PSYC CHPT 13

primacy effect

other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence

collectivist societies

people define themselves as part of a group and stress group goals over individual goals

Social norms

prescribed behaviors vary across context, culture, and time

conformity to authority

recruited for study of memory shock generator 30 toggle switches 15 volt increments

Kelley's Covariation Model

(1967) asserts that a single exposure to a person is insufficient to form accurate attributions, meaning multiple observation of behavior over time in a variety of different contexts are required to assess the source of another's behavior

You most likely to get help from others when there are ______________ bystander

1

Adding more confederates would not increase participants' level of conformity after ______________ confederates all responded the same on all tasks

3

The shock generator used in Milgram's experiments on obedience to authority appeared to have a maximum shock of ______________ volts.

450

In Milgram's original design, ______________ % of participants administered all shocks to the learner.

65

According to the Asch's research findings, ______________ percent of participants comply with an incorrect answer at least once.

75

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Bystander is to avoidance as ______________ is to helping others.

Altruism, Prosocial behaviors

Which of the following would reduce discrimination?

Being of equal status, Working toward a common goal

Based on the example above, which of the following best describes the student's behavior using Kelley's covariation model? Student X demonstrated ______________ consistency, ______________ distinctiveness, and ______________ consensus.

High; low; low

Which of the following can reduce cognitive dissonance?

Change your attitude, Change your behavior, Distort your attitude, Distort your behavior

A person from which of the following countries would be most likely to conform to the incorrect responses of others?

China

Clive has given all his worldly possessions to the cult he joined. He no longer has any contact with his family and has no friends other than cult members. The cult leader told members when the world would end and how aliens would save them. When the world did not end, Clive remained in the cult and became more convinced that the leader was a prophet. What best explains Clive's behavior?

Cognitive dissonance theory

Based on the information provided, which of the following best represents the desired normative behavior?

Coming to class on time

Once we form an opinion about someone, which of the following explains why we attend to information that is consistent with our impressions and ignore information that is not consistent with our beliefs?

Confirmation bias

When Milgram moved his experiment from the campus of Yale University to a warehouse in downtown Bridgeport, Connecticut, what were his findings?

Conformity dropped to a little less than 50%

What aspect of Kelley's covariation theory compares the late arrival of student X to the on-time arrival of other students?

Consensus

attribution theory

can attribute others' behavior to either internal: dispositional, trait-based causes external: environmental or situational causes

Wondering whether student X has frontal-lobe damage or a psychological disorder assumes a ______________ attribution is being made.

Dispositional, internal

Which of the following persons would be likely to join a cult?

Henry is 22; he failed out of college and has never dated anyone and his only "friends" are people he talks to at work.

Simon likes to intimidate the other kids in his class. Simon knows that he is extremely good-looking but the girl he wants to date won't go out with him because she is dating this loser named Brad. Simon often has fantasies about hurting Brad. Simon has devised a plan that he is going to jump Brad and hurt him without getting caught. This is an example of __________.

Hostile aggression

Self-censorship

I am the only person who disagrees so there is no point in my saying anything - I will just look like an idiot.

According to Marian Keech, what would make boarding a spaceship difficult or impossible?

If the passenger had metal

Mark plays rugby and often gets psyched up with his teammates to beat the other team and try to take down their good players early in the game. This is an example of ______________.

Instrumental aggression

When making attributions about the causes of the behavior of others, we tend to make ______________ attributions.

Internal, Dispositional

Which of the following would represent a dispositional attribute?

Jesse is lazy, Joanna is intelligent.

Which of the following would cause the greatest state of cognitive dissonance?

Josef is an active animal rights advocate and vegan. After feeling hungry from his run, he eats a bowl of his mom's beef stew but tells no one.

Which of the following people would be most likely to conform to obvious incorrect responses of a group?

Kana, a Japanese woman

Which of the following best represents the fundamental attribution error?

Keanu failed the exam because he is lazy.

Milgram Experiment

obedience; electrical shocks to incorrect answers; learners were paid actors.

In a situation where groupthink is occurring, which of the following statements best represents the illusion of invulnerability?

Let's do it—we never fail.

When uncertain what to do in a situation, people may fail to act because they rely on the social cues from others to determine appropriate behavior, but they fail to recognize that others are similarly uncertain and are also looking for directive social cues. Which one of the following best describes the above situation?

Pluralistic ignorance

Which of the following would be most effective in getting help in an emergency situation?

Point directly at someone and ask that person for help

Which of the following helps preserve self-esteem?

Self-serving bias

Which person described below is most likely to conform his/her responses to match others?

Seth is a student who doesn't have many friends and is self-conscious.

Which of the following persons is most likely to behave aggressively?

Stuart has an older brother, Jason, whom he loves and admires. Stuart keeps watch as Jason takes money out of the donations basket at church and tells Jason that another kid saw. The other kid is a year younger that Jason. Jason punched him repeatedly and told him not to talk or he would "get it worse." Jason then took the kid's wallet, which had another $40 in it. Jason stole over $200 and gave Stuart $40 for keeping watch.

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment

an experiment in which people were assigned to be guards or prisoners- studied how drastically behaviors can change under certain influences scheduled for 14 days ended after 6

situational or external causes

are a function of the environment

behavior modeling

The process of learning behavior (notably, aggression) by observing others. Aggressive models may be parents, criminals in the neighborhood, or characters on television or in movies.

If your professor perceives you as a mature and responsible student, what would they most likely think if you came to class late?

The professor thinks that there must be some extenuating circumstances that caused your late arrival.

stereotyped out-group

They are idiots - we are so superior and will crush them

For members of the doomsday cult, when faced with the reality that the world was not ending and no spaceship was coming, what did most members do?

They remained with the cult, even more committed now that they had all saved the world.

Which of the following best explains Albert Bandura's theory behind aggression?

Violent behavior is quickly learned by watching aggressive models who are rewarded.

Which of the following statements does NOT support the Biological model of aggression?

Watching violence within your community increases aggression.

Consistency

behavior looks at how a person acts in the same situation/context across time.

When you meet someone for the first time, how quickly do you form an impression of that person?

Within seconds to minutes of meeting

Which of the following best describes the research on altruism?

Women can develop more intuitive responses.

You go to a party with friends and you feel confident, knowing you are looking good in the new clothes you bought. According to the self-fulfilling prophecy, which of the following would be most likely to occur?

You talk to new people, socialize, and enjoy the party.

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

distinctiveness

a person's actions must also be considered, which determines whether the person behaves similarly across different situations/contexts

obedience to authority

a tendency to comply with instructions from an authority

impression formation

addresses how we formulate opinions about individuals or groups

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Which of the following countries would be considered to have a collectivist culture?

china, japan

closemindedness

collective rationalization and stereotyped views of outgroup

consensus

compares the extent to which an individual's behavior resembles the behavior of others.

What aspect of Kelley's covariation theory considers the repeated late arrival of student X?

consistency

individualistic

cultural values such as independence and self-expression

pressure for uniformity

direct pressure on dissenters, self-censorship, illusions of unanimity, and self-appointed mindguards

Dispositional or internal causes

encompass personality traits and characteristics of the person

pluralistic ignorance

error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do

illusion of unanimity

everyone thinks they are in agreement by overlooking or ignoring those who are in disagreement

self-serving bias

occurs when individuals credit their successes to internal/disposition causes and their failures to external/situational causes.

confirmation bias

occurs when we are more likely to attend to and process facts or events that are consistent with our initial impression

Biological models

explain differences in aggression levels in humans and animals as a function of genetics, hormones, and brain physiology

Student X blamed her lateness on parking problems, which assumes a(n) ______________ attribution.

external, situational

reciprocal altruism

helping others with the expectation that they will probably return the favor in the future

overestimating the group

illusion of invulnerability and morality

social influence

is the process in which our thoughts and actions are shaped by the presence of others

The ______________ effect dictates that the more occasions that you are interact with someone, the more you will like them.

mere exposure

invulnerability

nothing can harm them or go wrong

conform to consensus

solomon asch- 1950's simple perception task, standard line and 3 comparison lines

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

mere exposure effect

the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

realistic conflict theory

the theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

Nuremberg Code

was a set of ethical guidelines that were put forth after the gruesome revelations of the mass genocide of millions of people and the horrific experiments done on unwilling men, women, and children

Which of the following best describes the premise or ideas that were the focus of attention of the doomsday cult under the leadership of Mrs. Marian Keech?

~The world's destruction ~Keech's ability to channel other beings ~The belief that a spaceship would pick up members ~Saving the world

Which of the following are real examples of altruism?

~Volunteering your time at a local school to help tutor children ~Anonymously donating a Thanksgiving meal to a family in need ~Visiting a nursing home to make the residents feel valued

Which of the following are examples of social norms?

~students stop talking when their professor starts lecturing. ~Between classes¸ Sarah checks her iPhone and sends texts.

According to Zimbardo, what events inspired Milgram's classic research?

~the atrocities that occurred during the Nazi regime ~Curiosity as to how much would a person shock another with minor prompts from an authority figure