Psyc Chap 10: Intelligence

normal curve

(normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.

A person's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills is referred to as _____ intelligence.

Crystallized

Younger adults are more likely to be influenced by anxiety, _____, and anger when making decisions than older adults.

Depression

_____intelligence is the ability to ponder large questions about life, death, and existence.

Existential

Some people have been fearful that higher twentieth-century birth rates among those with lower intelligence scores would push human intelligence scores progressively downward. This fear has been most directly alleviated by the discovery of the _____ effect.

Flynn

The first modern test of intelligence was developed in:

France

___________attempted to measure intellectual strengths based on tests of reaction time, muscular power, and body proportions.

Francis Galton

The existence of savant syndrome seems to support

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.

Those who can recognize emotions in faces, music, and stories are generally good at _____emotions.

Perceiving

What psychological principle helps explain why women tend to perform more poorly when they believe their online chess opponent is male?

Stereotype threat

____________,___________can lead to poor performance on tests by undermining test-takers' belief that they can do well on the test.

Stereotype threat

In prosperous country X, everyone eats all they want. In country Y, the rich are well fed, but the semistarved poor are often thin. In which country will the heritability of body weight be greater?

The heritability (differences due to genes) of body weight will be greater in country X, where environmental differences in available nutrition are minimal.

What is one of the disadvantages of the preschool program Head Start?

The positive effects seemed to dissipate as the children aged.

_____ is the extent to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure.

Validity

The _____ is one of the most widely used intelligence tests for children. It can be given to children between the ages of 6 and 16 and can be completed without reading or writing.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

A high-school counselor gave Amy a test designed to predict whether she could learn to become a successful architect. Amy most likely took a(n) _____ test.

aptitude

An employer with a pool of applicants for a single available position is interested in testing each applicant's potential. To help her decide whom she should hire, she should use an ______________ (achievement/aptitude) test. That same employer wishing to test the effectiveness of a new, on-the-job training program would be wise to use an ______________ (achievement/aptitude) test.

aptitude; achievement

Alessa achieved an intelligence test score of 100 on a current version of the Stanford-Binet test. This indicates that relative to other adults her age her intellectual abilities are supposedly _____.

average

The environmental influence that has the clearest, most profound effect on intellectual development is

being raised in conditions of extreme deprivation.

In terms of gender differences in intellectual abilities, females scored _____ on spelling tests than boys.

better

The French government commissioned Alfred Binet to help identify children with special needs because they were concerned that teacher evaluations of student learning potential might be:

biased

The intelligence quotient (IQ) is simply a person's mental age divided by his or her _____ and multiplied by 100 to eliminate the decimal point.

chronological age

The intervention of nutritional supplements is most likely to positively impact the _____ development of students from families who live in poverty.

cognitive

Michelle is about to take the test to obtain her drivers permit. This test covers the tasks that drivers frequently face. This means that the test has _____ validity.

content

Maggie, a graduate student at a local university, is interested in the impact of the No Child Left Behind legislation on intelligence. As a result of this, she gives an intelligence test to people ranging in age from 15 to 45. Maggie is conducting a(n) _____ study.

cross-sectional

As people age, they tend to gain vocabulary and knowledge, which are systematic of _____ intelligence.

crystallized

intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

Standardization

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.

Lacking the _____ to answer supposedly unbiased intelligence test questions about their new culture, many Eastern-Europeans were classified as feeble-minded in the early 1900s.

experience

Because of the _____ effect, people of the same ability may be classified differently depending on when they were tested.

flynn

Charles Spearman suggested we have one __________ __________underlying success across a variety of intellectual abilities.

general intelligence (g)

The employees were not surprised when Sharon was promoted to Senior Director of the organization. She has demonstrated her ability to motivate the team, delegate to the appropriate people, and promote herself. This best illustrates _____intelligence.

practical

Jackie has an extremely low intelligence quotient (IQ) of 65. She lives at an assisted living center where she works part time in the kitchen cleaning dishes. Jackie's ability to work effectively displays:

practical skills

Some specific kinds of _____are associated with the loss of emotional intelligence.

prefrontal cortex damage

When he was very young, William took an intelligence test as part of a research study. Decades later, William is asked if he would be willing to take another intelligence test in order to test the stability of intelligence. By agreeing to take another intelligence test, William is engaging in a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

Stereotype threat is most likely to depress female students' performance on a difficult _____ test and to depress male students' performance on a difficult _____ test.

math problem solving; spelling

Older people are able to do all of the following when making decisions EXCEPT: A) see multiple perspectives B) reason abstractly C) recognize the limits of their own knowledge D) allow for compromise

reason abstractly

The Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children yield consistent results, for example on retesting. In other words, these tests have high

reliability

Fluid intelligence:

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

Crystallized intelligence:

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Although he is unable to speak coherently and has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as _____syndrome. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

savant

Immortalized in the movie Rain Man, Dustin Hoffman's character performs mind-boggling feats of mathematical calculations, yet cannot perform the simplest of tasks such as determining how much change he would receive when buying a candy bar. This is known as _____syndrome.

savant

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS):

the WAIS and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence tests; contain verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

Validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. (See also content validity and predictive validity.)

content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. EX) The road test for a driver's license has content validity because it samples the tasks a driver routinely faces.

Reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting. A reliable test gives consistent scores, no matter who takes the test or when they take it.

Intelligence

the mental potential to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

chapter 10.4 Heritability

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

predicitive validity

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity.)

To say that the heritability of intelligence is about 50 percent means that 50 percent of

the variation in intelligence within a group of people is attributable to genetic factors.

Stanford-Binet

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.

Comparing the academic accomplishments of those who have low scores with those who have high scores on intelligence tests is an effective way to highlight the _____ of the tests.

validity

Identical twins Skyler and Sloane live with their biological parents. Skyler took an intelligence test when he was 9 years old and got a score of 100. Sloane took the same test. One would predict Sloane's score to be very close to _____.

100

On the original Stanford-Binet test, an 8-year-old who responds with the proficiency of an average 10-year-old would have an intelligence quotient (IQ) of _____.

125

What is the IQ of a 4-year-old with a mental age of 5?

125 (5 ÷ 4 × 100 = 125)

The IQ of a 6-year-old with a measured mental age of 9 would be

150

A 6-year-old who responds to the original Stanford-Binet test with the proficiency typical of an average 9-year-old is said to have a mental age of _____ years.

9

What are the three criteria that a psychological test must meet in order to be widely accepted? Explain.

A psychological test must be standardized (pretested on a similar group of people), reliable (yielding consistent results), and valid (measuring what it is supposed to measure).

What is the difference between a test that is biased culturally and a test that is biased in terms of its validity?

A test may be culturally biased if higher scores are achieved by those with certain cultural experiences. That same test may not be biased in terms of validity if it predicts what it is supposed to predict. For example, the SAT may be culturally biased in favor of those with experience in the U.S. school system, but it does still accurately predict U.S. college success.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Obama effect?

African-American adults performed better if taking a verbal aptitude administered immediately after watching Obama's 2008 nomination acceptance speech.

What did Binet hope to achieve by establishing a child's mental age?

Binet hoped that the child's mental age (the age that typically corresponds to the child's level of performance), would help identify appropriate school placements of children.

_____ refers to the extent to which differences among people are attributed to genes.

Heritability

Why do psychologists NOT diagnose an intellectual disability based solely on the person's intelligence test score?

IQ score is only one measure of a person's ability to function. Other important factors to consider in an overall assessment include conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills.

More intelligent children and adults tend to live healthier and longer lives. Which of the following is NOT a possible reason for this phenomenon?

Intelligent people have slower reaction times, making it less likely that they will put themselves at risk.

Zelda was adopted when she was an infant. Her adoptive parents' intelligence test scores are in the average range. Her biological parents, on the other hand, have test scores that are well above average. When Zelda is 30, what can be predicted about her performance on an intelligence test?

It will be more similar to her biological parents' test scores.

Use the concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence to explain why writers tend to produce their most creative work later in life, and scientists may hit their peak much earlier.

Writers' work relies more on crystallized intelligence, or accumulated knowledge, which increases with age. For top performance, scientists doing research may need more fluid intelligence (speedy and abstract reasoning), which tends to decrease with age

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

Intellectual disability:

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life. (Formerly referred to as mental retardation.)

Down Syndrome

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

general intelligence (g)

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

chapter 10.3 cohort

a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as from a given time period.

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as an average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

intelligence test

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

Stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

achivement test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned.

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.

A check on your understanding of heritability: If environments become more equal, the heritability of intelligence would

a. (Heritability—variation explained by genetic influences—will increase as environmental variation decreases.)

Sternberg's three types of intelligence are _________________, _______________, and _______.

academic, practical, creative

Correlation coefficients were used in this section. Here's a quick review: Correlations do not indicate cause-effect, but they do tell us whether two things are associated in some way. A correlation of −1.0 represents perfect ______________ (agreement/disagreement) between two sets of scores: As one score goes up, the other score goes ______________ (up/down). A correlation of ______________ represents no association. The highest correlation, +1.0, represents perfect ______________ (agreement/disagreement): As the first score goes up, the other score goes ______________ (up/down).

disagreement; down; zero; agreement; up

In terms of gender differences in intellectual abilities, boys:

do all of these.(outnumber girls in special education classes. tend to perform better on tests of spatial ability. had higher SAT math scores.)

Professor Wright has a _____ degree in psychology. This is a great accomplishment as only 1 percent of Americans have done so.

doctorate

Sandra has been told that her infant has an extra chromosome 21 in his genetic makeup. This suggests that the infant will suffer from ____

down syndrome

People who are good at predicting the feelings of others have high _____intelligence.

emotional

Willis again picked the wrong day to ask his boss for a day off, especially with the multimillion-dollar project proposal due in a couple of days. This best illustrates a lack of:

emotional intelligence.

Mary wonders why people exist and is trying to determine her purpose in life. Mary has _____intelligence.

existential

Researchers use twin and adoption studies to investigate _____ and environmental influences on intelligence test scores.

genetic

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is best able to tell us

how the test-taker compares with other adults in vocabulary and arithmetic reasoning.

The strongest support for heredity's influence on intelligence is the finding that

identical twins, but not other siblings, have nearly identical intelligence test scores.

Similar intelligence test scores for identical twins reared apart are taken as evidence for the:

importance of genetic influences on intelligence test scores.

_____ skills refer to one of the secondary criteria for intellectual disability. It includes interpersonal skills, social responsibility, and the ability to follow basic rules and laws and avoid being victimized.

social

In looking at differences in intellectual ability between groups, most social scientists see the concept of race primarily as a(n) _____ without well-defined physical boundaries.

social construct

In the United States in the 21st century, girls are most likely to outperform boys in a:

spelling bee

Dr. Ghauderta has designed a new intelligence test for adolescents. He evaluated the test among various groups. When the test is released and administered to other adolescents in the general population, he will have _____ scores with which to compare his test subjects.

standardized

Emotionally intelligent people tend to

succeed in their careers