby and Cosmides
A
12. Cattell attempted to measure human personality from three angles using L data, Q data, and T data. Which of the following is an example of T data? A. aptitude test scores B. an autobiography C. a biography D. supervisory ratings
A
13. The term _____ was coined in 1973 by biologist Michael Ghiselin (1973) and later popularized by anthropologist John Tooby and psychologist Leda Cosmides in the early 1990s. A. evolutionary psychology B. sociobiology C. social evolution D. bio-evolution
A
34. According to the Five-Factor Model (FFM), which of the following personality traits describes people who are hardworking, self-disciplined, ambitious, and organized? A. conscientiousness B. extraversion C. agreeableness D. neuroticism
A
39. Buss and his colleague Heidi Greiling propose _____ distinct sources of individual differences. A. four B. five C. three D. seven
A
4. Presently, most researchers who study personality traits agree that _____ dominant traits emerge from factor analytic techniques. A. 5 B. 35 C. 101 D. 16
A
41. The essence of basic tendencies is their basis in biology and their _____ over time and situation. A. stability B. unpredictability C. variability D. inconsistency
A
46. Characteristic adaptations differ from culture to culture because A. they fluctuate over time and context, unlike basic tendencies, which are stable and enduring. B. external influences such as acquired skills, habits, attitudes, and relationships interact with the environment, leading to adaptation. C. Both of the answers are correct. D. None of the answers is correct.
A
52. Which of the following statements is true of the evolutionary theory of personality as a guide for practitioners in psychology? A. The theory is more abstract and pure than concrete and applied. B. The theory is more concrete and applied than abstract and pure. C. The theory is more abstract and concrete than pure and applied. D. The theory is more pure and concrete than abstract and applied.
A
53. Evolutionary theory of personality rates moderate A. on internal consistency. B. as a guide for practitioners. C. on the criterion of parsimony. D. on the organization of known knowledge.
A
9. Hans J. Eysenck insisted that only _____ major factors can be discerned by a factor analytic approach. A. 3 B. 5 C. 16 D. 18,000
A
9. Traits that happen as a result of adaptations but are not part of the functional design are called A. by-products. B. noise. C. mutations. D. adaptations.
A
13. Which of Cattell's media of observation cannot be used with animals such as dogs or cats? A. L data B. Q data C. T data D. None of the answers is correct.
B
14. The term _____ can be defined as the scientific study of human thought and behavior from an evolutionary perspective and focuses on four big questions. A. bioevolution B. evolutionary psychology C. sociobiology D. social evolution
B
19. McCrae and Costa's Five-Factor Model (FFM) can both _____ and _____ behavior. A. forecast; foretell B. predict; explain C. identify; analyze D. measure; hypothesize
B
20. The five factors of the Five-Factor Model have been found across cultures and show some permanence with A. race. B. age. C. gender. D. sexual orientation.
B
22. According to the Five-Factor Model (FFM), which of the following is a characteristic of people who tend to score high on neuroticism (N) as a personality trait? A. They are unemotional. B. They are anxious. C. They are self-satisfied. D. They are hardy.
B
23. Robert R. McCrae and Paul T. Costa agreed with Hans J. Eysenck that personality traits are _____ and follow a bell-shaped distribution. A. unipolar B. bipolar C. multipolar D. tripolar
B
29. _____ involves the disposition to experience positive emotional states and to engage in one's environment and to be sociable and self-confident. A. Agreeableness B. Surgency C. Conscientiousness D. Openness
B
30. The Five-Factor Model (FFM) includes _____ as a trait that reflects an affectionate, active, fun-loving, and passionate person. A. neuroticism B. extraversion C. conscientiousness D. openness to experience
B
31. Which of the following is a characteristic of people who score high on the openness to experience factor in the Five Factor Model? A. They prefer routine. B. They are liberal. C. They support traditional values. D. They are down-to-earth.
B
35. People who score in the direction of agreeableness tend to be A. ordered, controlled, and achievement-focused. B. good-natured, yielding, generous, and trusting. C. anxious, temperamental, and emotionally vulnerable. D. even-tempered, self-satisfied, and emotionally hardy.
B
4. Which of following theorists laid the foundation for the modern theory of evolution? A. Sigmund Freud B. Charles Darwin C. Hans Eysenck D. Carl Rogers
B
40. One environmental source of personality differences is what Buss termed _____, by which he meant that childhood experiences make some behavioral strategies more likely than others. A. heritable (genetic) sources B. early experiential calibration C. nonadaptive sources D. maladaptive sources
B
43. Vincent feels that his parents neglect him and pay more attention to his brother, Mark. Mark regularly gets higher grades than Vincent. Vincent always outperforms his brother in football and basketball. In order to gain his parents' attention, Vincent decides to be more academic. He stays back after class to learn new concepts, gets himself a tutor, and takes tests online to assess his learning. Which of the following statements is most likely true about the scenario? A. Vincent lacks openness and has a low level of conscientiousness. B. Vincent's change in activities is an example of alternative niche specialization. C. Mark has an intelligence quotient of more than 130. D. Mark scores higher on the behavioral disposition of surgency than does Vincent.
B
49. The principal biological mechanisms that influence basic tendencies are A. reproductive success and mutations. B. genes, hormones, and brain structures. C. natural selection and extinction. D. social Darwinism and reproductive success.
B
7. Personality psychologists are more likely to attribute behavior to _____ than are social psychologists. A. day-to-minute situations B. enduring traits C. cognitive displacement D. overt emotionalism
B
12. E.O. Wilson argued for a merger of the biological and social sciences and dubbed his movement A. social evolution. B. bioevolution. C. sociobiology. D. evolutionary psychology.
C
15. Which of the following statements is true of Raymond B. Cattell's pioneering work on personality theory? A. His NEO-Personality Inventory yielded scores on only five personality factors. B. Each of his five bipolar factors is limited to responses on questionnaires. C. He used three different media of observation to examine people from multiple angles. D. He divided personality traits into core components and peripheral components.
C
16. The tendency to assume that the environment alone can produce behavior void of a stable internal mechanism is called A. the fundamental attribution error. B. functional dynamics. C. the fundamental situational error. D. the actor-observer bias.
C
18. Ever since Charles Darwin, it has been clear that all life forms are confronted with two fundamental problems of adaptation, namely _____ and _____. A. natural selection; artificial selection B. cognitive; psychosocial C. survival; reproduction D. psychological; physical
C
26. Most of Costa and McCrae's early research was focused on three main personality traits that included neuroticism, extraversion, and A. psychoticism. B. introversion. C. openness to experience. D. social interest.
C
34. Vidya is highly sensitive to criticism. She becomes anxious and nervous whenever her manager points out her mistakes. She cannot control her emotions when she is under stress. Which of the following statements is most likely true about Vidya? A. Vidya is a surgent person. B. Vidya lacks openness. C. Vidya scores high on the behavioral disposition of neuroticism. D. Vidya has a high level of conscientiousness and agreeableness.
C
42. Core components of the Five-Factor Theory include the _____, which are acquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environment. A. peripheral components B. basic tendencies C. characteristic adaptations D. objective biography
C
50. According to Robert R. McCrae and Paul T. Costa, _____ is defined as everything a person does, thinks, or feels across his or her whole lifespan. A. self-concept B. basic tendency C. objective biography D. personal narrative
C
14. Cattell classified traits that refer to how far or how fast one can perform a given activity as _____ traits. A. temperament B. motivational C. dynamic D. ability
D
15. The essence of Buss's theory of personality revolves around adaptive problems and their A. fundamental attribution errors. B. fundamental situational errors. C. functional dynamics. D. solutions or mechanisms.
D
16. Cattell and McCrae and Costa both used a(n) _____ of gathering data. A. deductive method B. comparison method C. intuition method D. inductive method
D
17. Cattell's famous personality scale is called the A. NEO-Personality Inventory. B. FIROB. C. MBTI. D. 16 PF Scale.
D
19. The process of evolution by natural selection has produced solutions to the two basic problems of life discussed by Darwin and Buss and they are called A. natural selection. B. artificial selection. C. surgency. D. mechanisms.
D
22. _____ mechanisms are internal and specific cognitive, motivational, and personality systems that solve specific survival and reproduction problems. A. Survival B. Adaptive C. Physical D. Psychological
D
25. Which of the following was an ideal factor that allowed Costa and McCrae to investigate the question of how personality is structured? A. the reemergence in the 1970s of traits as the most viable explanation for personality B. the mentoring of Walter Mischel by both researchers C. serendipity and good fortune D. the large, well-established datasets of adults available at the NIH in Baltimore
D
27. Buss argues that the five main dimensions of personality (Big Five) can be best thought of as a way of summarizing the A. human dynamics. B. strategies of personhood. C. need of belongingness. D. social landscape.
D
30. _____ is marked by a tendency to take risks and to experience positive emotion (i.e., be happy) and initiating and maintaining friendships and relationships. A. Conscientiousness B. Openness C. Agreeableness D. Surgency
D
32. People who score low on openness to experience tend to A. be conventional, down-to-earth, and prefer the familiar. B. support traditional values and prefer a fixed lifestyle. C. be conservative, lacking in curiosity, and need closure. D. All of the answers are correct.
D
35. The adaptive personality system that revolves around one's capacity and commitment to work is A. openness. B. emotional stability. C. agreeableness. D. conscientiousness.
D
36. McCrae and Costa (1996) objected to earlier personality theories as relying too heavily on A. experimental evidence from laboratories. B. factor analysis. C. theoretical orientations. D. clinical experiences and on armchair speculation.
D
37. "A theory organizes findings to tell a coherent story, to bring into focus those issues and phenomena that can and should be explained." This quote is attributed to A. Eysenck. B. Cattell. C. Allport. D. Costa and McCrae.
D
62. The concept of humanity embodied by trait and factor theories is best described as A. pessimistic. B. teleological. C. cultural. D. biological.
D
18. The advocates of the Five-Factor Theory favor the _____ rotation method of factor analysis. A. orthogonal B. triangulated C. oblique D. hexagonal
A
38. Buss (1991) argues that of the five personality dimensions, _____ are the most important traits because they most directly provide answers to a host of adaptive problems. A. agreeableness and openness B. surgency/dominance, agreeableness, and conscientious C. emotional stability, agreeableness, and openness D. conscientious and agreeableness/hostility
B
32. The _____ dimension of personality is marked by a person's willingness and capacity to cooperate and help the group on the one hand or to be hostile and aggressive on the other. A. conscientiousness B. openness/intellect C. emotional stability D. agreeableness/hostility
D
33. In the NEOPI (1992), Costa and McCrae revealed two additional trait dimensions. They were A. openness to experience and neuroticism. B. neuroticism and extraversion. C. extraversion and conscientiousness. D. agreeableness and conscientiousness.
D
17. Social psychologists use the term _____ to describe our tendency to ignore situational and environmental forces when explaining the behavior of other people and instead to focus on internal dispositions. A. fundamental attribution error B. functional dynamics C. fundamental situational error D. solutions or mechanisms
A
20. Buss states that there are _____ specific main classes of mechanism. A. two B. three C. four D. five
A
21. According to the Five-Factor Model, _____ describes people who are ordered, controlled, organized, ambitious, achievement focused, and self-disciplined. A. conscientiousness B. agreeableness C. neuroticism D. extraversion
A
26. Buss (1991) assumes that motivation, emotion, and personality are adaptive in that they solve problems of A. survival and reproduction. B. introversion and extraversion. C. psychoticism and neuroticism. D. narcissism and frotteurism.
A
27. Which of the following is not one of the five factors in the Five-Factor Model of personality traits? A. psychoticism B. conscientiousness C. agreeableness D. openness to experience
A
28. People who consistently seek out different and varied experiences score high on A. openness to experience. B. extraversion. C. neuroticism. D. conscientiousness.
A
29. Individuals who score high on _____ tend to be anxious, temperamental, emotional, and vulnerable to stress-related problems. A. neuroticism B. psychoticism C. conscientiousness D. openness to experience
A
31. People high in _____ are driven and ambitious. A. surgency B. openness C. agreeableness D. conscientiousness
A
45. According to Robert R. McCrae and Paul T. Costa, which of the following sentences is true of objective biography as a component of personality? A. It is the outcome of characteristic adaptations as well as external influences. B. It is one of the core components of personality in the Five-Factor Theory. C. It emphasizes people's views or perceptions of their experiences. D. It is principally influenced by genes, hormones, and brain structure.
A
48. Costa and McCrae (1996) summarize their trait model using a schematic drawing whereby peripheral components, comprised of causal, secondary influences on personality, are represented as A. ellipses. B. rectangles. C. interconnecting lines. D. None of the answers is correct.
A
50. Evolutionary psychology and evolutionary theory of personality have their own scientific society called A. Human Behavior and Evolutionary Society. B. the Evolutionary Society of Frotteurs. C. the Society of Sociobiologists. D. Personality and Genetics Society.
A
58. Evolutionary theory of personality's concept of humanity is most surprising because of its stance on A. biological versus social influence. B. causality versus teleology. C. the unconscious influences. D. the uniqueness of an individual.
A
59. The major strength of trait and factor theories lies in A. their ability to organize knowledge. B. the high level of internal consistency in the two main theories. C. the parsimony of the theories or the fewest number of explanatory factors possible. D. All of the answers are correct.
A
23. Psychological mechanisms relevant to personality can be grouped into _____ main categories. A. two B. three C. four D. five
B
24. In the context of the Five-Factor Model (FFM), which of the following is one of the strongest and most ubiquitous personality traits? A. openness to experience B. extraversion C. agreeableness D. conscientiousness
B
25. Two goals and motives that act as evolved mechanisms are A. survival ability and dominance. B. power and intimacy. C. politics and economics. D. belongingness and social ability.
B
28. Buss argues for essentially the five personality dimensions (Big Five) proposed by McCrae and Costa but with slightly different terminology. Which is not one of Buss's categories? A. surgency/extraversion/dominance B. neuroticism/psychoticism C. agreeableness D. conscientiousness
B
38. In the Five-Factor Theory, behavior, in part, is predicted by three core components. Which of the following is not a core component? A. self-concept B. external influences C. characteristic adaptations D. basic tendencies
B
41. When Miguel was an infant, he developed a strong attachment style with his mother. Whenever his mother left him alone, he would cry and throw tantrums to stop his mother from leaving him alone. Now, in his early childhood years, Miguel still continues to display such behavior. Which of the following statements is most likely true about the scenario? A. Miguel's mother has a low level of conscientiousness. B. Miguel's dependency on his mother is an example of early experiential calibration. C. Miguel scores high on the behavioral disposition of openness. D. Miguel scores high on the behavioral disposition of neuroticism.
B
42. An origin of environment-induced individual differences is _____, which means that different people find what makes them stand out from others in order to gain attention from parents or potential mates. A. early experiential calibration B. alternative niche specialization C. nonadaptive sources D. maladaptive sources
B
44. _____ is change in gene function that does not involve changes in DNA. A. Genetic adaptation B. Epigenetics C. Genetic determinism D. Genetic trigger
B
47. The Five-Factor Theory rests on a single causal influence on personality traits, namely A. culture. B. biology. C. early childhood. D. unconscious dynamism.
B
51. The question of how we respond to opportunities and demands of the social situation or context is what _____ are all about. A. characteristic adaptations B. external influences C. peripheral adaptations D. basic tendencies
B
52. Which of the following is not one of the postulates of basic tendencies? A. individuality B. plasticity C. structure D. origin E. development
B
53. Which of the following statements is true of the individuality postulate of basic tendencies? A. All personality traits are the result solely of endogenous forces such as genes and hormones. B. Adults have a unique set of traits, and each person exhibits a unique combination of trait patterns. C. The precise amount of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness is common in all individuals. D. People's responses are not always consistent with personal goals or cultural values.
B
54. Evolutionary theory of personality rates relatively low A. on internal consistency. B. as a guide for practitioners. C. on the criterion of parsimony. D. on the organization of known knowledge.
B
54. Which of the following statements is true of the postulates for characteristic adaptations? A. People's responses are always consistent with their personal goals or cultural values. B. Traits affect the way people adapt to the changes in their environment. C. Traits are organized hierarchically from narrow and specific to broad and general. D. All personality traits are the result solely of endogenous forces such as genes and hormones.
B
55. Which of the following statements is true about David Buss's evolutionary theory of personality? A. It sides more with the conscious influences on thought, behavior, and personality than on the unconscious influences. B. It says little about how families should raise their children. C. It does not offer explanations for the origins of human thought, behavior, and personality. D. It states that personality variability is not an adaptation.
B
61. Which of the following statements is true of trait and factor theorists'? A. They view humans as being similar to other animals. B. They lay emphasis on the genetic factors of personality. C. They are more concerned with similarities than with differences among people. D. They believe that environment plays no role in shaping a person's disposition.
B
8. Today, most researchers who study personality traits agree that only _____ dominant traits continue to emerge from factor analytic techniques. A. 3 B. 5 C. 7 D. 16
B
8. _____ are evolved strategies that solve important survival and/or reproductive problems. A. Random effects B. Adaptations C. Mutations D. By-products
B
21. _____ mechanisms are physiological organs and systems that evolved to solve problems of survival. A. Psychological B. Survival C. Physical D. Adaptive
C
24. Psychological mechanisms relevant to personality can be grouped into all of the following categories except A. goals/drives/motives. B. emotions. C. nature/nurture. D. traits.
C
37. Kenneth is the coach of a soccer team. He often uses the same set of tactics in his games and fails to win most of his games because of this rigid approach. His reluctance to change his approach has gained him a negative image among his peers. In this case, Kenneth scores low on the behavioral disposition of A. agreeableness. B. conscientiousness. C. openness. D. emotional stability.
C
43. Identify a true statement about characteristic adaptation as a core component of the Five-Factor Theory. A. External factors or the environment has no influence on characteristic adaptations. B. Characteristic adaptations are stable and enduring over a person's lifespan. C. All acquired and specific skills are characteristic adaptations. D. How quickly a person learns a skill is a characteristic adaptation.
C
44. The principal difference between basic tendencies and characteristic adaptations is their A. resistance to change. B. separateness. C. flexibility. D. inflexibility.
C
46. The differences in behavior have a biological basis and are known as _____, which lays the foundation for personality traits. A. surgency B. genetic activity C. temperament D. biological manifestation
C
47. In the context of the behavioral differences displayed by newborn infants, identify the dimension of temperament that involves infants' readiness and speed to act, without reflection. A. emotionality B. sociability C. impulsivity D. creativity
C
48. In the context of the behavioral differences displayed by newborn infants, identify the dimension of temperament that concerns an infant's response to other people, especially strangers. A. emotionality B. impulsivity C. sociability D. creativity
C
49. According to an analysis done by Nettle on the Big Five dimensions of personality, identify a fitness cost that was associated with having an extraverted personality during ancestral periods of evolution. A. psychosis B. stress and depression C. less stable family D. failure to maximize selfish advantage
C
5. Which of the following is not one of the types of selection focused on by evolutionary theorists? A. artificial selection B. natural selection C. seminal selection D. sexual selection
C
5. Which of the following techniques is used by most researchers to identify personality traits? A. intuition B. psychoanalysis C. factor analysis D. twin studies
C
55. According to Costa and McCrae, maladjustment occurs when A. characteristic adaptations become too loose, relaxed, and/or disorganized. B. basic traits change over time in response to biological maturation. C. people's adaptive responses are inconsistent with their personal goals or cultural values. D. All of the answers are correct.
C
56. Evolutionary theory of personality rates high A. on internal consistency. B. as a guide for practitioners. C. on the criterion of parsimony. D. on the organization of known knowledge.
C
56. Research on traits and emotion tends to support the hypothesis that A. extraversion is related to more negative moods in the face of stressors. B. neuroticism is related to more positive, but also more unstable, moods. C. people's actions can subvert their predispositions to certain behaviors. D. acting extraverted does not raise positive moods in introverted individuals.
C
58. According to the Five-Factor Model, which of the following statements best reflects our understanding of the stability of personality traits? A. Age-related declines in agreeableness and conscientiousness are highly evident. B. Basic personality traits change considerably after the age of forty. C. Basic personality traits change very little beyond the age of thirty. D. Adults score higher on neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience than do college students.
C
6. In Cattell's inductive method of research, A. data come from hypotheses generated from clinical research. B. hypotheses guide the collection of relevant data. C. no preconceived bias concerning the number or name of traits or types was involved in gathering data. D. hypotheses are generated before data are factor analyzed.
C
6. The evolutionary process of natural and sexual selection and chance results in _____ distinct outcomes. A. two B. five C. three D. six
C
60. Although factor and trait theories are difficult to rate on several dimensions with respect to the concept of humanity, they clearly rate very high on A. the teleological dimension. B. the relative degrees of their pessimism. C. the genetic factors of personality. D. free will and guidance of practitioners. E. unconscious influences.
C
7. Which of the following is not one of the distinct outcomes of the evolutionary process of natural selection, sexual selection, and chance? A. adaptations B. by-products C. mutations D. noise
C
33. Karen is the captain of her basketball team. She always prefers accomplishing her personal goals to helping her team win matches. In this case, Karen scores low on the behavioral disposition of A. conscientiousness. B. neuroticism. C. emotional stability. D. agreeableness.
D
36. Rudolph always struggles to focus on his work. He is unreliable because he fails to complete any task assigned to him, and he is very careless. In this case, Rudolph scores low on the behavioral disposition of A. neuroticism. B. openness. C. emotional stability. D. conscientiousness.
D
39. According to Robert R. McCrae and Paul T. Costa, _____ are defined as the universal raw material of personality capacities and dispositions that are generally inferred rather than observed. A. self-concepts B. external influences C. characteristic adaptations D. basic tendencies
D
40. According to Robert R. McCrae and Paul T. Costa, which of the following statements is true of basic tendencies? A. They are responsible for all acquired and specific skills, such as the English language or statistics. B. They fluctuate, making them subject to change over a person's lifetime. C. They are influenced by relationships that result from the interaction of individuals with their environment. D. They may be inherited, imprinted by early experience, or modified by disease or psychological intervention.
D
45. Just like in biology, there is much support for the evolutionary basis of human personality, which can be divided into the general topics of A. nature and nurture. B. sociology and biology. C. attitude, nature, and emotional evolution. D. temperament, genetics, and animal personality.
D
51. Evolutionary psychology and evolutionary theory of personality have their own journal called A. Evolution and Human Genetics. B. Evolution and Personality. C. Evolution and Human Dynamics. D. Evolution and Human Behavior.
D
57. Evolutionary theory of personality can be considered to rate quite highly A. on internal consistency. B. as a guide for practitioners. C. on the criterion of parsimony. D. on the organization of known knowledge.
D
57. In general, research testing the Five-Factor Model across cultures has revealed that A. language differences make it too difficult to measure trait similarities. B. trait-factor approaches are best applied to Western cultures. C. translation problems with the tools used are insurmountable. D. traits appear to be consistent in most countries of the world.
D
11. Cattell extracted more traits from his data than did Eysenck. This is partially explained by the A. use of the orthogonal rotation method by Cattell. B. quantity of data collected by Cattell. C. time frame for the collection of data by Cattell. D. types of subjects used by Cattell to generate data. E. use of the oblique rotation method by Cattell.
E