Psyc 4072 Exam 2

normal memory aging; we all do these things, but as we get older this becomes more frequent

-Forgetting where you put you keys -misplacing glasses -going into a room and forgetting what you wanted to do, forgetting an appointment, forgetting the name of a friend -and not recognizing someone you know Are all examples of what?

"deep" processing

-using ________ __________ would benefit older adult's memory, where they think about the meaning of the information theyre trying to receive rather than simply repeating the info by rote

Cattel-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory

After Cattell and Horn, Carroll proposed that there was a third aspect to intelligence and combined his theory with theirs. this theory proposes that there is a three-tier structure to intelligence. inductive reasoning and spatial relations are the individual abilities that make up the second level of abilities. The third level of this model is g, or general ability. combines splitters and lumpers

multidimensional

Attention is _____________

55-64; Baby Boomers

By 2014, what age cohort will experience the greatest increase in people working?

fluid-crystalized theory (Gf-Gc)

Cattell and Horn proposed this theory after Spearman's g. the view that intelligence should be divided into two distinct factors: fluid reasoning and comprehension knowledge (crystallized intelligence)

Structural views of memory

Early information processing models focused on "stores." These stores presumably contain memory traces that vary in content. These models are attractive because they lead to a clearly defined program of research

Automatic holds up well. Effortful may show some age-related declines.

How do automatic and effortfull processes hold up across the lifespan?

identities

Our work role is critical to our _______ as adults

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Rejects IQ as a meaningful way of measuring intelligence. Conceptualizes with 3 domains: 1) componential intelligence, 2) experiential intelligence, and 3) contextual intelligence

-capacity of each store -rate of forgetting -codes formed within each store -control and rehearsal processes

Research in structural views of memory focuses on what?

O*NET (Occupational Information Network)

The RIASEC codes now have become fully integrated into an online system in use by many vocational placement agencies and state labor departments in the United States. Consists of an interactive national database of occupations

Protestant Work Ethic

The whole idea is based on what you do; your value as a human being is linked to the work you do. Your job is largely important to who you are and how other people view you as a person.

They identified overlap in the CHC model. knowledge of these correspondences is helpful to know because given the WAIS-IV's widespread use, particularly in clinical practice, there is no value to understanding its structure.

What did Benson and colleagues discover?

-realistic -investigative -artistic -social -enterprising -conventional

What were Holland's six types of vocational interests/behaviors in his theory?

early in life Ex: asking kids what they want to be when they grow up

When are we socialized into work roles?

Holland and Super

Who did the two theories of occupational choice?

more; lower

Women are _______ likely to work part-time and have ____________ paid service occupations

less

Women are ________ likely than men to work in high-paid sectors of the market

-financial factors (lifetime earning potential) -social factors (family/cultural values) -demographic factors (age, gender, education)

Work is a complex social phenomenon involving what three factors?

visual search

a methodology used to study selective attention in the laboratory. Participants are asked to look for a certain "target" defined by its features (e.g., shape, color, etc)

memory

a multidimensional construct-it is not viewed as a single entity (made up of different dimensions). Declines with aging. multidimensional in how we think about it as well as multidimensional in the brain

elderspeak

a speech pattern directed at older adults similar to the way people talk to babies

intelligence

an individual's mental ability

functional views of memory

assumes that the characteristics of people, task demands, and the test materials will all interact with each other to influence memory performance. characteristics of people (age, personality, etc.) all affect how well people remember things. memory is more of an activity. these views assume that memory processes are jointly determined by mental operation and environmental cues

pool of attentional resources

available to support cognitive processes

age discrimination in employment act

banned compulsory retirement for most workers before the age of 70. updated in 1986 to abolish mandatory retirement at any age (except for pilots and occupations of that nature)

Hollands vocational development theory

based on a trait approach; vocational aspirations are an expression of our personality. congruence between requirements of the job and the individuals' vocational interests and abilities. emphasis on personality. how well the job matches your vocational interests determines how happy and fulfilled you are with your job

Super's life-span life-stage (self-concept) theory

based on life span developmental approach; includes the concept of vocational maturity. Occupational development is seen as a process of stages. focuses on the role of the self and proposes that people attempt to realize their inner potential through their career choices

encoding

bringing information into memory (seeing it, hearing it, thinking about it)

-response criterion -perceptual sensitivity

changes in vigilance with aging are due to what two things?

normal memory aging

clinically benign, but frustrating, socially embarrassing for the person. Desired information usually "pops" to mind later. may be termed, "age-associated memory impairment" (AAMI), but no clinical typology of these behaviors yet

second honeymoon

contrasting to spouse underfoot syndrome, in which couples are now free to enjoy each other's company on a full-time basis, without the constraints presented by having to leave home for 8 or more hours a day :')

motivation crowding out

describes the situation in which people's intrinsic motivation decreases when they receive extrinsic rewards to do work they enjoy, leading them to be less productive than they would be otherwise

-performance tasks vary in demands on attention and working memory -response mode varies -experience with test stimuli differs greatly -time constraints vary widely

direct comparisons across verbal and performance subtests of the WAIS-IV are problematic because:

theoretically, from this point of view, there's no such thing as forgetting. once it is in LTM, it is there forever. if someone can't remember something then they just weren't given a strong enough retrieval cue

do we ever forget from LTM according to structural view?

emotional exhaustion

drained, used up; worn out. you have given and given and feel like people have taken and taken. you feel that you have nothing left to give. it's the first phase of burnout

affective events theory

events at work lead individuals to experience affective reactions, and these in turn influence attitudes toward work and performance

-selective attention, working memory -ability to plan, avoid distractions

executive functions include:

wisdom

expert knowledge in the domains of fundamental life pragmatics

extrinsic

factor related to work satisfaction that is external to work or job activities, like salary, use of computers, travel requirements, status, policies, and politics

intrinsic

factors related to work satisfaction that are specific to the job itself. includes autonomy and self-direction

Social Security Act

federal legislation that guarantees income for retirees and others who are unable to work as well as a lump sum in death benefits for survivors

fatalistic appraisal

feel you have just wasted the last many years of your life. final stage of job burnout. not the trajectory we want people to experience in their lives

self-determination theory

focuses on the amount of control that workers have over their jobs as influences on vocational satisfaction. Workers are most satisfied when they are able to fulfill their intrinsic needs for self-expression and autonomy in the job. to be maximally motivating, the work you do should be, at least in part, an expression of your identity

financial adjustments

for many people there will be a dramatic decrease of income after retirement. if social security is their only source of income then they will be poor for the first time (wasn't meant to be people's only source of income). gotta prepare for retirement and companies are getting better at educating employees on this

cued recall

give a hint or cue and they recall

new mode of retirement

he characteristics of the person's spouse and lifelong family responsibilities play a role in retirement decisions and adjustment

episodic buffer

helps us integrate LTM with what's going on in the present

procedural memory

holds information about how to do things you've learned over time. is recall of the actions involved in particular tasks, such as sewing on a button, playing the piano, and riding a bike. holds up well with age

less than 30 seconds

how long does short term memory last?

80%

in 2018, nearly _______ of the 55-59 year old population will still be in the labor force, an all-time high

simple; complex

in a divided attention task, older people have trouble going from ______________ to ____________ tasks

in Vigilance performance and vigilance decrement

in vigilance tasks, how do we measure vigilance?

crisp retirement pattern

in whch one leaves the labor force in a single, unreversed, clear cut exit. fewer and fewer workers are showing this

labor force

includes all civilians in the over 16 population who live outside of institutions (prisons, nursing homes, etc) and have sought out or are actively seeking out employment. No necessarily people who are employed

Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm

individuals are presented with a list of words (such as cake or candy; things that are sweet). the word "sweet" is not included in the initial list. the critical trial occurs in the recognition test where the experimenter presents the category name along with words from the original list as well as distractor words not on the original list.

encoding processes

interpretations of stimulus patterns

encoding

interventions that provide them with support during the _____________ stage help them input into LTM

two-factor motivational theory

intrinsic and extrinsic factors play different roles in contributing to vocational satisfaction. When workers are motivated for intrinsic reasons, they are more likely to achieve self-actualization. Extrinsic factors do not play a central role in vocational satisfaction

everyday problem solving

involves situations that typically occur in people's daily lives, can be solved in more than one way, will lead to the desired result

distant memory (remote memory)

involves the recall of information from the distant past. becomes increasingly difficult to retrieve with passing years

working memory

keeps information temporarily available and active in consciousness. You use this when you are trying to learn new information or bring to mind information you learned previously that you are trying to recall

semantic memory

kinda like a mental dictionary. holds information about world facts as well as the meaning of words. the ability to recall word meanings and the factual information. Ex: who is the first president of the united states?

implementation stage

learn behavior related to the work role. first stage of life-span life-stage theory. often happens in high school; parents are a powerful source of influence. Ex: part-time job: need to have outfit, look good, can't be late, etc.

psychological adjustments

leaving a job behind your occupation because it defines you

Enterprising (persuaders)

like new project to come across their desk; innovative projects requiring carry through from project to project Ex: often project admin

social (helpers)

like to work with people; want to be around people Ex: waitress

investigative (thinkers)

likely to work with ideas; think a lot; like to read, synthesize, integrate a lot of mental thought Ex: professor

Artistic (creators)

likes visual things, patters, shapes; likes to color outside the lines; like to express yourself; don't want clear rules--don't want to be confirmed Ex: teacher or actor

sustained attention

maintain attention to sensory events for a prolonged amount of time.

reminiscence bump

many people seem to experience these. very clear memories for the ages of from about 10 to 30 years, an effect that is particularly strong for happy memories

deceleration stage

mid to late 50s (actively preparing and thinking about retirement). often pull-back in work; can be hard for workaholics

maintenance stage

middle adulthood, period of transition. may be thinking of decreasing activity (retirement); have met goal they had set or let it go. Plateau stage. some people may get frustrated.

method of loci

mnemonic technique that involves first thinking through series of well known locations like rooms in your house, and mentally associate word with room and when you walk through house you sort of remember words

pegword method

mnemonic technique with words that rhyme with what you need to remember

visual search task

most research on selectivity with older adults has what kind of task?

institutional migration

moving to a nursing home or something like that due to serious medical conditions, usually. not a fun process but when their needs become greater than you can handle, then they have to go. Across the US, the percentage of elderly people in the nursing home are small

amenity move

moving to a warmer climate. the air in these kinds of places are good for arthritis and allergies; common in older adults, especially married, healthy, with adequate to good retirement income, who have planned it for many years. people report high satisfaction. some don't like it and move back home. some will just move to hotter places during the winter and then back home when the weather becomes nice again; "snow birds"

establishment stage

moving towards occupation; want to find a real job. find your niche. hopefully, you like the job, even if you change it

conventional (organizer)

needs the rules, a manual to follow Ex: military: where "this" do "this"; procedures; engineers: lost without Ocea (it tells you what pipe you can do)

retirement

not employed full-time throughout the year and receive some kind of pension for previous years of employment

compensatory migration

occurs when they move closer to a family member who can support them; typically the daughter. usually due to health problems and can't take care of house by themselves. doesn't necessarily mean moving into their house, but maybe an apt down the street.

classic aging pattern

older adults do better on the verbal subtests (until mid 70s) and more poorly on performance subtests. this implies age sensitivity in non-verbal processing abilities.

self-initiated processing operations (encoding, retrieval) because the older you get, the harder it is to encode and retrieve

older people have trouble with what kind of processing? why?

external cues

older people will benefit from __________ ___________ to reduce the need for self-initiated encoding and or retrieval processes

LTM

once memory is encoded here, it is there forever according to structural view

the Stroop Test

one of the best known inhibitory attention tasks. You are told to name the color of ink in which a word is printed. in the critical trials, your response time and accuracy are compared when the color and the word match (e.g. "red" printed in red). people with good inhibitory control are able to turn off the naming of the color based on the word rather than the naming of the color based on the ink

Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE)

one of the most ambiguous cognitive training interventions. found that training in memory and reasoning improved the performance of older adults on daily living tasks

spouse underfoot syndrome

partners are more likely to experience conflict after retirement now that they are in each other's presence for most of the daytime and nighttime hours (the spouse who is underfoot is usually the husband lol)

person-environment theory

people are most satisfied when their workplaces respond to their needs; focuses on needs rather than interests (contrasting Holland's theory)

retirement stage

people formally extricate themselves from the working world. lower income. some like it and some don't. incorporates encore careers: comeback and try something new

-perceptual reasoning: block design, matrix reasoning, visual puzzles -working memory: arithmetic, forward and backward digit span -processing speed: digit symbol substitution, coding

performance subtests on the WAIS-IV include?

realistic (doers)

person who wants to work with their hands; practical; realistic vocation

visually-based mnemonics

possible mediate associations between words and ideas

life course perspective on retirement

proposes that change in the work role in later life are best seen as logical outgrowths of earlier life events. the factors that shaped the individual's prior vocational development will have a persisting influence throughout retirement

continuity theory of retirement

proposes that retired individuals maintain their self-concept and identity over the retirement transition

role theory of retirement

proposes that retirement has deleterious effects because the loss of the work role loosens the ties between the individual and society

intelligence test

provides an assessment of an individual's overall cognitive status along a set of standardized dimensions

free recall

pulling out information without any kind of a cue to prompt or jog the memory.

full-scale IQ

reflects general cognitive functioning but is perhaps less informative than the four index scores, each of which captures a different facet of the individual's strengths and weaknesses

retrieval processes

reinstatement of the initial encoding operations (pulling out or reinstating encoding)

comprehension knowledge (Gc) (originally called crystallized intelligence)

represents the acquisition of specific skills and information that people gain as the result of their exposure to the language, knowledge, and conventions of their culture

effortful processes

requires attention Ex: learning to play music

divided attention

research uses dual-task methodologies for these

communication predicament model

researchers investigating elderspeak have proposed this model of aging. the predicament is that older adults are thought of as mentally incapacitated, leading younger people to speak to them in a simplified manner; over time, this can reduce the older adult's actual ability to use language

increasing cynicism

second stage in burnout. people become insensitive, speaking bad about company and co-workers

episodic memory

storing and retaining specific personally experienced events (certain place at a certain time). Its the LTM for events Ex: think back to your first day in kindergarten or what you ate for breakfast this morning

vigilance

sustained attention where you are watching and paying attention over time. readiness for detecting a stimulus change. Ex: air traffic controller

experiential intelligence

the degree of novelty and the application of your information processing skills. good at solving problems. may not be a good test-taker, but they are a supremely creative thinker. could be a really good kindergarten teacher Ex: Dr. Seuss

classic aging pattern

the earliest finding on adult intelligence proposed that age differences across adulthood follow this of an inverted U-shape, with a peak in early adulthood by steady decline

g or general factor

the earliest theory of intelligence proposed by Charles Spearman proposed this: the ability to infer and apply relationships on the basis of experience. Can not be directly observed, but could be estimated through tests that tap into specific mental abilities

autobiographical memory

the exception to the research on remote memory occurs in the area of ______________ _________, or the recall of information from your own past

vocational satisfaction

the extent to which workers have a positive view of their jobs

contextual intelligence

the external world of the person. the ability to adapt to the environment. the person within an external world (know how to operate and manipulate environment to their advantage. helpful in day-to-day living. "think outside the box" Ex: Criminals like the Shameless characters

Asians; whites

the gender gap is more pronounced among ___________ and _____________

executive functioning

the higher-order cognitive skills needed to make decisions, plan, and allocate mental resources to a task. draws upon several abilities, including working memory, selective attention, mental flexibility, and the ability to plan and inhibit distracting information

the general slowing hypothesis

the increase in reaction time reflects a general decline of information processing speed within the nervous system of the aging individual

resource model of retirement

the individual's adjustment to retirement reflects his or her physical cognitive, motivational, financial, social, and emotional resources; the more resources, the more favorable will be the individual's adjustment at any one point through the retirement transition

fluid reasoning (Gf)

the individual's innate ability to carry out higher-level cognitive operations

componential intelligence

the internal workings of the individual. mental processes that underlie behavior. the good test-takers. great at analytical thinking, planning, etc. Doesn't mean they know how to operate, how they do in relationships, or if they can make their way through and unfamiliar city

job tenure

the length of time a person has spent in the job, rather than age that may relate to job satisfaction

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the most well-known individual test of adult intelligence. includes 11 subtests (grouped into 4 scales)

emotional labor

the requirement of service-oriented jobs where one must mile and maintain a friendly composition regardless of their true personal feelings or emotions

55 and older

the work force is increasingly consistent of what age group?

occupational reinforcement patterns (ORPs)

the work values and needs likely to be reinforced or satisfied by a particular occupation

Baltes Dual Process Theory of Intelligence

theory of lifespan intellectual development that does not rely on the notion of stages. Emphasis on distinction between mechanics and pragmatics of intelligence

automatic processes

these do not require attention and are not influenced by practice or experience. But some effortful processes can become automatic

practice

this simple task can improve memory in older adults greatly

simple (or disjunctive)

type of visual search where target item is different from distractors in only one feature Ex: there is one grey circle and the rest are black. the target item is different

conjunctive

type of visual search where target item varies by two or more features from the distractors. Ex: squares and circles/grey and black)

verbal mnemonics

typically based on organization and association. a phrase where first letter is the first letter of what we actually need to remember. helps us remember things. Ex: Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

verbal comprehension: similarities, vocabulary, information, comprehension

verbal subtests on the WAIS-IV include?

Short Term Memory

very short--lasts less than 30 seconds. has a limited capacity

-they are amazing storytellers -they may speak more off-topic, particularly when they are giving instructions on how to perform an action -may experience "mental clutter" due to inability to inhibit irrelevant info. causes them to ramble

what are some social aspects of language for older adults?

1) auditory memory (memory for what you hear) is held within a the phonological loop 2) memory for information that you see is maintained within the visuospatial scratch pad 3) the episodic buffer is responsible for recalling info you already have in your LTM by bringing it temporarily into working memory 4) the central executive integrates the other three components of working memory

what are the 4 components of working memory

-cultural (attending church, sporting events, clubs, movies, football season) -physical (golf, fishing, hunting, camping, gardening) -social (having friends over for card games) -solitary (reading, listening to records, TV, playing instrument, sewing, etc)

what are the 4 types of leisure activities?

1) rich factual knowledge about life matters 2) rich procedural knowledge about life problems 3) life-span contextualism: knowledge of contexts of life and their temporal (developmental) relationships 4) relativism: knowledge about difference in values and priorities 5) uncertainty: knowledge about the relative indeterminacy and unpredictability of life and ways to manage

what are the 5 criteria of wisdom?

-implementation stage -establishment stage -maintenance stage -deceleration stage -retirement

what are the 5 stages of Super's Life-Span Life-Stage theory?

1) achievement: using one's abilities and feeling a sense of accomplishment 2) altruism: being of service to others 3) autonomy: having a sense of control 4) comfort: not feeling stressed 5) safety: stability, order, and predictability 6) status: being recognized and serving in a dominant position

what are the 6 ORPs?

-can increase feelings of the individual's self-efficacy -when training in group setting, it can boost self-efficacy and memory performance -can alter the brain: in a study using "method of loci", compared to a control group, the training group showed increased white matter density, a change that would help them process new information more quickly and efficiently.

what are the advantages to memory training in older adults?

-Episodic: largest deficit. younger people perform exponentially better than older -Semantic: smaller deficits. holds up quite well in healthy older adults -Procedural: virtually no/very small deficits. can still hold onto the skills they've learned over their life

what are the age differences in episodic, semantic, and procedural memory in younger and older adults?

vigilance performance decreases over time, but vigilance decrement remains the same between old and young. Older adults are less accurate and slower

what are the differences between vigilance performance and vigilance decrement in older and younger people?

must address issues such as individual differences (some people don't like visual things and vice versa), techniques specifically for older adults, and long-term effectiveness. older people can be taught to use mnemonic techniques but don't really use them at home. we need to come up with techniques that help with long term effectiveness

what are the limitations in using mnemonic techniques?

-free recall : the hardest for older people -cued recall -recognition

what are the limitations of functional views?

1) can't explain findings related to quality of encoding. quality of encoding and characteristics of material have huge influence on what's being remembered 2) can't explain the context-dependency of memory. someone who learns in a classroom in a certain chair will do better in that chair in that classroom when taking the test

what are the limitations of the structural views of memory?

-people's perceived abilities and their actual performance may differ -not a lifespan developmental theory, so it doesn't have specific predictions for people at different stages in life --people either overestimate or underestimate themselves --must think about occupational maturity

what are the limitations on Holland's theory?

positive: they develop the ability to scan quickly for important aspects of the problem and ignore irrelevant factors; make choices that are better founded and less subject to extraneous factors; age differences minimized when problems are interpersonal; get better at heuristics. negative: not as good at considering alternative solutions in problem solving as younger adults; faster in making decisions but more apt to make quicker decisions in areas they do not have expertise in; less effective in analytic strategies in general

what are the positive and negative effects aging has on problem solving skills?

psychological adjustments, financial adjustments, and social adjustments

what are the three different kinds of adjustments to retirement?

-emotional exhaustion -increasing cynicism -fatalistic appraisal

what are the three stages of job burnout?

amenity compensatory institutional

what are the three types of residential mobility after retirement?

method of loci and pegword method

what are the two classic mnemonic techniques?

-less selective processing of target stimuli than do younger adults -greater susceptibility to non-target interference than do younger adults

what are the two kinds of errors older adults show in visual search?

simple (or disjunctive) or conjunctive

what are the two types of visual searches?

reminiscences about the past

what can serve as a function for older adults in solidifying relationships and building shared identities with others from their generation?

we need to be aware. you should take time off and take a step back when you feel the burnout attitude coming on

what can we do to prevent burnout?

mnemonics

what can you teach older people to help them remember things?

the deficit shown by older adults on working memory tasks can be accounted for in part by the experience of daily stressors. studies show that on days people are experiencing stress, older and younger adults perform poorly

what does stress have to do with memory?

today most plans provide benefits hat deal with the length of the time of employment. there is more turnover these days because younger people leave more often and actually end up costing the company more money for training new individuals. older people usually stay

what is the argument against the myth "Hiring older workers will increase company pensions and insurance costs"

may have been an issue in the 30s, but today most jobs don't require physical labor. if it requires physical labor then we usually have machines to do the heavy lifting, so older people can manage most modern jobs

what is the argument against the myth "Older employees can't meet physical demands"?

that actually depends on the person. yes you can have a very rigid, inflexible, grouchy old person, but you can also halve the same in a 30-year-old. it is all based in the personality of the individual. if you embrace change well then you will be fine. may take you a little longer to get the hang of it but once you put the effort in, it'll be easy. most elderly people demonstrate flexibility and can learn

what is the argument against the myth "older employees are inflexible"?

this is actually backwards. the young workers are the ones that miss work a lot because they have either children or elderly parents to take of, etc.

what is the argument against the myth "older workers are absent too often"?

there is no significant performance decline. if you look at quality of work product then older workers can out-perform younger workers

what is the argument against the myth that "older workers are slow"?

5 plus or minus 2 chunks

what is the capacity of STM?

mechanics: basic cognitive skills pragmatics: organized systems of knowledge

what is the distinction between mechanics and pragmatics of intelligence?

it decreases

what is the effect age has on executive functioning?

the core ideas were identified in the 1950's when the work climate was very different. the theory is very 1950s, however, is still used today

what is the limitation in Super's theory

number is constantly changing

what is the number of retired americans?

nurses

what is the occupation with highest burnout rate?

leisure activities have their place and problem when it comes to embracing the protestant work ethic. protestant work ethic is mainly focused on work but you have to be aware of burnout symptoms and retirement plans

what is the relationship between the protestant work ethic and leisure activities?

a college degree is beneficial, but doesn't guarantee a job. statistically, income increases with degree earned. more and more people are obtaining college degrees nowadays

what is the significance of a college degree?

the ones who were most excited and gave their all. you have to be on fire to burnout

what kind of people are the most likely to burnout?

people who generated a positive attitude toward retirement. especially in the western cultures where your self-esteem is tightly linked to your work roll. the loss of your work roll can be problematic in some people.

what kinds of people do well with retirement?

exercising and video games

what two things can help improve executive functioning?

most people think that they were presented with the word "sweet" because the other words in the category primed them to think of sweet things. very few people are immune to this effect, but when warned, younger participants are better able than older adults to avoid the false memory implantation

what were the outcomes of the DRM task?

capacity

when more information is coming at you than you can handle at one point. This is limited

bridge employment

when retirees work in a completely different occupation than they had durin gmost of their adult life

suffer

when your attention is pulled to many things, your overall performance will ________

infantilization

where the older person loses the incentive to attempt to regain self-sufficiency in the basic activities of daily life

selectivity

where you select information that you want to key in on and inhibit undesired information.

55-64

which age cohort has the largest difference in the gender gap?

free recall is the hardest and recognition is the easiest

which is the hardest and the easiest task for older people?

-verbal abilities (very little change. can carry on a sentence and tell a story meaningfully) -organization of semantic memory (holds up very well) -spread of activation (one concept activates another. older people perform just as well as younger. proves semantic memory holds up well)

which language skills are preserved with age?

-lexical skills (naming skills/definitional skills) -discourse production (telling a story or write a verbal description of pic) -comprehension of spoken languages -drawing inferences in written discourse -verbal fluency (name words u can think of that start with f) -verbal analogies (battle ship is to sailboat as tuna fish is to _______)

which language skills become impaired with age?

traditional roles, but this is changing

why are men more likely to be represented in the workforce than women?

preoccupation with stress occupies attentional resources that could otherwise be devoted to the memory task. there is evidence that older adults are perhaps more anxious than younger adults about their memory performance and therefore their memories are more vulnerable to this emotional interference

why does stress have such a negative impact on memory?

-determines how our time is spent, with who, where, attitudes, values, and lifestyle -basis for our self-concept, self-esteem, and identity

why is occupational choice one of the most important decisions in life?

new; usual

women are more likely to operate according to the __________ modes of retirement, while men operate to the "_________" modes of retirement

gender gap

women still earn less than men

social adjustments

you get used to being around your coworkers as your reference group and when you retire and don't see them anymore then you don't get feedback anymore. it is a tremendous loss. you don't know how you are doing and are just hanging out basically because your social world just shrinks

recognition

you give them the whole name with a bunch of options and then they look at the list of options and are able to identify the name