PSYC Exam 2

schema

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

binocular disparity

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

learning

As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

mild

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

confirmation

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

continuous

Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Increases

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

umami and fat content

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

neutral stimulus and an uncoditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

punishment

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

natural; artificial

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.

interpersonal

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

afterimage

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?

cornea; pupil

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.

experiences

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________.

Perceptions are influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?

grammar

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language.

vestibular

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

rods

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

proprioception

What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat?

inattentional blindness

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.

learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language.

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What is the Flynn effect?

C

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? A) playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores. B) checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day. C) taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m. D) playing poker.

cognition

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

pheromone

________ is a chemical message sent by another individual.

John B. Watson

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

primary

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.