PSYC 360 Ch.1

the recognition that people have their own beliefs and desires

theory of mind

Which of the following are examples of nonconscious processing

-mimicking body language during conversation -being less aggressive when surrounded by greenery

Which of the following are NOT other aspects of the study of social psychology?

-the ways in which people memorize words and objects

Casper is worried about spending too much time on Snapchat and starts to avoid social media when feeling down.

applying

This comment was muttered by a participant in an experiment who believed he was inflicting pain on another person as he obeyed directions.

"Oh god, let's stop it."

As Amy is walking down the street, a woman with a clipboard asks her if she will take ten minutes to complete a survey about the environment. Which of the following options represent construal processes that might determine whether Amy complies with the woman's request and which do not?

-Amy believes street surveys always end in a request for money. -Amy believes the woman is honest and genuine.

Which of the following are examples of construals?

-when the waiter recommends the salmon, the customer thinks to himself, "It's because the restaurant bought too much salmon and they are trying to get rid of it." -participants in the Milgram experiments who interpret harming another person as an important and scientific undertaking -double-image paintings by artist Salvador Dali

Which of the following are NOT examples of nonconscious processing

-working out at the gym every day after work packing a lunch to save money for a trip Which of the following are aspects of the fundamental attribution error and which are not?

the belief that things are the way that they are for a reason—it's the way they should be

naturalistic fallacy

One example of a _____ is when we construct an image in our mind out of the gaps in a picture as a result of our _____ and assumptions, which are automatic and _______

construal, perceptions, nonconscious

a study of behavior that involves the channel factor concept

behavioral economics

situations that can affect behavior when one path is easier to follow than another

channel factors

Most mental processing takes place outside of our awareness, partly for efficiency. While ________ processes are usually slow and can run only one step at a time, ________ processes tend to be faster and can operate in parallel.

conscious, automatic

When Coco's friend is rude online, she remembers that he had a bad day and waits to bring it up in person later.

evaluating

Which is not an example of a construal?

humans perceiving a mirage of an oasis in the desert

Humans from cultures that are ______tend to perceive themselves as distinct from others, with _____ bonds of affection and organizational membership.

individualistic, voluntary

Social psychologists have found certain factors to be related to increasing happiness. Which of the following were NOT factors were associated with increased happiness?

wealth, youth

Identify the true statements about individualism and collectivism within societies and cultures.

-Even if a culture is individualistic, some subsets of that culture (for example, women versus men) may be socialized to be more collectivistic. -Within countries, there are regional and subcultural differences in levels of individualism. -Family and community relationships are important in the Southern United States, making these states tend more toward collectivism than other states.

Identify the key reasons why a social psychology course can help students improve their critical thinking skills.

-It presents scientific methods in the context of everyday events. -It applies content to individual experiences that many students can relate to.

Which are not key reasons why a social psychology course can help students improve their critical thinking skills

-It teaches theories related to social thought. -It examines the reasoning processes involved in learning.

Which of the following statements about the universal human capacity to learn and understand language are accurate?

-Language has enabled us to live in groups, which have contributed to our survival. -There is strong evidence that infants are born with their brains "prewired" to acquire language. -We convey emotions, intentions, beliefs, attitudes, and complex thoughts through language. -Twins can sometimes develop their own unique language in the crib. -Children learn language in developmental stages that are almost identical in all cultures.

True Statements about schemas

-Schemas are structures that we use to store information. -Schemas can be applied to influence people's thinking and judgment. -Schemas may not always be true, but they are an effective way to organize information about situations to help us live in the world.

False Statements about schemas

-Schemas influence human actions by "nudging" individuals toward one behavioral path over another. -The schemas that we apply are influenced solely by what information we can readily access in the moment.

Identify the true statements about evolutionary theory.

-The fact that some human behaviors and institutions are universal is consistent with evolutionary theory. -Charles Darwin believed that both behavioral and physical characteristics are encoded in our genes as part of natural selection.

Identify the false statements about individualism and collectivism within societies and cultures.

All societies and cultures can be clearly categorized as either individualistic or collectivistic.

A: "I hear loud voices. I think people are fighting." B: "Really? It sounds like a party to me."

construal

an interpretation of a situation

construal

internal factors such as beliefs, values, personality characteristics, or skills that affect how people behave

dispositions

In your social psychology course, you will be asked to _____ certain research findings, to ____ the findings to everyday life, and to _____how you obtain and interpret information in your daily life.

remember, apply, evaluate

Alex tells her partner that happiness is associated with marital satisfaction.

remembering

When I think of a horse, I think: big, brown, hooves, mane, tail, and saddles.

schema

a knowledge structure that we use to understand and react in specific situations, such as how to behave at a party

schema

external influences on an individual that affect how he or she behaves

situational factors

A new field called ________focuses on the relationship between brain function and social behavior. Many of the findings in this field have been aided by a technology called ________, which shows blood flow in the brain and thus demonstrates which brain areas mediate various feelings and behaviors.

social neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

When I think of older people, I think they are all lonely, grumpy, and confused.

stereotype

a type of schema

stereotype

______, especially when chronic, can have extraordinary costs on your physical _____, increasing your likelihood of disease and even damaging your ______.

stress, health, DNA

A: "I see an old lady with a scarf." B: "Really? I see a young lady with a hat!"

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following options DO NOT represent construal processes that might determine whether Amy complies with the woman's request?

-Amy is running late to work. -Amy has strong opinions on environmental issues.

Identify the false statements about evolutionary theory.

-Animals do not share any of the universal human behaviors that have been identified to explain our adaptation to our environment. -Current research does not support the idea that the theory of evolution is helpful in explaining human behavior. -The only explanations offered for universal human behaviors have been rooted in evolutionary theory.

Independent Cultures

-belief that rules should apply equally to everyone -members who value and insist upon being able to act on their own -status, promotions, and recognition based upon individual accomplishments

Which of the following are examples of the channel factor concept?

-employee retirement plans that are automatic unless employees choose to opt out -providing a map to the public health clinic and information about extra hours of operation to encourage people to get the flu shot -the "Get Out the Vote" campaign used by the Obama presidential election campaign in 2008

Which are NOT aspects of the fundamental attribution error?

-explaining people's behavior as a result of social influence and underestimating the effects of personality factors -failing to properly cite primary sources in research and writing

Which of the following are aspects of the fundamental attribution error?

-failing to recognize the importance of situational influences in explaining our behavior -overemphasizing the importance of dispositions -explaining people's behavior in terms of personality traits instead of recognizing the importance of social influence

Social psychologists study how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations. One aspect they address is how people exert influence over one another. Which of the following are other aspects of the study of social psychology?

-how people decide whom to believe and how they make inferences about the motives, personalities, and abilities of other people -the ways in which people respond to influence attempts of various kinds -how people reach conclusions about the causes of events

Interdependent Cultures

-members who see themselves as connected to the group and its members -members who prefer that actions be taken in the interest of group goals -system of rules that gives priority to relationships and situations -members who accept a system that considers age and seniority when recognizing status

Which statement about the universal human capacity to learn and understand language are not accurate?

Infants cannot produce the full range of sounds used in all languages until they learn them.

This idea was borrowed from physics by the founder of modern social psychology.

Like objects, people behave as a function of the field of forces in which they exist.

Studies that measured automatic and controlled processing have shown that people who expressed low levels of prejudice toward an outgroup may reveal feelings toward group members that are __________ prejudiced as those who admit to explicit disliking of the group. However, these people were likely being ______ when they expressed low prejudice.

almost as, truthful

Which of the following are NOT examples of the channel factor concept?

an effort to get dog and cat owners to have their pets implanted with identity chips by showing the owners photos of strays in a pound

Social psychologists have found certain factors to be related to increasing happiness. Which of the following factors were associated with increased happiness?

creativity, productivity

To understand human behavior, we recognize that there are certain behaviors we exhibit that have been passed down to us through _________and that we also learn to display certain behaviors in particular situations through the influence of our _________.

evolution, culture

What different world cultures consider to be normal and appropriate in sexual relations varies enormously. For instance, the traditional U.S. ideal of lifetime monogamy is considered conservative by many Western Europeans, for whom extramarital affairs are commonplace.

lifetime monogamy, conservative, commonplace

an evolutionary process by which traits that enhance the probability of survival and reproduction are passed on to future generations

natural selection

a belief that we see the world directly, without interference from perceptions or coding

naïve realism

The human mind processes information either automatically, which is. _____ and frequently based on ______ considerations, or consciously, which is based on _______ and careful thought processes.

nonconscious, emotional, systematic

an evolutionary principle that costs and benefits are associated with reproduction and the nurturing of offspring

parental investment

This sermon topic was involved in an experiment that demonstrated the power of the situation on our behavior.

the Good Samaritan

The degree of male dominance is one of the most ____ aspects of gender roles in societies around the world. In preliterate societies, the predominant male role is _____, while the predominant female role is _____. These societies are usually ________, and leaders have little power.

varied, hunter, gatherer, gender-egalitarian