PSYC Chapter 9

select all that apply. which of the following are ways that researchers measure arousal? a. polygraph b. MRI c. skin conductance level response d. ultrasound

a & c

select all that apply. which of the following would researchers define as "having sex"? a. penile-vaginal intercourse b. kissing c. oral and anal sex d. thinking about someone you have a crush on

a & c

select all that apply. which statements about gender and emotion are true? a. gender differences in emotion are much more tied to social context than to biological sex b. women tend to report feeling more anger than men do c. although people are certainly aware of stereotypes regarding gender and emotion, those stereotypes don't really affect people's emotions d. for many emotional experiences, researchers do not find gender differences

a & c

select all that apply. teen pregnancy rates have declined in recent decades, likely due to which of the following factors? a. teens delaying first intercourse b. lower rates of sexual activity c. higher hopes for the future d. high birth control usage

a & d

select all that apply. which of these are findings of research on eating behavior? a. larger portion sizes are associated with increased food intake b. food preferences are determined primarily by genetics c. overweight people, but not those of normal weight, tend to have food craving linked to specific times and places d. people frequently ignore stomach cues when deciding how much to eat

a & d

select all that apply. which of the following are goals of those who seek to provide young people with sex education? a. to encourage young people to delay sexual activity b. to reduce the transmission of sexually transmitted infections c. to reduce the risk of unintended pregnancies d. to encourage young people to wait until marriage to have sex

a, b, & c

select all that apply. which of the following have been shown to enhance happiness? a. actively focusing on things to be grateful for b. committing to personally meaningful goals c. physical activity d. reflecting at length on one's failures so as not to repeat them

a, b, & c

select all that apply. compared to nonresilient individuals, resilient individuals are which of the following? a. more likely to demonstrate emotional wisdom b. more able to buffer themselves from distress by using positive emotions c. more likely to ignore and deny negative emotions d. better at regulating their emotional response to stressors

a, b, & d

select all that apply. sexual orientation most likely depends on which of the following factors? a. genes b. hormones c. illness d. psychological factors e. upbringing

a, b, & d

select all that apply. the sympathetic nervous system causes an increase in which of the following? a. blood pressure b. respiration c. digestion d. heart rate

a, b, & d

select all that apply. according to self-determination theory, which of the following are true? a. all individuals have the capacity for growth and fulfillment b. needs must be met in a sequential fashion, with lower needs being met before higher needs can be fulfilled c. psychological needs are innate d. there are three basic needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness

a, c, & d

select all that apply. donald marshall found that mangaian boys in the south pacific a. are taught about masturbation b. learn about sex as an activity primarily for procreation c. undergo a ritual that includes having intercourse when an experienced woman d. are encouraged to masturbate as often as they would like to

a, c, & d

select all that apply. which of the following are true about the amygdalae in the brain? a. they are linked with emotional memories b. they help the organism maintain a low blood pressure during times of stress c. they help the brain coordinate information from various sensory organs d. they play a central role in the emotion of fear e. they are activated when we encounter survival-relevant stimuli

a, d, & e

select all that apply. which of the following psychological changes are associated with activation of the parasympathetic nervous system? a. decreased blood pressure b. increased heart rate c. faster breathing d. an increase in the digestion of food e. promotion of healing

a, d, & e

emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously, according to the ______ theory a. Cannon--Bard b. hierarchy of needs c. two-factor d. James--Lange

a. Cannon--Bard

which psychologist demonstrated the universality of emotions by studying members of the isolated fore tribe in New Guinea? a. Paul Ekman b. Jerome Singer c. Carl Lange d. Phillip Bard

a. Paul Ekman

fears are so difficult to change because the amygdalae a. are well connected to the cerebral cortex b. carry nerve impulses from the sensory organs c. convey detailed information about stimuli to the cerebral cortex

a. are well connected to the cerebral cortex

which approach to sex education most effectively delays sexual activity and prevents teen pregnancy? a. comprehensive sex education b. abstinence-only sex education c. no formal sex education

a. comprehensive sex education

sex education programs that emphasize contraceptive knowledge _____ the rates of adolescent pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections a. decrease b. increase

a. decrease

a ________ pertains to a psychological state, whereas a _________ involves a physiological state a. drive; need b. need; drive

a. drive; need

damage to the hypothalamus may produce dramatic changes in a. eating b. the consumption of alcohol c. aggression d. food aversions

a. eating

the study of animal behavior, also known as _____, described motivation from an evolutionary perspective a. ethology b. anthropology c. cytology d. virology

a. ethology

one problem with using labels to describe sexual orientation is that it ignores the fact that a person's erotic attractions may be a. fluid b. unchangeable c. intermittent d. fixed

a. fluid

in many cultures, eating meat is associated with masculinity, while eating lighter, healthier foods is linked to femininity. this implicates which of the following in eating behavior? a. gender stereotypes b. ethnic identification c. social class d. racial discrimination

a. gender stereotypes

although they play a role in sexual orientation, __________- are not as strong an influence as they are for other characteristics, such as intelligence a. genes b. nationalities c. cohorts d. environments

a. genes

what has research shown about the role of genes in explaining sexual orientation? a. genes play a role, but not as strong a role as for other characteristics b. genes do not appear to contribute to sexual orientation c. sexual orientation appears to be due almost entirely to genetics

a. genes play a role, but not as strong a role as for other characteristics

in activities such as sports, being too aroused usually ______ athletes a. harms b. assists c. helps d. calms

a. harms

one important factor in the sensation of _________ is the change in the glucose levels in the blood a. hunger b. anxiety c. sugars d. stress

a. hunger

when somebody says, "all people have aggressive tendencies; it's necessary for survival," they are endorsing the _____ approach to motivation a. instinct b. drive-reduction c. incentive d. arousal

a. instinct

research shows that people typically are more enthusiastic about an activity and show improved performance when they are _____ motivated a. intrinsically b. extrinsically

a. intrinsically

michael always craves cake at birthday parties, even though he rarely thinks about cake otherwise. this is an example of a(n) a. learned association b. genetic predisposition c. evolutionary tendency d. set point

a. learned association

scientists believe that problems regulating _________ may be implicated in human obesity a. leptin b. oxytocin c. orexin d. melatonin

a. leptin

research on facial expressions of emotion has shown that a. many emotions are expressed the same way in all cultures b. blind people generally have different facial expressions for emotions than sighted people do c. people worldwide generally have similar facial expressions for positive emotions but not for negative ones d. facial expressions for a given emotion tend to differ in individualistic versus collectivistic cultures

a. many emotions are expressed the same way in all cultures

providing information about the number of calories and amount of fat contained in the food offered at restaurants has been shown to help reduce a. mindless eating b. learned associations c. hunger

a. mindless eating

the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do is known to psychologists as _____ a. motivation b. instinct c. homeostasis d. drive

a. motivation

in drive reduction theory, a(n) _____ is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce that deprivation a. need b. instinct c. motivation d. set point

a. need

jeannie loves to sew and used to spend many hours sewing for pleasure. now that her friends pay her to make and mend clothes for them, jeannie finds sewing to be a chore. according to research on motivation, jeannie's loss of intrinsic motivation may be due to the fact that she _____ a. now perceives the money as her sole motivation to sew b. fears he friends now see her as their employee c. not spends to much time sewing d. feels her friends don't pay her enough

a. now perceives the money as her sole motivation to sew

according to the James--Lange theory, emotion results from _____ states triggered by stimuli in the environment a. physiological b. psychological c. irrational

a. physiological

in self-determination theory, the need of ________ is reflected in our desire for nurturing and intimate interactions with others a. relatedness b. autonomy c. competence d. sex

a. relatedness

the capacity to thrive during difficult times and cope successfully with adversity is known as a. resilience b. wisdom c. optimism d. positivity

a. resilience

which of the following is most likely to be defined by researchers as "having sex"? a. sexting an attractive friend b. kissing c. watching a movie with a partner d. dancing

a. sexting an attractive friend

the direction of someone's erotic interests is called their a. sexual orientation b. gender c. sex d. sexuality

a. sexual orientation

which statement about sexual orientation is most accurate? a. sexual orientation is not something that can be voluntarily changed b. therapies to change sexual orientation tend to be most successful when they are part of a larger religious framework c. therapies to change sexual orientation tend to be successful for females, but not for males d. sexual orientation can be changed, but only if the person is truly motivated

a. sexual orientation is not something that can be voluntarily changed

Paul Ekman's study demonstrated that different cultures express emotions in a. similar ways b. very different ways c. both similar and vastly different ways

a. similar ways

both max and suzie are excellent and well-practiced singers. during their audition for an international singing competition, max is feeling super relaxed, whereas suzie is feeling a little bit nervous. according to the Yerkes-Dodson law, who should perform best in the audition? a. suzie b. max

a. suzie

within the autonomic nervous system, the ______ nervous system prepares the body for action a. sympathetic b. symbolism c. parasymbolic d. parasympathetic

a. sympathetic

according to Maslow, self-actualization is a. the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being b. the most fundamental human need c. something most people will eventually accomplish d. the need to feel confident about oneself

a. the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being

the _____ theory of emotion says that emotion is affected by both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling a. two-factor b. Cannon--Bard c. James--Lange d. discrete emotions

a. two-factor

according to research on the role of motivation in well-being, which of the following is associated with lowered well-being, lowered self-actualization, and physical illness? a. valuing extrinsic qualities over organismic concerns b. engaging in intrinsically motivated behavior c. engaging in extrinsically motivated behavior d. being more concerned with organismic concerns than extrinsic qualities

a. valuing extrinsic qualities over organismic concerns

the _________ - only approach to sex education emphasizes that sexual behavior should be reserved for marriage

abstinence

the __________ _________ of an emotion is the degree to which the emotion is reflected in a person's being active, engaged, or excited versus being more passive, relatively disengaged, or calm

arousal level

the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are divisions of the _____ nervous system

autonomic

in self-determination theory, the need of _________ refers to our desire to have control over our own lives

autonomy

select all that apply. people are most likely to accomplish their goals if they do which of the following? a. focus primarily on the long term b. set concrete goals c. evaluate their progress periodically d. keep their goals vague, so as to allow for changes if necessary

b & c

select all that apply. which of the following are ways that Maslow's hierarchy of needs has been criticized? a. Maslow felt that only wealthy people could become self-actualized b. in real life, people often forgo lower-level needs in order to meet higher-level ones c. Maslow may have borrowed his ideas from the Blackfoot Nation of Canada without attribution d. research shows that esteem needs should be below love and belongingness in the hierarchy

b & c

select all that apply. which of the following have been shown by research to be effective at reducing mindless eating? a. eating more quickly b. using smaller dishes c. providing visual cues regarding how much has been eaten d. requiring that children always finish everything on their plates

b & c

select all that apply. which of the following are examples of needs, according to drive reduction theory? a. competence b. food c. autonomy d. oxygen

b & d

select all that apply. which statements about results of polygraph tests are correct? a. polygraph results are rarely used anymore b. polygraph results can be affected by drugs in the person's body c. polygraphs are generally very accurate d. polygraph results can be flaws because people may be aroused for reasons other than lying

b & d

select all that apply. in a study by Schachter and Singer (1962), participants who were aroused as a result of receiving an injection of epinephrine did which of the following? a. rated themselves as angry when they were with a happy person b. were not influenced by the emotions of others as long as they had been told the injection would make them feel jittery c. rated themselves as happy when they were with a happy person d. rated themselves as angry when they were with an angry person

b, c, & d

select all that apply. what three substances play a key role in hunger, eating, and satiety? a. testosterone b. insulin c. glucose d. cortisol e. leptin

b, c, & e

according to research, in developed nations approximately _______ children have overweight or obesity a. 1 in 10 b. 1 in 6 c. 1 in 2

b. 1 in 6

when you are on a first date, your hands begin to sweat, and you begin to feel nervous. what theory of emotion would say that the sweating caused the nervousness? a. Cannon--Bard b. James--Lange c. Schachter-Singer

b. James--Lange

which of the following brain structures is involved in emotion, although most research has focused on its role in the experience of negative emotion? a. hypothalamus b. amygdala c. thalamus d. brain stem

b. amygdala

skin conductance level response and the polygraph are measures of a. attraction b. arousal c. the parasympathetic nervous system d. immune function

b. arousal

the sympathetic nervous system is involved in the body's a. calming b. arousal c. monitoring

b. arousal

according to self-determination theory, _____ refers to the need to feel in control of one's own life a. competence b. autonomy c. self-efficacy d. power

b. autonomy

the family tree model of positive emotions is an example of the increased focus on linking emotional states to a. culture b. brain processes c. gender d. the body

b. brain processes

committing to pursuit of personally meaningful goals a. can make happiness unachievable b. can amplify happiness c. often complicates the search for happiness d. is unrelated to the pursuit of happiness

b. can amplify happiness

our bodies have a hormone that signals the brain and tells it that it is time to stop eating. what is this hormone called? a. lateral hypothalamus b. cholecystokinin (CCK) c. ventromedial hypothalamus d. leptin

b. cholecystokinin (CCK)

which hormone helps start the digestion of food, travels to the brain through the bloodstream, and signals us to stop eating? a. cortisol b. cholecystokinin (CCK) c. testosterone d. insulin

b. cholecystokinin (CCK)

in self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs? a. well-being, fulfillment, independence b. competence, relatedness, and autonomy c. health, prosperity, happiness d. food, shelter, and safety

b. competence, relatedness, and autonomy

sexual beliefs and behaviors vary from place to place, suggesting that _____ factors play a role in sexual motivation a. biological b. cultural c. perceptual d. environmental

b. cultural

the rate of births to U.S. adolescent girls has _______ since 2009 a. increased b. declined c. leveled off d. risen dramatically

b. declined

which of the following statements about display rules is correct? a. display rules are universal across most cultures b. display rules may vary from one culture to another c. display rules are individual to each person d. display rules apply only to emotions that are not universal across cultures

b. display rules may vary from one culture to another

according to the Cannon--Bard theory, a. a physiological reaction happens first and an emotional reaction second b. emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously c. an emotional reaction occurs first and a physiological reaction second

b. emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously

the _________ approach to motivation emphasizes ways in which our behavior is shaped by our species' shared history a. drive reduction b. evolutionary c. biological d. optimal arousal

b. evolutionary

the Schachter--Singer two-factor theory of emotion suggests that emotion is the result of the interpretation of nonspecific arousal based on which of the following? a. which areas of the brain are involved b. external cues c. genetic activation d. which brain cells are involved

b. external cues

the facial feedback hypothesis says which of the following? a. facial expressions are the primary way we identify others' emotions b. facial expressions can affect emotions c. our emotions are affected by how we interpret others' facial expressions

b. facial expressions can affect emotions

the idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them is known as the _____ hypothesis a. cognition b. facial feedback c. two-factor d. primacy

b. facial feedback

studies suggest that we can increase our happiness and psychological well-being by expressing which of the following? a. anger b. gratitude c. remorse

b. gratitude

the type of motivation that is based on internal factors is ______ motivation, and the type of motivation that is based on external factors is _______ motivation a. extrinsic; intrinsic b. intrinsic; extrinsic

b. intrinsic; extrinsic

according to self-determination theory, we are most likely to experience personal growth and optimal well-being when we are engaged in a. behaviors that ignore our organismic needs b. intrinsically motivated behavior that meets our organismic needs c. extrinsically motivated behavior that brings us money and prestige d. behaviors in which we surrender our sense of self-control

b. intrinsically motivated behavior that meets our organismic needs

do thoughts precede emotions, or do emotions precede thoughts? a. thoughts reliably precede emotions b. it can go either way, depending on the circumstances c. emotions usually reliably precede thoughts d. thoughts usually reliably precede emotions

b. it can go either way, depending on the circumstances

what happens to the sensation of hunger as blood glucose levels rise? a. it does not change b. it declines c. it increases

b. it declines

which of the following is an example of a behavior that is contrary to drive reduction theory because it increases drive? a. the use of air conditioning b. leadership c. sweating d. meditation

b. leadership

gender differences in emotion are a. tied to biological sex more than anyone else b. more tied to social context than biological sex c. innate and cannot be changed d. identical in all situations and cultures

b. more tied to social context than biological sex

emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as which of the following? a. facial feedback b. negative affect c. positive affect d. arousal level

b. negative affect

research on the role of genetics in obesity has found that a. obesity is almost 100 percent inherited b. obesity has a significant genetic component c. genes play very little role in determining adult weight

b. obesity has a significant genetic component

the _______ nervous system calms the body a. autonomic b. parasympathetic c. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

why doesn't drive reduction theory comprehensively explain human behavior a. it can only explain behaviors related to emotional needs b. people frequently behave in ways that increase drives c. people are not actually good at maintaining homeostasis d. it explains the behavior of babies and children, but not adults

b. people frequently behave in ways that increase drives

research has shown that an important and distinct aspect of sexual minority well-being is coping with a. mental health b. prejudice and discrimination c. employment stress

b. prejudice and discrimination

while hiking with friends, you notice the trail is coming close to a cliff. you're not sure if you should feel nervous, so you look at your friends' faces. they look scared, so you begin to feel scared. what theory of emotion does this support? a. James--Lange b. two-factor c. Cannon--Bard

b. two-factor

according to the broaden-and-_______ model, the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual's attention and ability to build resources

build

select all that apply. the chemical substances glucose, insulin, and leptin all play a role in which of the following? a. reproduction b. motivation c. satiety d. hunger e. eating

c, d, & e

select all that apply. which of these are measured by a polygraph test? a. hormone levels b. frontal lobe activation c. heart rate d. skin conductance level e. breathing

c, d, & e

what percentage of same-gender couples are raising children in the united states? a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 20 percent d. 50 percent

c. 20 percent

around the world, approximately __________ percent of adults have overweight or obesity a. 10 b. 20 c. 40 d. 60

c. 40

you walk into a room and are greeted with a hearty "surprise!" from your co-workers. according to the _____, your rapid heartbeat and smile would occur simultaneously a. drive reduction theory b. two-factor theory of emotion c. Cannon--Bard theory

c. Cannon--Bard theory

a person who is open about being sexually attracted to both women and men is most likely to self-identify as which of the following? a. asexual b. pansexual c. bisexual d. heterosexual

c. bisexual

which of the following is correct with respect to the primacy debate regarding cognition and emotion? a. emotions are primary b. cognitions are primary c. both views are probably right

c. both views are probably right

the polygraph test attempts to detect lies by a. having the examiner assess the test-taker's body language b. measuring the body's unique physiological response to lying c. comparing a person's heart rate and breathing when answering various questions d. measuring activity in the frontal cortex

c. comparing a person's heart rate and breathing when answering various questions

the ordering of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a. universally accepted b. still in development c. debatable

c. debatable

young people are likely to have fewer different sex partners and are more likely to use condoms if they a. have had an experience with an unwanted pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection b. receive abstinence-only sex education c. delay having penile-vaginal intercourse until after middle school d. have early experience with penile-vaginal intercourse

c. delay having penile-vaginal intercourse until after middle school

_____ rules are sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed a. drive b. self-regulation c. display d. social

c. display

in some cultures, people are expected to be more open about expressing their emotions in public, but in others, people are expected to maintain a neutral facial expression and only discuss emotions in private with close friends and family. this is an example of _____ in action a. the two-factor theory b. the primacy of cognition c. display rules d. facial feedback

c. display rules

in Maslow's hierarchy, physiological and safety needs are the needs that a person must satisfy _______ a. last b. after meeting the need for love and belongingness c. first

c. first

most people who are gay have ________ parents a. homosexual b. bisexual c. heterosexual

c. heterosexual

some researchers argue that the use of labels to describe someone's sexual orientation can be misleading because such labels a. are too fluid and do not provide appropriate descriptions of human sexual attraction and behavior b. inappropriately ignore the binary nature of sexual orientation c. ignore the potential for flexibility in human sexual attraction and behavior d. lack precision and can confuse people

c. ignore the potential for flexibility in human sexual attraction and behavior

many of the things we do, such as taking a challenging course at school or raising a family, involve ______ drive a. decreasing b. balancing c. increasing

c. increasing

in the early history of psychology, the evolutionary approach emphasized the role of ___________ in motivation a. desire b. personal choice c. instincts d. peer pressure

c. instincts

the hormone _______ plays an important role in glucose control a. CCK b. leptin c. insulin d. estrogen

c. insulin

the fact that most people who are lesbian, gay, and bisexual have heterosexual parents argues against which of the following as an influence in the development of sexual orientation? a. biological factors b. heritability c. observational learning d. hormones

c. observational learning

emotions such as happiness and joy are classified as which of the following? a. resilience b. negative affect c. positive affect d. emotional coping

c. positive affect

one key difference between the James--Lange theory and the Cannon--Bard theory of emotion is that in the first, physiological changes _____; in the latter, physiological changes _____ a. occur at the same time as the emotional experience; precede the emotional experience b. come after emotional experience; occur at the same time c. precede emotional experience; occur at the same time d. precede emotional experience; come after emotional experience

c. precede emotional experience; occur at the same time

salvador wants to go to medical school because he sincerely wants to help others. to achieve his goal, he studies hard to keep up his grades, stays active in his community, and asks his school adviser for feedback about his academic progress. salvador's behavior is consistent with the process of a. extrinsic motivation b. self-actualization c. self-regulation d. autonomy

c. self-regulation

when setting goals, people can maximize their odds of success if they form goals that are a. focused primarily on the long term b. vague but moderately challenging c. specific and moderately challenging d. extremely challenging, as they need something to strive for

c. specific and moderately challenging

which of the following represents a controversy concerning self-determination theory? a. there is no research to support the sequential order of the needs b. there are no substantive problems with the theory c. the three needs may not be culturally universal

c. the three needs may not be culturally universal

which of the following is at the root of the family tree model of positive emotions? a. the influence of culture on emotion b. the physiological reactions to a good mood c. the work of dopamine in the brain's reward center d. the actions of the amygdalae in suppressing negative memories

c. the work of dopamine in the brain's reward center

what is the pleasantness or unpleasantness of an emotion called? a. expression b. display rule c. valence d. affect

c. valence

in self-determination theory, ________ refers to the need to be effective and master the skills needed to produce desired outcomes

competence

the Cannon and Washburn experiment proved that every time we have hunger pangs, the stomach also ____________

contracts

the classic experiment that revealed a close association between stomach contractions and hunger was conducted by which of the following researchers? a. Cannon and Bard b. Maslow c. James and Lange d. Cannon and Washburn

d. Cannon and Washburn

the ______ states that performance is best under moderate levels of arousal a. theory of homeostasis b. drive reduction theory c. evolutionary approach d. Yerkes--Dodson law

d. Yerkes--Dodson law

what is the difference between a drive and a need, according to drive reduction theory? a. a drive is a physcial deprivation, whereas a need is an aroused state that occurs in response to the drive b. a need is involuntary, whereas a drive is voluntary c. there is no difference-they are two terms for the same thing d. a need is a physical deprivation, whereas a drive is an aroused state that occurs in response to the need

d. a need is a physical deprivation, whereas a drive is an aroused state that occurs in response to the need

fat is stored in ______, or fat cells a. platelets b. lymphocytes c. neuroglial cells d. adipose cells

d. adipose cells

two independent dimensions describe a large number of emotional states. this is sometimes called a circumplex model or wheel of mood states. what are these two independent dimensions? a. the hedonic treadmill and the happiness pursuit b. arousal and duration c. duration and valence d. arousal and valence

d. arousal and valence

based on research reported in 2017, the largest sexual minority group in the United States are those who identify as a. lesbian b. asexual c. gay d. bisexual

d. bisexual

Barbara Fredrickson proposed the _____ model, which argues that the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on our attention and ability to build resources a. two-factor b. James-Lange c. display rule d. broaden-and-build

d. broaden-and-build

motivation and emotion are a. unrelated b. competitive c. diametrically opposite d. closely linked

d. closely linked

in self-determination theory, the need of ________ involves self-efficacy and mastery a. self-actualization b. esteem c. autonomy d. competence

d. competence

what is term for an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need? a. motive b. incentive c. instinct d. drive

d. drive

according to drive reduction theory, the goal of drive reduction is a. intrinsic motivation b. instinct c. positive affect d. homeostasis

d. homeostasis

which of the following stimulate hunger a. increased levels of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) b. high blood glucose levels c. high leptin production and high blood glucose levels d. increased levels of insulin

d. increased levels of insulin

what is the term for innate patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned? a. emotions b. incentives c. operants d. instincts

d. instincts

the Yerkes-Dodson law maintains that humans perform best when they are a. under-aroused b. highly aroused c. not aroused d. moderately aroused

d. moderately aroused

the basic premise of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that _________ a. psychological needs are more important than biological needs for understanding human behavior b. there are five types of needs, and people need to focus on all five at once if they are to be psychologically healthy c. self-actualization is the strongest need, and it drives all the others d. people must satisfy lower-level needs before they can focus on higher-level

d. people must satisfy lower-level needs before they can focus on higher-level

the valence of an emotion refers to its a. reflection in body language b. intensity c. duration d. pleasantness or unpleasantness

d. pleasantness or unpleasantness

to optimize the happiness gained from goal pursuit, goals should a. reflect the values of your family and the wider culture b. be very easy and attainable c. be unconnected, meaning that no two goals should overlap in any way d. reflect the intrinsic needs of relatedness, competence, and autonomy

d. reflect the intrinsic needs of relatedness, competence, and autonomy

the process by which an individual pursues important objectives by setting goals and monitoring progress is called self- a. preservation b. gratification c. motivation d. regulation

d. regulation

fear triggers physical changes that are largely controlled by which structure(s) in the brain? a. the hippocampus b. the cerebellum c. the thalamus d. the amygdalae

d. the amygdalae

in the Cannon--Bard theory of emotion, _____ plays a less important role than in the James--Lange theory of emotion a. physiology b. the brain c. emotion d. the body

d. the body

how do children of gay and lesbian parents compare to children of heterosexual parents? a. they are more vulnerable to psychological problems b. they are much more likely to engage in early sexual activity c. they do much worse in school d. they are equally well adjusted and accepted by their peers

d. they are equally well adjusted and accepted by their peers

happiness is a universally expressed emotion, but when, where, and how it is exhibited may vary from one culture to another. this is an example of the cultural specificity of _________ rules

dispplay

a(n) _________ is the motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need

drive

_________ is a feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression

emotion

the ________ approach to motivation emphasizes the role of species-specific instincts in directing behavior

evolutionary

a person's sexual orientation is defined exclusively by with whom they have engaged in sexual activity (T/F)

false

about 20 percent of the world's population identifies as LGBT (T/F)

false

kids who participate in comprehensive sex education are more likely to have sex than those who participate in abstinence-only sex education (T/F)

false

most psychologists agree that the polygraph is an effective method of lie detection (T/F)

false

people can be talked into changing their sexual orientation (T/F)

false

________ is the body's tendency to maintain a balanced state

homeostasis

the lateral __________ is the part of brain that is significantly involved in stimulating eating

hypothalamus

a(n) _________ is an innate or unlearned biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species

instinct

an infant begins sucking when something is placed in their mouth. this is considered by many to be an example of a(n) ___________

instinct

the type of motivation that is based on internal factors is ______ motivation, and the type of motivation that is based on external factors is _______ motivation

intrinsic; extrinsic

damage to the _______ hypothalamus may cause an animal to starve to death

lateral

the _________ hypothalamus stimulates eating, whereas the _________ hypothalamus reduces eating behavior

lateral; ventromedial

the chemical substance _________, released by fat cells, decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism

leptin

_________ is the term psychologists use to describe the force that moves people to behave in particular ways

motivation

anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness are referred to as __________ affect

negative

investigators typically find _________ (no/many) differences among lesbian, gays, bisexual, and heterosexual people in a wide range of attitudes, behaviors, and psychological adjustment

no

sexual _________ most likely depends on various factors such as genes, hormones, and psychological factors

orientation

when a person's sexual attractions do not depend on the biological sex, gender, or gender identity of others, they may identify as ___________

pansexual

the two needs in Maslow's hierarchy that must be met before the others are _________ needs and ________ needs

physiological; safety

joy, happiness, love, and interest are referred to as _________ affect

positive

in self-determination theory, _________ refers to the need to belong and feel close to others

relatedness

according to Maslow, _______-_______ is the motivation to reach one's full potential as a human being

self-actualization

_________-_________ theory asserts that there are three basic needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness

self-determination

when looking at the biology of weight, the ________ point is partly determined by the amount of fat stored in the body

set

the ______ and the ________ divisions are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic; parasympathetic

the ________ nervous system prepares the body for action, whereas the _______ nervous system calms the body

sympathetic; parasympathetic

according to cross-cultural evidence, both western and eastern cultures value the needs emphasized by self-determination theory (T/F)

true

it is estimated that up to 70 percent of the differences we see in obesity can be explained by genetic differences (T/F)

true

many emotions are expressed the same way in all cultures (T/F)

true

resilient individuals tend to use positive emotions to reverse the stress of negative feelings (T/F)

true

when and how much people eat is often influenced by their social context (T/F)

true

place Maslow's stages into the order in which the needs must be fulfilled, with the first need that must be met at the top a. esteem b. safety c. physiological needs d. love and belongingness e. self-actualization

1. (c) physiological needs 2. (b) safety 3. (d) love and belongingness 4. (a) esteem 5. (e) self-actualization