PSYC 370 Final Exam
During adolescence, both parents and teenagers work on balancing between honoring teens' need for autonomy and maintaining close and supportive familial relationships. This dynamics can increase conflict between parents and teens. Which of the following is true about parental conflict during adolescence?
All of these are true about parental conflict during adolescence.
In the Public Service Message, Teen Dating Violence, students from Valley High School model how victims of abuse can gain power by saying phrases such as:
"There is no reason to ever hit me." "I can ask for help." "There are others that are victims like me." "I can't be your cure." "One time is too much." Answer: All of these were phrases of empowerment they said!
In the required video, How Are Gender and Ethnic Identities Developed?, Psychology Professor Christia Spears Brown explains that children learn about gender stereotypes, racism, and sexism in the world by:
-Encountering it through the media. -Watching how their peers interact. -Seeing it at school on the playground. -Hearing about it from their parents. Answer: All of these are ways Psychology Professor Christia Spears Brown described.
The required article, Mortality rate for Black babies is cut dramatically when Black doctors care for them after birth, discusses how structural racism can adversely influence infant mortality. Which of the following findings was presented in the article?
-Lead researcher, Rachel Hardeman, points out that the cumulative experience of racism and sexism, throughout the lifespan, can trigger a chain of biological processes, known as weathering, that undermine Black women's physical and mental health. -Lead research, Rachel Hardeman, calls for mandating education about implicit bias and social justice in medical schools and training programs in an effort to better prepare doctors and health care providers of any race to properly treat at-risk patients, regardless of their socioeconomic backgrounds or race. -Although infant mortality in the United States has been decreasing, the gap between Black and White infants has persisted. Answer: All of these findings were discussed in the assigned article.
The average age of menopause is about ______ years.
51
In my 20+ years of teaching, I noticed that the longer my students spend watching Netflix and procrastinating during finals week, the lower their final exam scores. From a correlational research standpoint, this represents
A negative correlation.
Regarding sexual maturation and puberty, which of the following is FALSE?
Boys begin puberty at around ten years of age and boys begin approximately two years later.
The idea that all of the world's languages share a similar underlying structure was created by ____________ and is called ___________.
Chomsky; language acquisition device (LAD)
In the required video Why does it take so long to grow up today?, Dr. Jeffrey Arnett presents four revolutions that contributed to propose the stage of emerging adulthood. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Dr. Arnett as delaying the onset of adulthood?
Civil Rights Revolution
In the required video, James Marcia's Adolescent Identity Development, Psychology Professor Kim E. explains how identity ___________ relates to _____________.
Crisis; Commitment
What is the name of the theorist who coined the terms personal fable and imaginary audience?
Elkind
As discussed in the required article, Supporting Native American Families, ceremonies and practices around pregnancy and birth are similar across Native American communities.
False
Brain plasticity in infants is relatively low compared to adults. True/False
False
The cross-cultural research on marriage and mate selection identified that romantic love is the primary consideration when choosing a mate in all countries across the world. True/False
False
In the required video What Makes a Good Life? Lessons from the Longest Study on Happiness, Dr. Robert Waldinger shares results of the study, indicating that what makes a good life is
Good relationships, which keep us happier and healthier.
In the required video Triangular Theory of Love, Dr. Robert Stenberg describes a theory of love made of three parts. They are ___________________________.
Intimacy, passion, commitment
Which of the following statements about fluid intelligence is true?
It is quick and flexible.
Which of the following is NOT a component in Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Love?
Jealousy
According to the required video Why does it take so long to grow up today?, what is Dr. Jeffrey Arnett's advice to young adults?
Make the most of your emerging adulthood freedom while it lasts
In the required video What is Performative Allyship?, the LGBTQI+ folks in the video are simply asking for:
More authenticity and real support from straight friends who say they love them.
Emilia had her first child at the age of 18. While chronologically young, Emilia behaved, parented her child, and adapted to life challenges with a similar level of maturity of an emotionally grounded adult. This is an example of which conception of age?
Psychological age
In the required video Compassion Fatigue: What is it and do you have it?, Juliette Watt explains that one aspect of compassion fatigue is when you "take on some of the symptoms of the person you are caring for." This aspect is called:
Secondary vicarious stress disorder.
Nate has crescent-shaped blood cells that cause small blood clots which are quite painful. Nate has inherited _____________.
Sickle cell anemia.
Fernanda is 25 years-old and her 50-year-old wife has two adult children from her previous marriage and a grandchild. As a result, Fernanda is a 25-year-old step-grandmother to her wife's grandchild. In fact, her wife's granddaughter calls her "grandma Nanda." Which conception of age discussed in class does Fernanda's situation demonstrate?
Social age
Research indicates that characteristics such as anxiety, shyness, and aggression tend to be persist over time, but how these characteristics are expressed also changes over time. This research finding is an illustration of which of the following issues in lifespan development?
Stability and change
Baby Lucy is 8 months old. She picks up a toy in her crib and accidentally hits her crib with the toy, making an interesting noise. She begins to drag the toy back and forth against the sides of the crib's railing, which produces another different and interesting sound. This prompts Lucy to continue repeating the action over and over again. Piaget would say that this is an example of
Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions.
Tera has a disorder that is untreatable and caused by enzyme deficiency resulting in the accumulation of lipids in the nerve cells of the brain. This accumulation results in progressive damage to the cells and a decrease in cognitive and physical development. Her diagnosis would be
Tay Sachs disease.
The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) identifies 10 standards to assess the quality of a preschool. Which of the following is NOT a standard identified?
Teachers do not possess training in how to promote children's learning.
Dr. Almeida conducted a correlational study to examine the relationship between children's prosocial behavior and the number of friends they had. She found a correlation coefficient of .80. What does this result mean?
The more prosocial the child is, the more friends the child has.
Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between body fat and the onset of menarche is correct?
There is a positive correlation between body fat and early onset of puberty.
As discussed in the required article, Supporting Native American Families, child birth educators can learn from Native American ancestors about being welcoming, helpful, and inclusive in their practices.
True
As discussed in your textbook, recent research supports the contention that older teens are sleep deprived and school's typical schedules may not be compatible with changes in teens' sleep patterns. True/False
True
As presented in the required article, Mortality rate for Black babies is cut dramatically when Black doctors care for them after birth, only 5% of doctors and 4.9% of pediatricians identify as Black. In contrast, Black babies born in 2018 constituted about 15% of all births (Association of American Medical Colleges).
True
As presented in the required video Controversy of Intelligence, emotional intelligence is what enables people to get along well with others, to understand what they are thinking and feeling, and to respond appropriately to their needs. True/False
True
As presented in the required video The Science of Neglect, four types of neglect are identified, ranging from occasional neglect to more chronic types of neglect observed in families and institutions. In the case of chronic neglect, the concern is that neglect not only under-stimulate the brain but also activate stress responses in the brain. True/False
True
Research on the teenage brain suggests that a discrepancy exists in rate of development of the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex. Such discrepancy helps explain teenagers' tendency to engage in risk-taking behavior. True/False
True
Sarcopenia can occur as early as 40 years of age and contributes significantly to a decrease in life quality, increase in health care costs, and early death in older adults. True/False
True
The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that babies sleep on their backs rather than on their sides or stomachs to decrease the likelihood of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). True/False
True
The data on child abuse indicates that the majority of victims consisted of three ethnicities: White (44.6%), Hispanic (22.3%), and African-American (20.7%). True/False
True
The required article, Supporting Native American Families, presents historical evidence that Native Americans were known to take exceptional care of themselves during pregnancy, maintaining good physical health as well as caring for their mind and spirit throughout pregnancy.
True
The research on siblings relation indicate that the relationship between siblings is often mimicked from the relationship they have with their parents. In other words, when parents have negative communication with their children, siblings tend to have more negative interactions with one another. True/False
True
According to the required WEAVE brochure Tips for Parents of Tweens & Teens, which of the following is true regarding dating (select all that apply).
True: -67% of tweens identify mom or friends as someone they can talk to about relationships. -62% of tweens report having friends who have been verbally abused by a boyfriend or girlfriend.
In the required video, An Eating Disorder Specialist Explains How Trauma Creates Food Disorders, eating disorder and trauma therapist Ashley McHan describes how people struggling with ARFID are essentially just seeking a very human need for (Select all that apply):
True: -A sense of belonging, value and feeling safe and secure. -A longing to relieve an intense underlying anxiety.
In the video Minorities and Women Face Glass Cliff, Dr. Allison Cook and Dr. Christy Glass encourage businesses to fight against bias by (Select all that apply):
True: -Increase diversity on their Board of Directors. -Give minority CEOs sufficient time to turn around an organization before replacing them with a White male colleague. -Increase transparency in the recruitment and hiring process of CEOs
According to Save the Children (2019), 46 countries have banned the use of physical punishment, and the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (2014) called physical punishment "legalized violence against children" and advocated that physical punishment be eliminated in all settings. Which of the following were research findings presented in your textbook that support this position against physical punishment? (Select all that apply)
True: -Physical punishment has been associated with lower vocabulary test scores. -Corporal punishment increases aggressive behavior in children. -Physical punishment increases the risk of a child engaging in rule-breaking.
The message(s) in the video, Shaming the Sick: Substance Use and Stigma, include (Select all that apply):
True: -We should not create roadblocks for those with an opiate abuse disorder through forms and processes that shame them as they are signing up for care. -The stigma towards drug addiction keeps those struggling with an opiate abuse disorder from seeking and staying in treatment.
What type of gene is considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome?
X-linked
In the required video What Makes a Good Life? Lessons from the Longest Study on Happiness, Dr. Robert Waldinger describes the Harvard longitudinal study on human development, which recruited and studied
Young men and teenagers starting in 1938, who were students of Harvard or from poor Boston families in order to study what makes for a happy life.
Baby Kim makes minor changes in her schemes each time her environment provides her with a new experience. According to Piaget, this is the process of
accommodation
An adolescent's statement, "But, Mother, you just don't understand; nobody understands!" is an illustration of:
adolescent egocentrism.
Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called normative _______________ influences.
age-graded
Name the process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus.
amniocentesis
Secondary sexual characteristics are characteristics that:
are not directly related to reproduction.
Four-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there, Alex's mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels, but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next he pointed and said, "A bird." According to Piaget, Alex is demonstrating an example of
assimilation
Jimmy's parents have very clear rules about what is "OK" to do and what is not, and they are very careful to enforce the rules consistently. Furthermore, Jimmy's parents are also willing to listen to Jimmy's side of the story, and are careful to explain why the rules are important and consider changing rules that don't seem to be working well. Jimmy's parents are best described as having which type of parenting style?
authoritative
Which perspective seeks to identify the interplay between environmental and genetic influences on behavior?
behavioral genetics
The required article, Maslow's Hierarchy Connected to Blackfoot Beliefs, unpacks some differences between Western and First Nation perspectives on the way self-actualization can be achieved. For instance, Maslow (representing the Western perspective) views self-actualization as ________________; whereas Blackfoot nation considers self-actualization as _____________________.
being achieved after other needs are met first (such as physiological needs and safety needs); the foundation on which community actualization is built
Bilingual children show _______________ than monolinguals.
better verbal working memory
The inability to curl your tongue is typically less common than the ability to curl your tongue because:
both parents must pass down the recessive "no tongue-curling" trait in order for it to be expressed in their child.
Increasing evidence suggests that small amounts of alcohol and nicotine
can disrupt the development of the fetus.
A major advantage of naturalistic observation is that it
can reveal how children behave in their everyday lives.
According to Erikson, the virtue identified for the stage of generativity vs. stagnation is ___________________.
care
If a developmental researcher is studying what the earliest memories that can be recalled from infancy are, or what the intellectual consequences of watching television are, in what developmental area is the researcher interested?
cognitive
According to ______________ theory of gender development, boys and girls acquire their understanding of gender expectations and behavior by watching others, including neighbors, friends, and characters in books and other media.
cognitive social learning
Parents in __________________ cultures emphasize conformity to the family and cultural values along with greater respect for elders.
collectivistic
Drew has just been diagnosed with ADHD. The most effective treatment should include:
combination of behavioral, academic, and pharmacological interventions on a case-by-case basis.
Candie is a cheerleader. She hangs out with the "in crowd," but many of her peers don't like her. According to the sociometric assessment, what is Candie's peer status?
controversial
Dr. Fogel is interested in whether children's recall of familiar or unfamiliar words improved with age, so he tested a group of 4-year-olds, a group of 6-year-olds, and a group of 8-year-olds at the same point in time. This is an example of a:
cross-sectional design.
Neurons have a distinct ability to communicate with other cells using a cluster of fibers called
dendrites
Andrew is a 16-year-old who does not participate in any sports or clubs in school, does not attend social events, and does not have an intimate partner. Lately, Andrew started hanging out with other adolescents who were having "fun" by skipping class, breaking neighborhood property, and, at times, drinking. This type of peer influence observed during the adolescence period is known as:
deviant peer contagion
Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory for:
discounting the care perspective and female reasoning patterns.
Children who show the _____________ attachment pattern are more likely to display inconsistent and confused behaviors such as crying during the separation from the mother but avoiding her when she returns.
disorganized-disoriented
What is the type of temperament proposed by Chess and Thomas that describes babies who have a positive disposition, easy to soothe, and who are adaptable?
easy
What is the name of the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems?
embryonic stage
Which of the following is not considered a primary component of physical development?
first words spoken.
Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence:
formal operational thought.
For the first time in her life, 3-year-old Glenda looks at her mom and says, "Glenda is a girl." This statement indicates that Glenda has just achieved
gender identity
Jeniel is a very active, uninhibited little girl. Her parents provide her with a stimulating environment and allow her to run and explore whenever they can. This illustrates:
goodness of fit
In adulthood, an individual is considered obese if the person __________.
has a BMI of 30 or more.
Developmental research has found that children benefit from involvement in ___________ before they enroll in formal schooling, which takes place at age 5 or 6 in the United States.
high-quality preschool
The research on the effects of pubertal age indicates that girls who mature early tend to experience the following EXCEPT
higher academic success.
Brandy is a shy 15-year-old girl and enjoys reading and practicing Yin yoga. She tends to hang out with like-minded teenagers who also enjoy practicing Yin yoga. Based on the research on peer interactions during adolescence, this is an example of:
homophily
Which part of the brain is most important in sexual functioning?
hypothalamus
Sixteen-year-old Andréa is sure that her classmates are staring at her new haircut. This is an example of what David Elkind referred to as:
imaginary audience
The required article, Maslow's Hierarchy Connected to Blackfoot Beliefs, unpacks some differences between Western and First Nation perspectives on the way self-actualization can be achieved. One key difference between these perspectives is that Maslow's hierarchy of needs focuses on _______________ needs; whereas Blackfoot nation focuses on _____________________.
individual; community and the greater good
When describing herself, Martha responds that she is a friendly, outgoing and high-achieving medical student who enjoys playing volleyball and volunteering at a local soup kitchen. What type of self perspective does Martha's description best represent?
individualistic
Which theory looks at cognitive development by considering how individuals perceive, analyze, manipulate, use, and remember information?
information processing
Baby Todd's mother notices that he makes a variety of sounds including cooing, crying, gurgling, and babbling, along with facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means. Baby Todd is demonstrating
intentional vocalizations.
Vygotsky believed that the development of thought and language are ____________.
interdependent and influenced by culture
In a study of the behavioral adjustment of a group of children placed in foster care, the children were assessed once a year over a period of 10 years. This is an example of a ______ study.
longitudinal
Pretend you are a cross-cultural psychologist interested in conducting a research study on how one's culture (collectivistic or individualistic) influences college students' sense of self. Which of the following system proposed by Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory would you be focusing on?
macrosystem
According to Levinson, people around the age of 40-45 move into a period/time of questioning called __________________ in which they begin to reevaluate their previous life choices, making dramatic changes if necessary, giving expression to previously ignored talents or aspirations, and feeling more of a sense of urgency about life and its meaning.
midlife transition
When a developmental milestone emerges mainly due to the predetermined unfolding of genetic information, we refer to this influence as ________________.
nature
Molly's classmates rarely choose her as a workmate or playmate. She tends to be shy and quiet, and on those rare occasions that someone does ask her to play, Molly often says no, and walks away. According to categories of sociometric status, Molly is best classified as
neglected
Communication with other neurons is done by means of _________ that travel across the small gaps called __________.
neurotransmitters; synapses
John Watson, the father of behaviorism, argued that he could train a child to be any type of specialist he chose. This statement reflected the belief that the most important influence on a person's behavior and development is:
nurture
One of the advantages of the longitudinal research design is the ability to more directly examine development because researchers can
observe stability and change over time within the same group of participants.
Alex plays with a toy computer, while Uma plays with a similar toy computer next to him. Alex and Uma do not talk to one another or look at one another while they are playing. According to Parten's observational studies, which type of play are Uma and Alex displaying?
parallel play.
Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating:
personal fable.
Alex and Nadine watch their 9-month-old baby as he tries to pick up an item. What type of grasp is their baby likely to use?
pincer grasp
Which type of parent-teen attachment is most effective in fostering a supportive, less conflict ridden relationship during adolescence?
secure
Which time-span research design is a compromise technique that examines a number of different age groups at several points in time, and permits developmental researchers to tease out the consequences of age change versus age difference?
sequential
Research on children and the media suggests that young children exposed to 2 or more hours of screen time a day are more likely to:
show an increase in aggressive behaviors.
What is the type of temperament proposed by Chess and Thomas that describes babies who are inactive, with moods that are generally negative, and adapt slowly to new situations.
slow-to-warm
The "visual cliff" study by Sorce, Emde, Campos, & Klinnert (1985) indicated that most 6-8-month-olds cannot be coaxed to cross the "cliff" when the mother showed a facial expression of fear. This finding is an example of:
social referencing
The gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one another, is called
synapse
What is the name of the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data while also keeping skepticism alive?
the scientific method
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) find it particularly difficult to communicate with others, in part, because they find it difficult to
use and understand nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, gestures, and postures.
Which of the following represents the Pearson correlation coefficient that indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?
-.97
In a guest presentation given at American River College, Dr. Ortiz stated, "Child development is a process of gradually adding on more onto the existing skills." Based on this statement, which of the following positions among the issues in lifespan development is Dr. Ortiz favoring?
Continuity
Dr. Tabares found the following correlation coefficient between a child's age and weight .75. What does this mean?
Dr. Tabares found that a child's weight increases with age.
As shown in the required NOVA video Life's Greatest Miracles, what are the functions of meiosis?
To reduce the number of chromosomes in each gamete to 23 and to ensure genetic diversity.
A newborn infant's sense of smell is so well-developed that they can distinguish their mother on the basis of smell alone. True/False
True
According to the assigned video How Childhood Trauma Affects Health across the Lifetime, Dr. Nadine Burk Harris explains how repeated exposure to childhood trauma (such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, or emotional neglect) dramatically increases one's risk for 7 out of 10 of the leading causes of death in the United States, affecting brain development, the immune system, and hormonal systems. True/False
True
According to the required video Why Finland and Denmark are Happier than the U.S., citizens in Finland are happy because they receive more parental leave when a baby is born and feel more personal freedom to change their life situation than citizens in the United States. True/False
True
When social and cultural factors affect an individual at a particular time and include such variables as ethnicity and subcultural membership, these factors are called
culture or culturally-based influences.
Cultural differences in the developmental sequence of children's theory of mind have been identified. For example, Chinese and Iranian preschoolers acquire ___________________ before diverse beliefs.
knowledge access
As you brush and floss your teeth more frequently, your chances of developing dental problems such as cavities or gingivitis drop. This relationship demonstrates a __________ correlation.
negative
A person arrested for robbery states, "I stole the documents, and I am willing to pay my dues, but at least now the public is safer having this important safety information that the company was concealing." Which Kohlberg's moral level does this statement reflect?
post-conventional
Dr. Kimathi is studying the effects of watching violent cartoons on children's aggressive behavior. She showed one group of children a cartoon in which the characters throw rocks at each other and another group of children a cartoon in which the characters attend a birthday party. Dr. Kimathi then measured the number of aggressive acts each child showed when left alone in a room with a punching bag and some blocks. The independent variable in this experimental study is:
watching the aggressive or non-aggressive cartoon.