PSYC 4250 Exam One

When drugs are taken orally, the effects are delayed for approximately how long?

20 to 30 minutes

Which of the following statements is true regarding addiction, including compulsive behaviors such as gambling?

Addiction is a disease analogous to diabetes.

Which of the following is currently the most popular psychoactive substance worldwide?

Alcohol

Uppers (CNS Stimulants)

Cocaine: hydrochloride, crack, freebase Amphetamines: crystal meth, speed, adderall Caffeine: coffee, tea, energy drinks, chocolate Nicotine: cigars, cigarettes, tobacco Psychostimulants: ecstasy

In the United States, the legal drinking age varies from state to state.

False.

Active transport occurs when fat-soluble drugs pass from an area where there is a higher concentration of a drug to an area of lower concentration.

False. Active transport is when water-soluble drugs such as cocaine cross the blood-brain barrier by hitching a ride on molecules that cross the blood-brain barrier.

Research has shown that supply reduction (drug seizures, interruption of people involved with the drug trade) is a more effective strategy than demand reduction (drug abuse treatment and prevention).

False. Demand reduction is more a more effective strategy.

Acetylcholine is the most crucial neurotransmitter involved in drug use and abuse.

False. Dopamine is the most crucial neurotransmitter in both substance and process addictions. Often called the reward chemical.

Contact absorption from drug-saturated patches applied to the skin allow erratic amounts of drugs to be passively absorbed into to the body over an indefinite period of time.

False. Drug-saturated adhesive patches applied to the skin allow measured quantities of a drug to be passively absorbed for up to 7 days.

Passive transport occurs when water-soluble drugs such as cocaine cross the blood-brain barrier by hitching a ride on molecules that cross the blood-brain barrier.

False. Passive transport occurs when lipid-soluble drugs pass from an area where there is a higher concentration of a drug to an area of lower concentration. Active transport is when water-soluble drugs such as cocaine cross the blood-brain barrier by hitching a ride on molecules that cross the blood-brain barrier.

There is no such thing as psychological dependence.

False. Psychological dependence is when the effects of the drug are desired by the user to obtain emotional stability, which reinforces the desire to keep using.

All Arounders (Psychedelics)

Indoles: LSD, psilocybin mushrooms Phenylalkylamines: mescaline, ecstasy, molly Anticholinergics: belladonna, mandrake Cannabinoids: marijuana, hashish, sinsemilla Others: ketamine, pcp, dextromethorphan

Which statement is true regarding intravenous drug use?

Intravenous drug use is the most dangerous method because it bypasses the body's natural defenses.

Downers (CNS Depressants)

Opiates and Opioids: opium, heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, methadone Sedative-Hypnotics: benzodiazepines, xanax, klonopin Alcohol: beer, wine, hard liquor Others: antihistamines, muscle relaxants, otc sedatives

A person's level of emotional and physical stress can increase the ability of psychoactive drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier.

True

Because the blood-brain barrier is not formed until a child is one to two years of age, any psychoactive substance used by a pregnant woman can be particularly harmful to a developing fetus.

True

From our nation's early beginnings, the United States strictly regulated alcohol, opium, morphine, cannabis and other psychoactive medications.

True

Human brain chemistry can be affected by psychoactive drugs, behavioral addictions, and mental illness, to induce an altered state of consciousness.

True

Limiting the places where tobacco smoking is permitted has not reduced the use of tobacco in the United States or other countries where such policies have been implemented.

True

Synapses are able to change strength and function when a pathway is stressed, overused, or underused, such as by the intake of psychoactive substances.

True

The central nervous system is composed of the spinal cord and the brain.

True

The compulsive gamblers addiction pathway in the brain becomes hijacked similar to the ways the brain becomes rewired from alcohol and other drug addictions.

True

When the body speeds up the metabolism and the breakdown of a drug, it is known as dispositional tolerance.

True

Mexican cartels have replaced Colombian cartels in smuggling cocaine into the United States.

True. About 65% of the cocaine smuggled in to the US comes across the US-Mexico border.

A practical way to classify psychoactive substances is the following:

stimulants, depressants, and psychedelics

According to the authors of Uppers, Downers, All Arounders, a psychoactive drug is defined as:

any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system

The more rapidly a psychoactive drug reaches its central nervous system target, the less the reward and the lower the reinforcing effect.

False.

The most rapid route of administering a drug to reach the brain is intravenously.

False. Inhaling is the most rapid route.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of alcohol and other drugs by a woman who is pregnant?

The placenta is not an effective barrier, so if the mother uses, the baby uses.

The potency of drugs today is due to technological advances in refining, synthesizing, and manufacturing methods.

True

The Gin Epidemic

was brought under control through high taxes and the strict regulation of the sale of gin

Regardless of which method a person uses to consume a psychoactive drug, the drug reaches the brain through the bloodstream.

True

The British encouraged the planting of hemp in the new American colonies for which of the following reasons?

to provide England with strong fibers from which it could make rope and sails for its ships

The most crucial neurotransmitter involved in behavioral addictions, drug use, and drug abuse is:

dopamine

Which of the following sequences correctly lists the routes of administration from fastest to slowest for getting drugs to the brain?

inhaling (smoke), injecting (intravenous), mucous membrane absorption (nasal passage), oral ingestion

The name of the primary evaluation document used in the United States to assess whether a person has a substance-related disorder is called the:

Diagnostic Statistical Manual

Psychoactive drugs promote homeostatic conditions in the central nervous system.

False. Psychoactive drugs disrupt homeostasis. Stimulant drugs accelerate or stimulate the function of the CNS, whereas depressants slow it down. Continued use of psychoactive substances leads to a new balance called allostasis, as opposed to the natural balance of homeostasis.

The eighteenth amendment (the Volstead Act) was implemented to

prohibit the manufacture and the sale of any alcoholic beverage in the United States

When the human body is continually challenged by the use of drugs that alter the body's natural balance, a new normal is created, known as:

Allostasis

Tolerance to the mental effects of drugs always develops at the same rate as tolerance to the drugs physical effects.

False. For many drugs, tolerance to mental effects develops at a different rate than tolerance to the physical effects of the drug.

Using drugs to replace, supplement, or counterbalance the effects of a person's drug of choice is known as:

Polydrug use

Acute tolerance (tachyphylaxis) and adaptation to tobacco begins almost instantly with the first puff of a cigarette.

True

Addictive substances affect how neurons can down-regulate their brain receptors.

True

Compulsive behaviors (e.g., binge eating, anorexia, bulimia, compulsive gambling, sexual compulsion and internet addiction) affect many of the same areas of the brain that are influenced by psychoactive drugs.

True

The physical, mental, and emotional effects a person experiences from taking psychoactive drugs are caused by the modification or mimicking of the neurotransmitter's function.

True