Psyc chapter 8, Unit 2 Chapter 6, Unit 2 Psyc Chapter 5

discriminative stimulus; asking questions.

Professor Ronson told her students that if her door was closed, it meant that she was unavailable to them and would be angry if they knocked on her door. But if her door was open, it meant that she was in a rare good mood and would answer questions at that time. Professor Ronson's door being open was a _____ for _____

a fraction of a second; two seconds.

Sensory memory holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from _____ to _____

sense of pride regarding her accomplishments.

Seven-year-old Francesca brings home her worksheet from second grade with a big gold star on it. Her foster parent is so proud of her that she hangs it on the refrigerator for everyone to see. According to the psychosocial stages of development, this will likely cause Francesca to develop a _____

Extinction

Susan trained her rat to press a bar in a Skinner box in order to get a food pellet. Susan's rat pressed the bar a lot. However, later when Susan ran out of food pellets, her rat eventually stopped pressing the bar. What had happened?

negative

Taking away something that hurts or bothers someone is called _____ reinforcement.

biological predisposition.

Taste aversion is an example of _____

maintenance; elaborative

The levels-of-processing model describes _____ rehearsal as shallow processing and _____ rehearsal as deep processing.

period of the fetus.

The longest period of time during prenatal development is the _____

operant conditioning.

The majority of behavior modification programs use the principles of

long-term memory.

The memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person's permanent or relatively permanent memories is called _____

a cognitive map.

The mental representation of the layout of a college campus represents _____

continuous reinforcement.

The most efficient way to condition a new response is _____

maturation.

The natural unfolding of skills and development that has more to do with genetics than environment is referred to as _____

the law of effect.

The notion that behaviors with desirable outcomes will likely be repeated is part of _____

Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

Cortisol

What hormone, in excess, interferes with memory?

They will not develop an aversion to the flavored water.

What is likely to happen to rats who drink a flavored water solution and are then shocked?

the brain structures involved in memory.

When information-processing theorists use the term hardware, they are often referring to _____

decay theory of forgetting.

When memories are not revisited, they simply fade away as time passes. This exemplifies the _____

preconventional

When moral decisions are based on what will help to avoid punishment, the _____ level of moral development is being utilized.

displacement

When new information pushes current information out of memory because the short-term memory is full, _____ has occurred.

retroactive interference

When new learning gets in the way of recalling previously learned information, _____ has occurred.

Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.

Which of the following is true of research on insight?

It is learned through repeated exposure to inescapable or unavoidable aversive events.

Which of the following is true regarding learned helplessness?

Xander has not yet attained object permanence.

Xander is a five-month old who is intrigued by a fancy rattle. When his caretaker takes the rattle away, he begins looking at the kitchen light in the background and does not seem to look for the rattle. Which of the following is true of this scenario?

insight learning.

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated _____

the formation of a cognitive map.

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from a cousin whom you haven't seen in years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of _____

Easy

Zovia is a toddler who always seems happy. She is described by her caretakers as adaptable, a great eater, and a sound sleeper. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Zovia likely have?

The imaginary audience; the personal fable

_____ and _____ are the two forms of adolescent egocentrism studied by psychologist David Elkind.

semantic memory.

By the middle of the semester, Jeb is finally able to recall the name of his psychology professor. This information comes from his _____

Reflexes

_____ are defined as built-in responses to certain stimuli that neonates need to ensure survival in their new world.

Schemas

_____ are frameworks of knowledge and assumptions that we have about people, objects, and events.

Autobiographical memories

_____ are recollections that a person includes in an account of the events of his or her own life.

Martin Seligman

_____ argued that humans and other animals seem to be most affected by classical conditioning when it affects their survival. From an evolutionary standpoint, this theorist suggests that humans have a biological predisposition to associate fear with certain kinds of stimuli.

Sensory memory

_____ holds information brought in through our senses but only for a very brief amount of time.

Crystallized

_____ intelligence is defined by one's verbal ability and accumulated knowledge.

Crystallized; fluid

_____ intelligence tends to increase over the lifespan, whereas _____ intelligence tends to decrease as time goes on.

long-term memory.

Endel is thinking about the last time he was at his favorite restaurant. In order for him to access this information, Endel must tap into his _____

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Every time 18-month-old Shayla tried to feed herself, her nanny would tell her to stop and wipe up the mess she had made. Her nanny would then proceed to feed her so the high chair wouldn't get dirty. Which stage of psychosocial development will Shayla likely unsuccessfully resolve?

suppression

Every time Tim remembered how embarrassed he had been at the party, he immediately thought of something else. He really tried to forget all about the party. Tim was using _____ for the purpose of motivated forgetting.

Stage 2 of the preconventional level

In which of Kohlberg's stages is "You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours" thinking most apparent?

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

In which of the following stages of psychosocial development do toddlers learn to exert their independence?

Basic trust vs. mistrust

In which stage do infants learn that the world is a safe place and people can be trusted?

inferiority.

Initiative is to guilt as industry is to _____

The maintenance stage

Julianna is a chemistry professor and is established in her career. Even after 20 years of employment, she enjoys her work thoroughly and intends on staying there until retirement. Based on the research by Donald Super, in which of the phases of career development is Julianna?

Research suggests that Julie will have better memory for items at the beginning and the end of the list.

Julie is a participant in a research project. She is instructed to memorize a list of items. Julie reads the list, in order, over and over again. When it comes time for her to be tested on what items she remembers, what will the finding likely be?

episodic memory.

Lucille remembers the day she won the lottery like it was yesterday. She was at the gas station filling up her car and decided to check the lottery ticket she had purchased the day before. When the gas station attendant scanned it, he looked at her with a huge smile and then told her to get ready for some fantastic news. The memory of this event is located in Lucille's _____

Lourdes was born before 37 weeks and weighed less than 5.5 pounds.

Lourdes was a premature infant. What can be gleaned from that diagnosis?

fluid

Mental flexibility and abstract reasoning make up _____ intelligence.

cognitive

Mice who received a paired tone and shock 20 times and the same tone with no shock 20 times were not successfully conditioned to fear the tone. Mice who received a shock every time the tone sounded were conditioned to fear the tone. This observation supports the _____ theory of classical conditioning.

Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.

Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older?

Generativity vs. stagnation

Michael is in the process of reflecting on his 55 years of life. He realizes that he has not contributed anything substantial to society, nor has he left any type of legacy in terms of his family or his work. He is "feeling stuck" at this point in his life, which is preventing him from moving ahead. Which stage of psychosocial development best describes Michael?

The law of effect

Sofia loves that she gets attention from her kindergarten teacher every time she uses her manners. Because of it, she continues to use her manners. What does this demonstrate?

12 months of age.

Stranger anxiety peaks around _____

identity crisis; identity vs. role confusion

Stuart is beginning the process of trying to answer these questions: Who am I? What am I all about? What do I stand for? What are my values? Stuart is likely experiencing a(n) _____ which occurs in the _____ stage of psychosocial development.

Depression

William was simply devastated by the loss of his brother to colon cancer. The time between the diagnosis and his death was only three months. Shortly thereafter, William started to show signs of sadness and withdrawal that worried other family members. He just couldn't seem to shake his despair. Which of the following stages of death and dying might William be experiencing?

insight; trial-and-error

Wolfgang Köhler argued that _____, rather than _____ learning, is more easily learned.

Observational learning

Wong is a five-year-old boy who lives at home with his mom and dad. He has witnessed several incidents of domestic violence between them and has started hitting other kids at school. Based on the information presented, which theory of learning best accounts for Wong's aggressive behavior?

Bandura; aggressive

A famous experiment conducted by _____ showed that children are more likely to be _____ if this behavior is modeled for them.

Generalization

. After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not _____ had occurred.

encoding.

. In terms of the memory process, the physiological change that takes place in the brain to allow for new information to be stored is called

Socialization

. _____ is the process of learning socially acceptable behaviors, attitudes, and values.

primary

A _____ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.

discriminative stimulus

A _____ signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished

Bandura

A congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, D.C. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions?

Observational learning

A congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, D.C. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. What psychological process are the representatives probably considering as the reason that TV influences school violence?

reinforcement; punishment.

A consequence that brings about an increase in the frequency of a behavior is a(n) _____; a consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior is a(n) _____

information-processing theory.

A framework for studying memory that uses the computer as a model of human cognitive processes defines the _____

observational learning.

A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl's learning to share is an example of _____

fear can be conditioned.

A key principle learned in the Little Albert experiment was that _____

short-term memory.

A major problem with cramming for an exam is that it overloads the capacity of _____

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response.

A puff of air in the eye naturally causes an eye blink response. The puff of air is the _____ and the eye blink is the _____

the zone of proximal development.

A range of cognitive tasks that a child cannot yet do but can learn to do through the guidance of an older child or adult defines _____

behavior modification.

A reduction in your auto insurance cost for a year accident free is an example of _____

increase; decrease

A reinforcer is a consequence that will _____ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that may _____ a behavior.

Negative punishment

A student studied very hard in order to avoid getting bad grades and losing her driving privileges. It worked. What was the type of reinforcer she experienced?

positive reinforcement.

A student studied very hard in order to get a good grade. It worked. The good grade is an example of _____

variable-interval.

A teacher gives her class at least one unannounced quiz every week. The students never know which day it will fall on. The teacher is attempting to influence their study habits by using a _____

naïve idealism.

A type of thought in which adolescents construct ideal solutions for problems defines _____

retrieval cue

A(n) _____ is any stimulus or bit of information that aids in retrieving particular information from long-term memory

adolescence; identity vs. role confusion

According to Erikson, searching for one's identity begins in _____ with the _____ stage.

a scheme

According to Piaget, _____ involves a plan of action, based on previous experiences, to be used in similar circumstances.

object permanence

According to Piaget, _____ is the realization that objects continue to exist even when they can no longer be perceived.

assimilation

According to Piaget, when a child fits new information into schemes that already exist, _____ occurs.

predict

According to Rescorla's theory, the CS must _____ the US or conditioning does not occur.

chunking; displacement.

According to memory researchers, _____ can help prevent _____

Death of a spouse

According to present chapter, which of the following events seems to be the most stressful in the lives of older adults?

Global

According to research by Glenn Roisman and his colleagues, which of the following is not a domain of development addressed in the topic of emerging adulthood?

the brain structures involved in memory; learned memory strategies

According to the information-processing theorists, _____ refers to the hardware, whereas _____ refers to the software of the human memory system.

sensory memory; short-term memory

According to the model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, _____ can hold information for less than 5 seconds, whereas _____ can hold information for 30 seconds or so.

short-term memory

According to the model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, the _____ is a memory system that can hold about seven items for about 30 seconds.

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

According to the model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, the components of memory are _____

sensory memory.

According to the model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, virtually everything we see, hear, or otherwise sense is held in _____

implicit memory.

Activities that do not take much conscious thought, such as walking down the stairs or tying your shoes, are a part of your _____

"Adam, this is not such a great study technique. You'll be better off just reading over your notes."

Adam studies his psychology material using note cards. He writes questions on the front of the card and the answers on the back of the card. After he has a stack of note cards completed, he studies them one by one, over and over again. Based on memory research, which of the following statements should not be made to Adam to help him maximize his studying?

positive

Adding something good as a consequence of a behavior is called _____ reinforcement.

spontaneous recovery; weaker

After a conditioned response has been extinguished and a period of time has passed, _____ may occur in response to the original conditioned stimulus; however, it will be in _____ form.

He would be more accurate if shown photos first.

After he was sexually assaulted, Gordon went to the police and filed a report. Later, the police asked Gordon if he'd be willing to look at potential suspects one by one. Gordon agreed to do so. Which of the following statements is true?

conditioned response.

After pairing a loud noise with a white rat many times, the sight of the rat would cause Little Albert to cry. Crying is an example of a(n) _____

anterograde amnesia.

Aidan was in a car accident that left him with a brain injury. One of the abilities he lost was to take in and recall new pieces of information such as what he ate for dinner and what he watched on television the previous day. Aidan suffers from _____

children will model the aggressive behaviors they see others engage in.

Albert Bandura's experiments involving the inflated "Bobo Doll" indicate _____

Reconstruction

Alexandra's father was excited to learn about her first day of kindergarten. When he picked her up, he asked how her day was. "Good," she said. He wanted to know more so he asked her to tell him about her day and all of the things she did. Although Alexandra couldn't remember exactly, she told him they had circle time, then writing time, then recess, then snack time, then quiet reading time. Which process did Alexandra use to tell her father about her day?

industry vs. inferiority; a sense of inferiority

Alexis is a fourth grader who does not get along with her teacher very well. When asked why, Alexis complains that her teacher doesn't let them ask questions, doesn't let them try things on their own, and gets frustrated when the kids attempt to make things that the teacher didn't suggest. The _____ stage of psychosocial development will likely be affected for Alexis and the rest of the students in the class, and _____ may result.

episodic memory; semantic memory.

Ali's memory of her high school graduation is stored in her _____; her memory for what year Texas became a state is located in her _____

Accommodation

Aliana was playing with her toys and came across a book. The book was filled with dinosaurs of all different types. Aliana looked at the dinosaurs and exclaimed, "Big doggies!" Her babysitter looked to her and said, "No, Aliana, those are called dinosaurs. They lived a long time ago." Aliana then continued to look through the book and said "dinosaur" over and over again. When they were watching television later, there appeared a dinosaur on TV. Aliana then said in an excited manner, "Look! Another dinosaur!" Which term best describes the preceding dinosaur sentence?

Perceptual speed

Based on the results of the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which intellectual skill showed a decline for both men and women from about age 25 to 80?

Identity vs. role confusion

Although Vincent is now an adult, he feels as if he never really got a chance to find himself as an adolescent. He feels that he has no sense of who he is and what he stands for. He feels as if he missed out on the crucial time in development where that identity crisis is resolved. To which of Erikson's stages is Vincent likely referring?

repeated testing

Although all of following techniques are effective at enhancing memory and learning, Henry Roediger's (2009) research demonstrates that _____ has proven to be the MOST effective for studying textbook material.

Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.

An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?

The personal fable

Based on your knowledge of Piaget's theory, what could account for the it-can't-happen-to-me attitude typically displayed by teenagers?

fetal alcohol effects.

Andrew is a normal-looking five-year-old boy who is having some behavioral difficulties. Although he tries to be a good kid, he is sometimes so impulsive that he gets into trouble. Kara, his mother, cannot understand why he is impulsive. She reads all of the parenting books she can get her hands on and has set, and enforced, fair guidelines for his behavior. Andrew's behavior is puzzling to her. Kara's mother, who happens to be a researcher in the field of prenatal development, is not very puzzled by the situation at all. She speculates that Andrew's behavior is a result of Kara drinking small amounts of alcohol throughout her pregnancy, even when she advised Kara not to. Kara's mother is likely concerned about _____

unwanted behavior; reinforced.

Another aspect of time out that relates to its effectiveness is that it prevents the _____ from being _____

the neighborhood where we got high makes us crave the drug.

Another example of the power of classical conditioning occurs when _____

Avoidant attachment

Anthony and his mother were in a playroom at school. He seemed like he wanted nothing much to do with his mother when they were in the room waiting to meet his new preschool teacher. As the teacher entered the room, she kindly introduced herself to Anthony and his mother. Then his mother was asked to step away from the room to sign some enrollment forms. When she returned to the playroom, Anthony didn't even seem to notice. Additionally, when she walked up to him to ask him a question, he walked the other way. Which attachment type does Anthony likely have with his mother?

Elaborative rehearsal

As Adam was learning the new material in his psychology class regarding neurons and memory, he couldn't help but notice that he learned similar information in his biology class last semester. He decided to relate the new psychology material to the biology material he learned least semester as a way to help him learn and remember. What strategy is Adam using here?

Displacement

As Stephanie walked into the supermarket, she realized she forgot her grocery list. She tried to recall the items on the list, but once she got up to about ten items, she realized she had already forgotten the first few items. What did Stephanie experience?

Classical conditioning

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ________.

preoperational

As three-year-old Angelo eats his bagel, he accidentally breaks it in half. He then says to his mom, "Uh oh, the bagel gone. I go get another." Angelo is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

the serial position effect.

As three-year-old Luca is learning to count to ten, his parents notice he always remembers one, two, three easily and then nine, ten easily. However, he often skips or mixes up the numbers in the middle. This example demonstrates _____

denial

Audrey has just learned that she has cancer of the pancreas. Because she is a nurse, she knows that pancreatic cancer is an aggressive cancer and usually takes someone's life about a year after the diagnosis. However, she is convinced that the doctors have mixed up her chart with someone else's chart. After she is shown that it is indeed her chart, she tells the doctor that the results are clearly erroneous. Audrey is experiencing _____ according to research by Kübler-Ross.

Most women experience depressed mood.

Based on the research regarding menopause, which of the following is false?

printed material; online text

Background knowledge and experience with reading _____ strongly influence how much people learn from reading _______.

the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study.

Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo Doll" study. The term "Bobo" refers to _____

Permissive type

Based on her research findings, which of Baumrind's parenting types results in immature, impulsive, and dependent children?

Disorganized attachment

Based on research, which type of attachment pattern seems to be the least securely attached?

the hippocampus; a learned memory strategy

Based on the information-processing theory, _____ would be an accurate example of hardware, whereas _____ would be an accurate example of software.

the hippocampus

Based on the information-processing theory, _____ would be an accurate example of hardware.

a mnemonic

Based on the information-processing theory, _____ would be an accurate example of software.

The inhibitory effect

Benny is throwing rocks at a neighbor's house. Just as Trisha picks up a rock and is about to throw it, the neighbor comes out and yells at Benny. Trisha quickly decides not to throw the rock. What has she just demonstrated?

discriminate.

Benson, a black lab, had learned to associate two stimuli with getting taken for a walk: his owner getting out his leash and his owner getting out a belt. Every time his owner picked up his belt, Benson would jump around and get excited. His owner wanted Benson to stop that so he repeatedly took out his belt without taking Benson for a walk, and always took him for a walk when getting out his leash. He was teaching Benson to _____

the modeling effect.

Bethany wants to play baseball like her older sisters. Bethany watches them play for hours and is gradually learning how to play by studying what they do. This could be called _____

Shaping

Billy taught two rats how to play basketball for his experimental psychology class. What process did he likely use?

Latent learning

Brad, a first grade teacher, is teaching his students various colors. None of them could name all the primary colors. Little Janie is not coloring in her worksheet. All of the students are dismissed for recess except Janie. Brad tells Janie she may go to recess as soon as she can learn the colors. Before Brad could say anything else, Janie correctly names all of the colors. Which type of learning does this best demonstrate?

concrete operations

Brenna was sitting in her fourth grade class taking her mathematics test. An extra credit question read as follows: If Jonah is taller than Barry, and Tori is taller than Jonah, is Barry taller or shorter than Tori? Brenna continued to think about the extra credit problem, but could not come up with the correct answer. Brenna is likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

Anterograde amnesia

Brigit studied her business law all day and then went to work. The person who was supposed to work the midnight shift called in sick, so Brigit had to stay for another entire shift. Though she was very tired and terribly sleep deprived, she still had to go to class and take her exam. Although she had studied all of the material, she found she couldn't remember very much of it. Which of the following likely explains Brigit's forgetting?

retrieval.

Bringing to mind the information when you need it is referred to as _____

latent learning

Casey has just received her driver's license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Casey knows the way. The fact that Casey can drive herself to school suggests that _____ has occurred.

disinhibitory effect.

Children and adolescents are often enticed into drug use, drinking and sexual behavior by observing these behaviors amongst their friends and acquaintances. Being influenced to exhibit behaviors that one has previously learned to suppress is called the _____

retroactive interference.

Chris is a high school teacher. He has the same group of students for a semester and then gets a whole new group of students the next semester. He notices that after he gets the second group of students and learns their names, he has difficulty remembering the names of his last semester students when he sees them. Chris is experiencing _____

learned helplessness.

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to _____

mnemonics.

Coming up with memory tricks such as ROY G. BIV for the visible spectrum of colors and HOMES for the Great Lakes are types of _____

formal operations stage.

Concepts such as the personal fable and naïve idealism are characteristic of the _____

implicit

Conditioned responses you have learned by association are located in your _____ memory

The context effect

Connie always studies at night in her bedroom. When she is taking an exam and cannot remember a particular answer, she often imagines herself in her bedroom. Sometimes that technique helps her to remember the material she studied. Which of the following is Connie using to assist her memory?

egocentrism

Conservation is to concrete operations as _____ is to preoperational thinking.

Accommodation

Consider this sequence: (1) a child makes an assimilation error, (2) someone supplies the correct information, and (3) the child then accurately takes in the new information. What term best describes this process?

encoding; storage

Consolidation occurs after _____ but before _____ in the memory process.

retrograde amnesia.

Curt was in a car accident last year and lost consciousness. Although he has made nearly a full recovery, he is still unable to remember what occurred shortly before the accident. Curt is likely experiencing _____

Conventional level

Dagon believes that laws are there for a reason and that they must be followed under all circumstances. In which stage of moral development is Dagon?

Scaffolding

Daliah was at a diner with her three-year-old son. When he was done with his lunch, he wanted to take his tray to the trash can. Because Daliah wasn't sure he would be able to complete that task without dropping everything, she helped him hold one side of his tray. According to Lev Vygotsky, in which of the following concepts did Daliah just engage?

encoding.

Daris, a marathon runner, is trying diligently to read his textbook, but he keeps finding himself preoccupied with his upcoming race. He is frustrated because he has had to go back and reread sections the textbook in order to really understand the material. Daris seems to be having difficulty with _____

semantic memory and episodic memory.

Declarative memory includes _____

nondeclarative memory

Declarative memory is to explicit memory as _____ is to implicit memory.

working memory

Declarative memory is to explicit memory as short-term memory is to _____

Choose a different neutral/conditioned stimulus.

Dee Dee wants to condition his lab rat to fear drinking orange-flavored water. He pairs a mild shock with the drinking of flavored water. He wants the rat to associate the unconditioned stimulus, the shock, with drinking the water. How could he be most successful?

higher-order conditioning.

Denny is quite fearful of going to the dentist. Over time, he has noticed that he becomes anxious at even the smell of the dentist's office. Every step Denny takes, right up until the dentist starts to drill a tooth, seems to cause muscle tension and anxiety. Denny is experiencing

Authoritative type

Dora just gave birth to her first child. She wants her daughter to grow up to be happy, self-reliant, assertive, socially skilled, and responsible. Based on Baumrind's research, which parenting style should Dora practice from this moment on?

"Dorie, the good news is that you don't have test anxiety. You just are not studying in a way that helps you encode the information."

Dorie is convinced she has test anxiety. Every time she gets to the test, she cannot remember what she studied. She goes to her professor to try to see what she can do about it. Her professor asks her how she studies for the exams. Dorie reports that she reads the chapters and rereads her notes. After talking to her professor about her study habits, her professor—who specializes in memory—will likely say which of the following?

sensory

Douglas was shown a painting for a few moments, and then was asked to jot down as many details regarding the painting as he could remember. As he began writing, he was surprised to learn that although he remembered what the painting was, he had trouble recalling the details and seemed to lose them within a few seconds. Based on this information, the original information was likely stored in his _____ memory.

Initiative vs. guilt

During which stage do children begin making plans and showing inventiveness in their behaviors?

Difficult

Dustin is a child who never seems to eat or sleep on a schedule. He is described as an "intense" kid by his parents and is often irritable. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Dustin likely have?

more likely to include incorrect information

Eyewitnesses who perceive themselves to be more objective have more confidence in their testimony and are _____

Automaticity

Fantasia knows Freud's theory of personality development so well that it appears she doesn't need to put forth much effort when discussing it. Which of the following concepts would describe this scenario best?

generativity vs. stagnation

Feeling the need to mentor or create something worthy for the next generation is the objective in the _____ stage.

the monkey has no biological predisposition to fear flowers.

For his graduate project, Seth wanted to demonstrate that he could condition a monkey to be afraid of a flower. Seth might have to come up with a different plan because _____

sense of confidence about initiating the new activity.

Four-year-old Damian sees his father getting out the vacuum cleaner. In an effort to be helpful, Damian runs over to him and says that he wants to vacuum and begins to take the vacuum cleaner from his father. Even though his father knows he will not vacuum perfectly, he allows Damian to complete the chore. According to the psychosocial stages of development, this instance will likely help Damian to develop a _____

egocentrism

Four-year-old Dino was looking at his alphabet book. He was so excited that he recognized many of the letters that he shouted, "Mom! Mom, look at these letters. I know some of them!" As he pointed to the letters he recognized, he failed to turn the book to her so she, too, could see where he was pointing. According to Piaget, Dino demonstrated _____ when he did not turn the book to where his Mom could see.

Sitting with another student instead of sitting by herself

Fourteen-year-old Judy Ann is frustrated with the way the kids at school treat her during lunch. Instead of sitting by herself like she normally does, she sits with another student at lunch. As they begin to engage in conversation, she notices that no one stops to make fun of her. Because of this, she decides to no longer sit by herself at lunch. Which of the following can be considered the operant?

No one making fun of her

Fourteen-year-old Judy Ann is frustrated with the way the kids at school treat her during lunch. Instead of sitting by herself like she normally does, she sits with another student at lunch. As they begin to engage in conversation, she notices that no one stops to make fun of her. Because of this, she decides to no longer sit by herself at lunch. Which of the following can be considered the reinforcer?

an overextension error.

Gabriel is a 16-month-old boy who lives with his mom and grandma. He calls his mom "Mama" and his grandma "Nona." Last week, Gabriel was at the grocery store with his mom and saw a little lady with white hair and glasses that looked similar to his grandma. He immediately called her "Nona." Gabriel demonstrated _____

Slow-to-warm-up

Gertrude is a nervous child. She tends to withdraw from other children and family members. However, if given enough time, Gertrude slowly adapts to new situations, people, and environments. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Gertrude likely have?

Martin will perform better because he spaced out his studying.

Ginny and Martin are both studying for a psychology exam. Ginny organizes her time so that she has the entire day before the exam to read and study. Martin arranges his week so he gets about an hour and a half of study time in each day the week before his exam. Both Ginny and Martin end up studying the same total number of hours. Which of the following will likely be true?

a schema

Giuseppe cannot remember exactly what happened at the wedding he attended a while ago, but he knows that the reception followed the ceremony. He also knows that at the reception, there was a large guest list, great food, and lots of dancing. Giuseppe is using _____ to help him reconstruct his memory for the event.

Conditioned stimuli can be so powerful that we eat when we are not hungry.

How does classical conditioning affect our eating habits?

Ego integrity vs. despair

Howard's family is celebrating his ninetieth birthday. Howard, however, is not enjoying the celebration. He wishes everyone would go home and leave him alone to fester in his thoughts of failure about the life he has lived. In which stage of psychosocial development is Howard?

a reinforcer

If Behavior A brings about a desirable Consequence B, and Behavior A reoccurs, then Consequence B can be considered _____.

Private speech

If Lev Vygotsky were in the room talking about his theory, which of the following terms might you hear him say?

a cognitive map

If you came home to your apartment in the very early hours of the morning and did not wish to wake your roommate by turning on the lights, you would likely rely upon _____ to aid you in avoiding obstacles in the apartment that might cause injury or noise.

primacy effect; recency effect

Imagine you are trying to remember a list of words. Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the _____, whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the _____

Basic trust vs. mistrust

Imogen was the recipient of excellent care by her mother during her first year of life. Which of the following stages of psychosocial development will Imogen have likely successfully resolved?

culture

In Africa, the Swazi people demonstrate an amazing ability to remember the slightest details of their cows. A finding such as this illustrates the importance and significance of _____ in memory.

65 percent showed a secure attachment.

In Mary Ainsworth's study of American children and their attachment to their caretakers, she found that about _____

20 percent

In Mary Ainsworth's study of American children and their attachment to their caretakers, she found that about _____ demonstrated an avoidant attachment.

latent learning.

In a classic experiment, Tolman exposed a group of rats to a maze for 11 days before he introduced a food reward. These rats outperformed rats that had been given daily food rewards. This demonstrates _____

stop

In a token economy, when the tokens stop coming, the reinforced behaviors usually _____

interval

In a(n) _____ schedule, the first response made after a specific period of time has elapsed brings the reinforcement.

insight.

In an experiment, a bunch of bananas was placed just beyond a chimpanzee's reach. Boxes and sticks were left in its housing area. After trying various ways of getting the bananas, the chimps seemed to give up, and then return in a while with an idea that worked. They were demonstrating _____

reconstruction

In memory, _____ is an account of an event that has been pieced together from a few highlights.

reinforcement

In operant conditioning, _____ is associated with a voluntary response.

observable; measurable.

In order for behavior modification to work, the behavior must be _____ and _____

The predictive value of the unconditioned stimulus

In terms of classical conditioning, which element of the process did Robert Rescorla argue was the most important?

insight.

In terms of cognitive processing, a sudden realization of how to successfully solve or complete a problem is known as

storage.

In terms of the memory process, keeping the information in memory refers to _____

encoding

In terms of the processes of memory, _____ refers to transforming the information into a form that can be stored in memory.

fear of the noise

In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as an unconditioned stimulus was the _____.

salivation; salivation

In the case of the dogs Pavlov observed, the _____ was the unconditioned response and the _____ was the conditioned response.

object permanence; naive idealism.

In the concrete operational stage, children have _____ but not _____

remember how to speak.

In the famous case of H.M., his hippocampi were removed as part of a surgical procedure to stop his seizures, and afterward he could not _____

successive approximations.

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called _____

The inhibitory effect

Isaiah has been taught not to get involved in drugs. However, he puts that aside and tries marijuana after he sees his older brother using it without getting in trouble. Which of the following best explains Isaiah's behavior?

Overlearning

Jada has an upcoming anthropology exam. She has spaced out her studying over the course of six days and feels she knows the material well. Two days ago, she was confident with her knowledge, but decided to study beyond the point of being able to discuss it without error. She spent the last two days studying the material even further. She now feels ready to take her exam. Which technique best explains Jada's last two days of studying?

It is extremely unlikely they are real, as the brain is not developed enough to form and store such memories during those years.

Janna likes to talk about her recovered memories of her own birth and the events of the first two years of her life. She provides many details and gets very emotional telling the stories. What does science tell us about these memories?

Intimacy vs. isolation

Jayson is 23 and has just met the man of his dreams. They date for about two years before deciding to get married with their families and friends. Jayson feels joyful and fortunate to have found someone with whom he can connect. What psychosocial stage of development best describes Jayson at this point?

Generalization

Jenni was startled by the sudden loud barking noise made by a large black dog. Every time she saw a large black dog after that, she felt anxious and jumpy. She also began to feel the same way when she saw any brown, medium sized dogs. This change in her conditioned response is known as

inhibitory effect.

Jesse chooses not to steal a cookie after watching his sister getting reprimanded for that behavior. Jesse is demonstrating the _____

Jetta's jump

Jetta was at her favorite coffee shop reading her psychology textbook. She was so engrossed in the material that she did not see her friend Willy coming up behind her. Willy approached her chair and tapped her back. Though she never learned to respond this way, Jetta jumped in surprise because Willy's tap had startled her. Which of the following would be considered the unconditioned response in this scenario?

conditioned stimulus

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind Albert by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _____ in his study.

sense of guilt about initiating the new activities.

Justin is cared for by his grandmother while his mother is away at work. Justin is an active and imaginative kid who sometimes pretends he is Superman and tries to get his grandmother to play along. Other times he makes up games with rules and asks his grandmother to join in. She is often put off by these behaviors and tells him to go sit down quietly and read a book. According to the psychosocial stages of development, Justin will likely develop a _____

Basic trust vs. mistrust

Karol is an eight-month-old boy who has not received very good care from his caretakers. They respond to him when they have time and are often annoyed by his crying. At this point, which stage of psychosocial development will Karol have unsuccessfully resolved?

a classically conditioned taste aversion.

Kenyatta went out for pizza Tuesday night. She developed the flu on Tuesday night, which included intense stomach cramps and vomiting. She did not know at that point she had the flu. Now she can't stand pizza. Kenyatta appears to have developed _____

Maintenance rehearsal

Kris just wrote a new song and wants to commit the lyrics to memory. He repeats the chorus over and over until he learns the words. What memory strategy has Kris just employed?

episodic memory.

Kristy lost her dad in a tragic accident. Her experience of this painful event is located in her _____

Naïve idealism

Kristyn is a first-year college student. She decided to stay home for the first year and is struggling with getting along with her parents. She has noticed lately that her thoughts and opinions are in such contrast to her parents'. She feels strongly that if she had just gone away to school, then she would not be having such differences of opinion with them right now. Which of the following concepts could account for Kristyn's thinking that being away at school would be so much better for her?

recognition

Lacey just finished her sociology exam in which she was given 50 questions. Her professor also supplied 50 responses; all Lacey had to do was pick the right answer from a field of four options. Lacey's sociology professor tested her _____

recall.

Lalana just took a history exam that consisted of three essay questions. By giving essay questions, Lalana's professor measured her _____

Assimilation

Lannie is an 18-month-old child who has a dog at home. When he sees a horse for the first time, he says to his father, "Look at doggie!" What term best describes Lannie's comment?

conditioned taste aversion.

Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced _____

She should use rehearsal.

Layla was at the bar when she met Steve. He seemed like a nice guy and Layla was excited to get his phone number. He told her his number and then left when she realized she had nothing to write with. She could not program his number into her cell phone because her battery had just died. What should Layla do in order to increase her chances of remembering the number until she has an opportunity to write it down?

latent learning.

Learning that occurs, but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change, is called _____

Classical conditioning

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________.

infantile amnesia.

Lili, a teenager, can remember her first day of kindergarten, but cannot seem to remember anything in her life that occurred before that. Lili is likely experiencing _____

Postconventional level

Lillian knows that we have laws and that we should obey the laws set forth by society. However, she also acknowledges that these laws can and should be changed if they are not doing what they were set out to do. In which stage of moral development is Lillian?

conditioned emotional

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) _____ response.

sematic

Long-term memories are usually stored in _____ form.

declarative memory; nondeclarative memory.

Long-term memory is categorized into _____ and _____

75 pecent

Luisine took his statistics exam and was glad he studied as hard as he did. He remembers that it took him about an hour to relearn how to solve the problems after spending four hours on them the first time. Based on the relearning method, what was Luisine's savings score?

Go over the speech again tomorrow anyway

Maggie memorized the speech she wrote for her business presentation. Because she was confident that she knew it, she went to bed knowing she would remember the speech just as well the next day when she was scheduled to give it. Based on memory research, what advice would you give Maggie?

bargaining

Making promises to do good things in exchange for a longer life is demonstrated in the _____ stage of death and dying.

avoidance learning.

Many students dread public speaking so much that they do not give oral presentations or take speech classes. This is an example of _____

retrieval

Marco was talking to his friend the other day about his favorite restaurant. Though he could remember where it was located and what was on the menu, he couldn't remember the name of the restaurant for some reason. A problem with _____ was the cause of Marco's frustration.

Working memory

Marie has a final exam in psychology in one hour. She has been studying for this exam for the last three days. However, she is not convinced she has mastered the material. Marie is currently sitting in her car in the college's parking lot diligently studying her note cards so she can ace the exam. Not only is she striving to remember all of the information, but she is also trying to understand the theories from different perspectives. Which of the following memory systems is Marie engaging the most?

the state-dependent memory effect.

Mario had consumed a large amount of caffeine prior to his human anatomy study session with classmates. During their time together, they studied diligently and learned a lot of information. When the exam day arrived, Mario planned on consuming a large amount of caffeine just before taking his exam. Mario is applying his knowledge of _____

shaping.

Mary's parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of ____

Formal operations

Melanie is asked the question, "What if humans never had hands or feet?" Though she knows most humans do have hands and feet, she says, "Well, I guess we wouldn't have the need for shoes or gloves anymore. Hmmm...I suppose it might be really difficult for humans to keep their balance if they didn't have feet." According to Piaget, in what stage of cognitive development is Melanie?

flashbulb memories.

Memories for shocking, emotion-provoking events that include information about the source from which the information was acquired are known as _____

speech-based.

Memory researchers strongly suggest that working memory is largely _____

the misinformation effect.

Misleading information can often be inadvertently supplied to an eyewitness during the process of an investigator's interview and can result in false recollections. When this happens it is known as _____

It is evident that she did not maintain any of the original learning in her long-term memory.

Mitzi learned the concept of classical conditioning for the first time in her psychology class. It took her about 60 minutes to thoroughly learn the process. Three weeks later, she had an exam in that class that covered classical conditioning. As she studied for that part of her exam, she realized it took her about 60 minutes to understand it once again. Which of the following statements is true of Mitzi based on this scenario?

make you worse at managing your thought processes.

More time spent multitasking will _____

easy temperament.

Most of the children in the New York Longitudinal Study, which was started in 1956, displayed a(n) _____

recognition; recall.

Multiple choice exams are to _____ as essay exams are to _____

increase

Negative reinforcement will _____ a behavior.

flashbulb memory

Nicole feels she will not forget the emotions she felt upon hearing of the attacks on America on September 11, 2001. She remembers very vividly what she was doing, who she was with, what was said, and what emotions she experienced. Nicole has a _____ for that tragic event.

retrieval cue.

Nikki was taking her driving test at the Department of Transportation office so she could renew her license. When she came upon the last question, she couldn't remember the answer. She paused to think and then started reviewing the previous questions for clues to the answer to the last question. Because that strategy didn't work, she started looking around the office for clues on the wall posters and windows. The poster on the wall nearest to her jogged her memory and helped her to answer the last question. The poster on the wall served as a(n) _____

concrete operations; formal operations

Nine-year-old Desi is in the _____ stage of cognitive development, whereas her 15-year-old brother is likely in the _____ stage.

Secure attachment

Nunzio and his mother were in a playroom at school. Nunzio was playing in and exploring the playroom as they waited to meet his new preschool teacher. As the teacher entered the room, she kindly introduced herself to Nunzio and his mother. Then Nunzio's mother was asked to step away from the room to sign some enrollment forms. When the mother returned to the playroom, Nunzio ran up to her to be picked up and gave her a hug. He then politely asked to get down so he could further explore the neat toys in the room. The preschool teacher was impressed with his behavior and told his mother she looks forward to having Nunzio as a student. Which attachment type does Nunzio likely have with his mother?

Albert Bandura.

Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is _____

Lawrence Kohlberg

Of the following researchers, who would be most interested in moral development?

Resistant attachment

Olivia and her mother were in a playroom at school. Olivia tended to cling to her mother when they were in the room waiting to meet Olivia's new preschool teacher. As the teacher entered the room, she kindly introduced herself to Olivia and her mother. Then Olivia's mother was asked to step away from the room to sign some enrollment forms. When Olivia's mother returned to the playroom, Olivia ran up to her to be picked up, but then hit her mother and struggled to get down, clearly showing anger toward her mother. Which attachment type does Olivia likely have with her mother?

Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her.

Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room, where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?

Memory decay

One day Oliver was sitting with his friend as they were discussing how long they have been friends. As they counted back, Oliver said, "Oh, I remember. We met in the third grade at recess time." As he and his friend reminisced, Oliver came to the conclusion that because he hadn't thought about the third grade in so many years, he could not remember who their teacher was. In fact, he could not remember anything about his teacher. What is Oliver likely experiencing?

expectancy; remember the consequences.

Pavlov and Watson believed the critical element in classical conditioning was the _____ of stimuli; Rescorla believed it was how well the conditioned stimulus made it possible to _____

learned helplessness.

People who are exposed repeatedly to unpleasant events over which they have no control may become passively resigned to those outcomes. This is called _____

conservation

Piaget's concept that a given quantity of matter remains the same despite being rearranged or changed in appearance, as long as nothing is added or taken away, defines _____.

secondary reinforcement.

Praise, awards, and good grades are all examples of _____

Chunking

Raymond is required to learn long lists of numbers for his job. Because he wants to remember as many numbers as possible, he breaks the numbers up into groups. What technique is Raymond utilizing?

extinction.

Repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will eventually result in _____

predict what food would come.

Rescorla's cognitive theory proposed that the real reason Pavlov's dogs salivated to conditioned stimuli was that these stimuli allowed them to

Shaping

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is part of which process?

Consolidation

Rinu was awake late one night in his apartment. He was trying to cram in as much biology material as he could because he had a midterm exam the next morning. However, he was getting so sleepy that he found it difficult to learn much of anything. His roommate woke up to get some water to drink and saw Rinu trying to study. He told Rinu that because he is so tired, his brain will not be able to physiologically change to accommodate the incoming information. He strongly suggested that Rinu get some sleep instead. To which process was Rinu's roommate referring?

presenting a conditioned stimulus with and without the unconditioned stimulus.

Robert Rescorla provided evidence that supported his theory by _____

the CS has to provide information about the coming of the US.

Robert Rescorla's modern concept of classical conditioning is based on the idea that _____

escape learning.

Sammy took two aspirin to treat a pounding headache. This is an example of _____

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Sharon and Peggy were talking about what they did over the weekend. Peggy told Sharon all about the concert she attended. As she was giving Peggy the details, she realized she could not remember the name of the group who performed. She could easily tell Sharon other songs they sang and even described what they looked like. However, Peggy could not seem to remember the name of the group at the moment. What did Peggy just experience?

Token economy

Shay is a nursery school teacher who works with two- and three-year-old children. Because she knows this is the time when most children become potty trained, she uses a technique in her classroom that encourages this behavior. Shay tells the children that they will get a sticker on their chart each time they successfully use the bathroom. Whenever a child gets 10 stickers, the child receives a small prize. What technique is Shay using?

sound.

Short-term memory usually codes information according to _____

sensorimotor; preoperational

Six-month-old Hanna is in the _____ stage of cognitive development, whereas her five-year-old brother is likely in the _____ stage.

Leah is in the stage of concrete operations and has demonstrated reversibility.

Six-year-old Alex and 11-year-old Leah watched Rachel take apart a craft. Rachel then challenged them to put the craft back together from memory. Because Leah could put together the craft in her mind and then remember what it looked like, she has no problem reconstructing the craft. However, Alex had great difficulty with the challenge. Because he couldn't put it back together in his mind, he couldn't remember what the craft looked like before Rachel took it apart. Which of the following statements is true?

preoperational; concrete operations

Six-year-old Fredo is in the _____ stage of cognitive development, whereas his 10-year-old brother is likely in the _____ stage.

separation anxiety.

Sixteen-month-old Nina cries and appears distressed when her parents leave her with the babysitter she has known since she was born. Nina is demonstrating _____

The imaginary audience

Sixteen-year-old Andre was helping his parents clean the windows. Unfortunately, one of the panes of glass nearby fell out of the window opening and left a cut on Andre's nose as he caught it. Andre is upset because now he is convinced his classmates will notice it and poke fun of him at school. Which of the following concepts best underlies Andre's thinking?

Dementia

Sixty-eight-year-old Claretta is often confused about where she is and what time of the day it is. Her adult children have noticed that other mental abilities have also been deteriorating lately. They report that Claretta does not seem to remember important information and her personality has changed. Which of the following best describes Claretta's condition?

Skinner box.

Skinner designed a soundproof apparatus, often equipped with a lever or bar, with which he conducted his experiments in operant conditioning. This has been called a _____

generalization.

Skinner found that a pigeon reinforced for pecking at a yellow disk is likely to peck at another disk similar in color. This is an example of _____

acceptance

Ten-year-old Emily has been sick with cancer for the last three years. She tells her Dad that she no longer wants chemotherapy and that she is ready to go to heaven. He can't help but notice how peaceful she seems with her decision. According to Kübler-Ross, Emily is in the _____ stage of death and dying.

insight learning.

The "A-ha!" experience is known as _____

serial position effect

The _____ is the finding that, for information learned in a sequence, recall is better for the beginning and ending items than for the middle items in the sequence.

disinhibitory effect

The _____ occurs when an individual engages in a behavior she or he has previously suppressed, solely because someone else is engaging in the behavior without any adverse consequences.

conditioned stimulus

The _____ started as a neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, became associated with it and now elicits a conditioned response.

unconditioned response

The _______ is a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.

automaticity.

The ability to recall information from long-term memory without effort is called _____

eidetic imagery.

The ability to retain the image of a visual stimulus for several minutes after it has been removed from view, and to use this retained image to answer questions about the visual stimulus, is known as _____

hypothetico-deductive thinking; formal operational

The ability to utilize logical thought to assess abstract situations is referred to as _____, which is attained in the _____ stage.

preoperational

The acquisition of symbolic function is first demonstrated in the _____ stage.

rehearsal.

The act of purposely repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory defines _____

the interference of learning.

The blocking or preventing of long-term potentiation results in _____

preoperational

The concepts of symbolic function, pretend play, and egocentrism are characteristic of Piaget's _____ stage.

Expectancy

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of _____ to conditioning theory.

Prediction

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of _____ to conditioning theory.

displacement.

The event that occurs when short-term memory is filled to capacity, and each new, incoming item pushes out an existing item, which is then forgotten, is called _____

latent learning.

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called _____

operant conditioning.

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called _____

semantic memory.

The knowledge of what Target stores sell and where one is located comes from your _____

more resistant

The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, of the desired behaviors is _____ to extinction than a response that gets continuous reinforcement.

week 3; formation of bone cells; six weeks

The period of the embryo begins at _____ and ends with _____, which takes about _____.

week 9; birth; 32 weeks

The period of the fetus begins at _____ and ends with _____, which takes about _____.

conception; implantation into the uterine wall; two weeks

The period of the zygote begins with _____ and ends with _____, which takes about _____.

Martin Seligman.

The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is _____

accommodation.

The process by which existing schemes are modified and new schemes are created to incorporate new objects, events, experiences, or information is defined by Piaget as _____

assimilation

The process by which new objects, events, experiences, or information are incorporated into existing schemes is defined as _____ by Piaget.

the context effect.

The tendency to encode elements of the physical setting in which information is learned, along with memory of the information itself, is known as _____

the state-dependent memory effect.

The tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological state as when the information was encoded is known as _____

retrieval failure.

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is an example of _____

episodic memory.

The type of declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced is referred to as _____

semantic memory.

The type of declarative memory that stores general knowledge or objective facts and information is called _____

Classical conditioning

The type of learning in which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another is called ________

operant conditioning.

The type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated to increase or decrease the frequency of the behavior, or to shape an entirely new behavior, is

neutral stimulus.

The type of learning that Pavlov observed and researched resulted from associating an unconditioned response with a _____

multitasking

The various forms of information available to us today have created what some researchers are calling an electronic _____ environment.

the skills children cannot yet perform on their own, but can perform if they have some help from someone who has already attained those skills

The zone of proximal development refers to _____

long-term memory.

There is no known limit to our _____

Infantile amnesia

_____ refers to the notion that we cannot remember what occurred in the first few years of our lives.

Subject 3 because his task required deeper processing.

Three research subjects in a project about long-term memory were asked to memorize a series of words. Subject 1 was asked if the word was in capital letters. Subject 2 was asked if the word rhymed with another word given. Subject 3 was asked if the word made sense in a specific sentence presented. Who was likely to remember the most words and why?

an underextension error

Three-year-old Georgette and her family got a new Yorkie puppy last week. The puppy's name is Maxine and it weighs only 2 pounds. Her neighbors also got a new puppy, but they got a large-breed St. Bernard. When Georgette went to her neighbors' home to visit their puppy, who weighed 15 pounds at only eight weeks of age, Georgette refused to believe it was actually a puppy. Georgette was demonstrating _____

storage.

Tilda is learning her algebra and memorizing the formulas. She is working on a problem that requires one of the formulas she studied yesterday. However, as she is thinking and trying to retrieve that information, she cannot seem to remember it. Clearly, Tilda did not successfully get the formula into her _____

a negative punishment.

Time out is a behavior modification technique that is _____

target behavior

To use behavior modification, you first have to identify a _____

"Well, Toni, the Surgeon General suggests you should not have any alcohol. Even a little can potentially cause fetal alcohol effects. Order a Sprite instead!"

Toni is about 10 weeks pregnant and is having dinner with her sister, Kristy, who happens to be a psychology student. The sisters are sitting at a Mexican restaurant enjoying chips and salsa when the waitress asks them what they'd like to drink. Kristy orders a beer. Toni turns to Kristy and asks, "One beer isn't going to hurt, right?" Kristy is not only aware that Toni is pregnant, she is also knowledgeable of teratogens. What should Kristy say to Toni?

modeling.

Toni just started a new job with a large company. She is unsure of what she should do at lunch time. She wonders whether she should eat in her office or go out to eat with her coworkers. Should she eat her lunch in the break room? She decides to wait until lunch time and see what others are doing and then follow suit. This is demonstrating _____

proactive interference

Travis is a high school teacher. He has the same group of students for a semester and then gets a whole new group of students the next semester. He notices that when he gets the second group of students, he has difficulty learning their names because he is so used to the names of his last semester students. Travis is experiencing _____.

Intimacy vs. isolation

Twenty-nine-year-old Ginny, though having a strong sense of who she is, has not yet been able to find that significant other for whom she has been searching. She has decided that being on her own is a perfectly acceptable choice and is learning to enjoy it. What psychosocial stage of development best describes Ginny?

conservation

Understanding that an object's mass, volume, or amount remains the same even if its appearance changes, provided that nothing is added or taken away in the process, is referred to as _____

behavior modification.

Utilizing classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and/or observational learning in an effort to change behaviors is referred to as _____

enhance spatial cognitive skills.

Video games can currently be used to _____

an operant.

Voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence is called _____

based on classical conditioning.

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be _____

Either the concrete operations stage or the preoperational stage

Wayne is asked to look at two rows of M&Ms. The first row has five M&Ms all lined up and nearly touching. The second row has five M&Ms all lined up but spread out, thereby taking up much more room than the first row. When Wayne is asked which row has more M&Ms, he exclaims, "They both have the same amount!" According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development is Wayne?

The uterus expels the placenta

What occurs during stage three of the labor process?

Any interruption in rehearsal can easily cause us to forget at least some of the information that was in our short-term memory.

What was learned from the memory research by Peterson and Peterson (1959) using the three consonants?

Fear can be learned via classical conditioning, and that fear can be generalized

What was learned in the case of Little Albert?

It was made clear that children will likely engage in aggressive behavior upon seeing adults demonstrate aggressive behavior.

What was summarized in Albert Bandura's original, classic experiment with the Bobo dolls?

telegraphic speech.

When 22-month-old Matteo exclaims, "Mamma, pick up!" he is demonstrating _____

Ego integrity vs. despair

When 70-year-old Lesley looks at the life she has lived thus far, she thinks to herself, "Well, I have really given it my all. I have worked hard in my career and feel as if I did the best I could at raising my family. I feel good about the choices I have made." In which stage of psychosocial development is Lesley?

a scheme

When Guido goes into Starbucks, he knows how to order his favorite drink: a tall, nonfat latte with an extra shot of espresso. First, he indicates the size he wants, then the drink, then anything extra. Guido has _____ for ordering coffee at Starbucks, which he can use for any coffee house he visits.

Generativity vs. stagnation

When Joyce was just out of graduate school at the age of 22, she could not help but notice that not many agencies existed to care for the physical, emotional, social, and psychological well-being of adults with developmental disabilities. It was at that time that she created her own company to do just that. She has now been working for the last 25 years and has grown the company to more than 300 employees serving about 100 adults with developmental disabilities. She is confident that those cared for by her employees are in good hands. Which stage of psychosocial development best describes Joyce at this point?

positive punishment.

When a bad thing (aversive stimulus) is applied to a person or animal and decreases the probability of a particular behavior, it is known as _____

object permanence.

When a child understands that objects are still there even if she or he can no longer see them, the child has attained _____

primacy effect

When a person has a better memory for items at the beginning of a list she or he tries to learn, the _____ is demonstrated

recency effect

When a person has a better memory for items at the end of a list she or he tries to learn, the _____ is demonstrated.

false memories.

When an individual unintentionally constructs memories of events that never occurred, often influenced by another person's suggestions, these are called _____

retrieval cues.

When certain stimuli help in aiding long-term memory retrieval, those things act as _____

higher-order conditioning.

When conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals, such as the steps involved in having one's blood tested, this process is called

Gilligan's work on moral reasoning emphasized justice and equality, whereas Kohlberg's did not.

When considering Kohlberg's work on moral development in addition to Gilligan's work, which of the following is true?

Late-maturing girls have more unwanted pregnancies than early-maturing girls

When considering the effects of early or late puberty on adolescents, which of the following is false? a) Some early maturing boys may show more aggression and hostility than later-maturing boys. b) Early-maturing girls are more likely than late-maturing girls to develop eating disorders. c) Some early-maturing boys tend to have more confidence, feel more secure, and have more success with academics. d) Late-maturing girls have more unwanted pregnancies than early-maturing girls.

maintenance rehearsal

When information is repeated over and over again until it is no longer needed, the process of _____ is being utilized.

despair

When older individuals reflect back upon their lives, feel a sense of accomplishment and that they have lived a worthwhile life, they tend not to develop a sense of _____, according to Erikson.

negative punishment.

When something desirable is taken away from a subject's environment or experience in response to their behavior, it is called

ratio

When the number of responses is important to the schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a(n) _____ schedule.

negative punishment.

When you take something good away from someone in response to their behavior, it is called _____

Showing a toddler a book that has many colors, some of which the toddler already knows

Which example best describes the zone of proximal development?

Industry vs. inferiority

Which of Erikson's stages goes hand-in-hand with children aged 6 to about puberty?

reversibility

Which of the following allows for the attainment of Piaget's concept of conservation?

a) Your boss gives you a raise for good performance. b) A wife compliments her husband every time he remembers to close the garage door. c) A parent cleans up the kitchen whenever his child makes dinner. *d) All of these are examples of behavior modification.

Which of the following are examples of behavior modification?

Extinction and generalization

Which of the following are terms used to describe changes in classically conditioned responses?

The prefrontal cortex

Which of the following brain structures is most utilized when someone is engaged in working memory?

The monkeys clearly preferred the cloth "mother" as evidenced by clinging behavior to the cloth "mother" in new situations.

Which of the following can be concluded from Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys?

Learned memory strategies the positive bias of memory

Which of the following explains what information-processing theorists mean when they use the term software?

Adrenalin

Which of the following hormones are involved in strengthening memory formation of traumatic events?

A gold star

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Learning is possible without immediate reinforcement; the newly acquired skill is often not displayed until it becomes necessary to do so.

Which of the following is an accurate summary of the research conducted by Edward Tolman?

Tara takes an aspirin, and her headache begins to go away.

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Because the context was so unusual, all of the divers seemed to have a better memory for the words they learned on land.

Which of the following is false based on Godden's and Baddeley's 1975 research with underwater divers?

About 25 percent of those over 65 years old need assistive devices such as a cane or wheelchair

Which of the following is false of individuals in the United States over 65 years of age?

Because there is a chance the baby will be born healthy, there is more risk in quitting smoking while pregnant than waiting until the pregnancy is over.

Which of the following is false regarding smoking while pregnant, based on the research presented in the current chapter?

men and women alike seek promotions to upper-level management positions and typically work continuously throughout this time period

Which of the following is false regarding social development and early to middle adulthood?

Research shows that the authoritarian parenting style during adolescence is the least effective type of parenting

Which of the following is false regarding teens' development?

Teenagers in this stage have yet to master the skill of reversibility

Which of the following is false regarding the formal operations stage of cognitive development?

It includes the good boy-nice girl orientation.

Which of the following is false regarding the postconventional level of moral development?

Having financial surplus

Which of the following is not a factor of successful aging, according to researchers Rowe and Kahn?

Forgiveness

Which of the following is not a stage of death and dying based on research with 200 terminally ill individuals?

The subconventional level

Which of the following is not associated with Kohlberg's theory on moral development?

Metacognition

Which of the following is not required in order for you to remember something?

Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is greatly improved.

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

Gibson and Walk demonstrated that most babies displayed depth perception by they time they could crawl

Which of the following is true regarding research by Gibson and Walk (1960) using the visual cliff?

Displacement can occur at that point.

Which of the following occurs when someone's short-term memory is filled to capacity?

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross—death and dying

Which of the following pairings is correct?

An authoritarian parent

Which of the following parenting styles, according to Diana Baumrind's research, would fit the phrase "My way or the highway"?

Jean Piaget

Which of the following people is primarily known for studying a child's thinking and cognitions and how those abilities change over time?

Garcia and Koelling

Which of the following researchers authored the classic research (1966) on taste aversion using rats and X-rays?

Thomas, Chess, and Birch

Which of the following researchers studied temperament?

Erik Erikson

Which of the following researchers was most concerned about resolving conflicts throughout the lifespan with each successful resolution furthering psychological health?

Peter lost his fear of the rabbit and those things to which his fear had generalized.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the results of Watson and Jones' experimental attempts to remove Peter's fear of rabbits?

His research suggested that certain hormones influence the rate of forgetting.

Which of the following statements is false regarding the research done by Hermann Ebbinghaus?

It contains the mastering of the law of conservation.

Which of the following statements is false regarding the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

It is an ability most closely related to the notion of a "photographic memory."

Which of the following statements is true of eidetic imagery?

Elaborative rehearsal involves processing at a deeper level, thereby increasing its chances for the information to make it into the long-term memory.

Which of the following statements is true of rehearsal?

It is when teratogens can be most harmful

Which of the following statements is true of the period of the embryo?

Eyewitness testimony is relied upon in the U.S. courts and legal system.

Which of the following statements is true regarding eyewitness testimony?

Suppression is an active process of avoiding an unpleasant memory.

Which of the following statements is true regarding motivated forgetting?

a) The effect of punishment is often temporary. b) Severe punishment creates fear and anger. c) Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement. d) All of these statements are true. d)*

Which of the following statements is true regarding punishment?

Children at the end of the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operations stage, and the formal operations stage possess the skill of object permanence.

Which of the following statements is true?

Oxytocin

Which of the following substances seems to initiate labor by stimulating uterine contractions?

The part of the brain and neurotransmitters involved in the development of major depression

Which of the following would not be studied by developmental psychologists?

Stage 3 of the conventional level

Which stage of moral development exemplifies Kohlberg's statement that "good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them"?

Rescola

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because it provides a means to predict the occurrence of the unconditioned response?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Which theorist suggested that children move through a series of stages, namely gender identity, gender stability, and gender constancy, prior to developing a gender role?

Observational learning

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

sensory memory.

While Noreen was driving down the highway, she saw two cars on the side of the road. She noticed that no one was hurt and that no one needed help. Within a second or two, she could no longer recall the color of the cars or the make of the cars. Based on this information, that information was likely stored in Noreen's _____

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

While grocery shopping at the local market, Holly became embarrassed by her two-year-old daughter's behavior. Her daughter clearly did not want to sit in the shopping cart, but rather wanted to help push the cart. Holly made this speculation based on her daughter's loud and piercing, "Noooo, I get out!!" and "I push cart, Mommy!!" In which stage is Holly's daughter?

learned helplessness

While watching the evening news, you see a story about domestic abuse and wonder, "Why would anyone stay in a relationship where they are being abused?" According to Seligman, one factor that may contribute to victim's staying in abusive relationships is _____

Köhler

Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?

Edward Thorndike

Who originated the law of effect?

The imaginary audience

_____ is a belief of adolescents that they are or will be the focus of attention in social situations and that others will be as critical or approving as they are of themselves.

Stranger anxiety

_____ is a fear of unknown people common in infants at about 6 months and increasing in intensity until about 12 months, and then declining in the second year.

The relearning method

_____ is a measure of memory in which retention is expressed as the percentage of time saved when material is relearned compared with the time required to learn the material originally.

Maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal

_____ is a memory strategy that involves an individual repeating something over and over, whereas _____ is a memory strategy that involves connecting new information to something already stored in memory.

Chunking

_____ is a memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units, which are easier to remember.

Recognition

_____ is a memory task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before.

General slowing

_____ is a process in which the reductions in the speed of neural transmission lead to a slowing of physical and mental functions.

A source memory; source monitoring

_____ is a recollection of the circumstances in which an individual forms a memory, whereas _____ is intentionally keeping track of where an individual attains incoming information.

Declarative memory

_____ is a subsystem within long-term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in the form of images and then stated.

Repression

_____ is a term used to describe when an individual cannot consciously recall a trauma that occurred in her or his life because it is too painful to remember.

Latent learning

_____ is a type of learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so.

A flashbulb memory

_____ is a vivid and unusually detailed account of a highly emotional event.

Recall

_____ is a way to measure memory that involves searching for information in order to produce it.

A cupcake; a certificate of achievement

_____ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _____ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

Explicit memory

_____ is another label for declarative memory.

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

_____ is defined as the ability to base logical reasoning on a hypothetical premise.

Attachment

_____ is defined as the strong affectionate bond a child forms with the mother or primary caregiver.

Connecting and committing to another; intimacy vs. isolation

_____ is one of the main objectives in the _____ stage of psychosocial development.

Working memory

_____ is the memory subsystem that we use when we try to understand information, remember it, or use it to solve a problem or communicate with someone.

Punishment

_____ is the opposite of reinforcement.

Reversibility

_____ is the realization that any change in shape, position, or order of matter can be reversed mentally.

Nondeclarative memory

_____ is the subsystem within long-term memory that stores motor skills, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses.

Symbolic function

_____ is the understanding that one thing—an object, a word, a drawing—can stand for another.

False memory

_____ occur(s) when a person unintentionally constructs memories that never occurred and experiences them as real memories.

Reconstruction

_____ occurs when a person remembers the major portions of an event and then fills in the gaps with what she or he generally believes to be true.

Elaborative rehearsal

_____ occurs when an individual relates new information to something she or he already has stored in memory.

Scaffolding

_____ occurs when assistance is given to someone who needs it, but is then gradually tapered off as they perform the task on their own.

Accommodation

_____ occurs when current schemes are changed or new ones created in order to account for new information.

Proactive interference

_____ occurs when information already stored in memory gets in the way of recalling newer information.

Proactive interference; retroactive interference

_____ occurs when information already stored in memory gets in the way of recalling newer information; when new learning gets in the way of recalling previously learned information, _____ has occurred.

Encoding failure

_____ occurs when information never made it into the long-term memory in the first place.

The serial position effect

_____ refers to finding that memory is better for things at the beginning and the end of a list as compared to memory for things in the middle of the list.

Episodic memory; semantic memory; explicit memory.

_____ refers to memory of events, whereas _____ refers to memory of information and facts, both of which can be found in the _____

Episodic memory; semantic memory

_____ refers to memory of events, whereas _____ refers to memory of information and facts.

Attachment

_____ refers to the close emotional bond an individual has with the person or persons who raised and cared for her or him.

Anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia

_____ results when a person is no longer able to form new, long-term memories; _____ occurs when an individual experiences a loss of memory for occurrences prior to a loss of consciousness.

Anterograde amnesia

_____ results when, due to some type of brain injury or insult, a person is no longer able to create long-term memories.

The law of effect

_____ states that the consequence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened.

Retrograde amnesia

_____ typically occurs when an individual experiences a loss of memory for experiences that occurred shortly before a loss of consciousness

Ecologically; arbitrary

_____ valid stimuli—those with a real connection to an unconditioned stimulus—are learned more quickly than _____ stimuli.

A stimulus

______ is any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds.

Learning

_______ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.